scholarly journals Role of livestock parameters on cattle vulnerability to drought in the coastal semi-arid areas, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Owiti Omolo ◽  
Muturi Mathew ◽  
Maurice Owiny ◽  
Jeremiah N Ngugi ◽  
Joseph Ogola Ganda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Cattle Herd ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Husbandry Practices ◽  
Semi Arid

AbstractLivestock keeping forms main occupation in arid and semi-arid lands. Increase in drought frequency and intensity globally negatively affect livestock production and livelihood. Cattle are the most drought sensitive livestock due to size, grazing behavior and nutritional requirements. Factors for vulnerability of cattle to droughts are individual cattle parameters, health and husbandry practices. This cross sectional study aimed to those factors in semi-arid Kaloleni sub-county. Data on household (HH) head demographics, cattle and production collected from 194 enrolled HH using structured questionnaires. Cattle ages were grouped into young (<1 year old), growers (1-2 years old) and adults (>2years old). Data was analyzed using STATA 12 software. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis conducted and reported in Crude Odds Ratio (cOR), Adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) and Confidence Interval (CI). We used Pearson product-moment correlation to determine relationship between HH head, cattle herd, individual cattle characteristics and drought characteristics, p = <0.05 being significant. Mean age HH heads was 40.7 ± 12.6 years, 44.3% (86) had basic education, males were 65.3% (n=126). Mixed livestock production was practiced by 69.1% (134), while 86.1% (167) practiced free range communal grazing. Adult cattle were 54.1% (1295). Female cattle were 72.7% (1741). Average body condition score was 3.0 ± 0.6, and calves had 2.6 ± 1.3. About 20.6% had various forms of illness, calves mostly affected at 29.1%. Up to 63.4% HH, spray cattle at home, 93.3% HH reported no vaccination history. Home straying was protective (cOR 0.3, 95% CI 0.14 – 0.53). Herd size (aOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.5 – 5.5) and having no disease control method (aOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.85 – 9.19) were contributing to reporting disease. We report positive correlation between drought outcomes and HH head (r=0.076, p>0.01), cattle herd (r=0.216, p=0.003 and individual cattle characteristics(r=0.139, p>0.01). The findings on cattle conditions exacerbate their vulnerability in presence of stressful conditions like droughts especially in calves and cows. This study demonstrates weak disease control efforts and unorganized husbandry practices. We propose strategic and focused disease control plans to improve cattle resilience and further research on livestock based factors as drought response metrics for the livestock livelihood.

Gánh nặng xơ vữa động mạch cảnh ở người mắc bệnh động mạch vành sớm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanh Huong Truong
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Carotid Atherosclerosis ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Premature Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Artery Disease

TÓM TẮT Đặt vấn đề: Dữ liệu xơ vữa động mạch (ĐM) cảnh ở người mắc bệnh động mạch vành sớm (BĐMVS) còn hạn chế tại Việt Nam. Do đó, nghiên cứu này nhằm mục tiêu xác định tỉ lệ xơ vữa ĐM cảnh và các yếu tố liên quan đến tình trạng này ở người mắc BĐMVS tại Việt Nam. Đối tượng, phương pháp nghiên cứu: Đây là nghiên cứu mô tả với 94 người mắc BĐMVS được siêu âm ĐM cảnh. Kết quả: Tình trạng hẹp ĐM cảnh không ý nghĩa và có ý nghĩa quan sát thấy ở 16 (17.0%) và 4 bệnh nhân (4.3%), tương ứng. Phân tích hồi quy logistic đa biến thấy nồng độ lipoprotein cholesterol tỷ trọng thấp (LDL-C) trong máu liên quan độc lập với hẹp ĐM cảnh có ý nghĩa (Odds Ratio = 1.504). Kết luận: Tại Việt Nam, người mắc BĐMVS có tỉ lệ cao bị hẹp ĐM cảnh. Sàng lọc hẹp ĐM cảnh nên được thực hiện cho nhóm bệnh nhân này, đặc biệt là khi có kèm tăng LDL-máu. Từ khoá: Xơ vữa, hẹp động mạch cảnh, bệnh động mạch vành, sớm ABSTRACT BURDEN OF CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH PREMATURE CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Background: Data about carotid atherosclerosis in patients with premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) is still limited in Vietnam. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with PCAD and factors related to carotid stenosis in these patients in Vietnam. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that enrolled 94 patients with PCAD. All of patients were screened carotid atherosclerosis using ultrasonography. Results: Non-significant andsignificant carotid stenosiswere observed in 16 patients (17.0%) and 4 patients (4.3%), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level was independently related to the presence of carotid stenosis with Odds ratio as 1.504. Conclusions: Prevalence of carotid stenosis is high in patients with PCAD in Vietnam. Screening of carotid stenosis should be recommended in these patients, especially in whom with elevated LDL-C. Key words: Atherosclerosis, carotid stenosis,coronary artery disease, premature.

Abstract 294: Decreased Plasma Omega-3 to Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ratio Associated with Apical Ballooning Syndrome (Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy -TTC)

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youichi Katoh ◽  
Show Nagamine ◽  
Takeshi Wada ◽  
Hiroyuki Isogai ◽  
Dai Ozaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Apical Ballooning ◽  
Apical Ballooning Syndrome ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Tako Tsubo Cardiomyopathy

Background: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) family plays important roles in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, while, arachidonic acid (AA) of the ω-6 PUFA family promotes inflammatory and prothrombotic influences. Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is a heart syndrome associated with transient myocardial contractile dysfunction. Decreased endothelial function in response to acute mental stress has been reported in patients with a prior episode of TTC. However, the pathogenesis of TTC remains unclear and the relationship between TTC and EPA/AA ratio has not been elucidated. Methods and Results: This study consisted of 10 consecutive patients with clinically diagnosed TTC. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the plasma EPA/AA ratio and the early stage of clinically diagnosed TTC. To examine the plasma fatty acid level, blood samples were obtained from control, old myocardial infarction, and clinically diagnosed TTC patients. A clinically diagnosed TTC patients revealed a lower plasma EPA/AA ratio [Control patients, 0.58 (n=18) vs OMI patients, 0.38 (n=22) vs TTC patients, 0.12 (n=10), p=0.011]. High-sensitivity CRP levels and a low plasma EPA/AA ratio could independently predict the prevalence of TTC on multivariate logistic regression analysis [odds ratio 1.83 (95%CI 1.03-3.25), p=0.036 and odds ratio 2.05 (95%CI 1.12-3.92), p=0.02)]. Conclusion: In patients with TTC, a low plasma EPA/AA ratio was significantly associated with the early stage of clinically diagnosed TTC. The findings implicate lower EPA/AA ratio and the following endothelial dysfunction as a potential mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of this unique cardiomyopathy.

Abstract 3086: Safety of Induced Hypertension in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients with Suboptimal Recanalization after Endovascular Thrombolysis.

Stroke ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve M Cordina ◽  
Shahram Majidi ◽  
Saqib A Chaudhry ◽  
Ameer E Hassan ◽  
Gustavo J Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Endovascular Treatment ◽  
Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Norepinephrine Infusion ◽  
Induced Hypertension ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Similar Risk

Background: Induced hypertension is feasible, likely safe and can improve neurologic deficits in patients who are not candidates for thrombolysis. The safety of inducing hypertension in post-thrombolytic patients with suboptimal recanalization after endovascular thrombolysis is not currently known. Objective: To determine the feasibility and safety of inducing hypertension in patients in the acute post thrombolytic phase. Methods: We analyzed retrospectively collected data from a database of patients who presented with acute ischemic stroke and who received endovascular treatment with or without intravenous (IV) r-tPA . Patients with suboptimal recanalization after endovascular thrombolysis underwent induction of hypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] target 140-180 mmHg) for a 24 hour period after an immediate post-procedure CT scan did not demonstrate any intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We determined the rate of symptomatic ICH (sICH), and outcome based on modified Rankin score (mRS) at the time of discharge and compared these data to those observed in patients with non-induced hypertension and normotension. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the odds ratio of neurological worsening and/or death after adjusting for initial National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and success of hypertension induction, which was defined as a sustained mean BP of ≥ 30% above the admission BP over the first 24 hours. Results: A total of 16 patients (12%, mean age 66) underwent post-thrombolytic induced hypertension among 138 patients who were treated with endovascular treatment. The mean age (± standard deviation [SD]) of treated patients was 68 (± 15.3) years and 52 (46%) were women. Hypertension was induced using intravenous phenylephrine or norepinephrine infusion in 9 and 7 patients, respectively. The mean (±SD) increase in SBP was 140 (±16.4) mmHg. In multivariate analysis, patients with post-thrombolytic induced hypertension had similar risk of sICH (odds ratio [OR] 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11-8.55) and similar discharge mRS (OR 1.85, 95% CI 0.50-6.84). Conclusion: There was no observed increase in sICH or poor outcomes associated with induced hypertension in patients with suboptimal recanalization after endovascular thrombolysis supporting safety. Further trials directed towards assessing efficacy of this approach are needed.

Risk factors for blood-contaminated cerebrospinal fluid collection in dogs

2019 ◽  
Vol 186 (16) ◽  
pp. e8-e8
Author(s):  
Aran Nagendran ◽  
Daniel Sanchez-Masian ◽  
Erika Bersan ◽  
Camilla Jayne Cooper ◽  
Rita Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Blood Contamination ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

ObjectiveTo determine the risk factors for blood contamination during cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection in dogs.Study design and methodsThis is a prospective study of 170 CSF samples. Data collected included signalment of the patient, body condition score, site of CSF collection (cerebellomedullary cistern (CMC) or lumbar cistern (LC)), number of attempts, clinician expertise, final diagnosis, time of day, skull conformation and day of the week. Analysis of the CSF samples was then performed, and the presence of blood contamination (red blood cells >500/µl) was recorded. Logistic regression was used to quantify the association of potential risk factors of the procedure. Multivariate analysis was performed on the variables that were statistically significant.ResultsOf the 170 CSF samples, 53 per cent were collected from the CMC (n=90) and 47 per cent from the LC (n=80). Blood contamination was seen in 20 per cent (n=34) of the samples, 8.9 per cent (n=8) in CMC and 32.5 per cent (n=26) in LC samples. Increased odds of obtaining a contaminated CSF sample were associated with lower level of clinician expertise (odds ratio: 2.5; 95 per cent confidence interval: 0.9–6.7; P=0.046) and with LC versus CMC collection site (odds ratio: 8.1; 95 per cent confidence interval: 2.1–12.9; P=0.001).Clinical significanceThere is increased likelihood of blood contamination when collecting CSF from the LC compared with the CMC site. Increased clinician experience reduced the risk of CSF blood contamination, but none of the other variables examined significantly influenced this.

Utilization of marginal and arid rangelands for livestock and wildlife in Africa

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 77-86
Author(s):  
C. R. Field
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Wildlife Tourism ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Arid Rangelands ◽  
Wildlife Populations ◽  
Semi Arid

AbstractThe main uses to which marginal and arid rangelands are put involve livestock production, tourism based on wildlife and ethno-tourism, and agriculture, i.e. crop production. There is minimal dry land forestry, sometimes as agro-forestry. The emphasis placed on these three main uses varies according to the ecological potential (i.e. climate, topography and soils) and accessibility to the areas.Taking the Kenyan example, approximately 20% of the land is arid and used almost exclusively for livestock production while ethno-tourism runs a poor second in dry seasons because of inaccessibility. Current technology in Africa precludes extensive irrigation. Peak production of livestock is in the late wet season and early dry with marketing mostly in dry seasons. Over 50% of the land is semi-arid where all three uses are practised. Livestock production is still the most important and agriculture the least important, because rainfall is unreliable and erratic, wildlife populations are larger and so tourism is more important (e.g. Amboseli, Isiolo, Samburu). Agriculture occurs particularly in wet years and wet seasons.Although land is only very locally suited to agriculture, permanent water sources, rivers and springs may enable year round settlement. Farmers of non-pastoral backgrounds (and even some pastoralists) wish to follow their traditions and attempt cultivation. This is occasionally successful in above average years of rainfall (two years in five) on good soils but fails in dry years when it also deprives livestock of essential traditional dry season grazing reserves.Marginal areas occupy perhaps 12% of the land but are in high demand for all three use categories. Pastures are ideal for fattening livestock bred in more arid areas and they have a rapid turn-over. Wildlife populations are often at their highest in these areas, e.g. Laikipia, Mara and Nairobi park. Areas are relatively accessible on tarmac roads for year round viewing of wildlife. Agricultural resettlement has spilled over from higher potential lands where human populations are exceeding the carrying capacity.Increasing food requirements have led to a greater demand for efficient land use and to diversification into new areas, e.g. eco-tourism, ostrich farming or the intensification of traditional uses such as camel rearing.Lailipia District, situated mostly in marginal and semi-arid land is used as a case study. Here, successful conservation measures on mostly private land, which was formerly used by Maasai for subsistence pastoralism, has led to the largest population of wildlife in Kenya outside parks and reserves. At the same time land is used in part for crop production especially in the higher potential areas, but also wherever land is available for co-operative arable farmers to purchase. Livestock production remains however, the most widespread form of land use. The main seasonal variation in use is with crop production in the rains and game viewing in the dry seasons but extremes are less than in the lower rainfall areas.Recent preliminary analysis of the economics of various forms of land use in Laikipia indicate that in those limited areas where agriculture is reliable (e.g. irrigated areas near rivers) returns may be as high as US$ 132 to 166 per ha per annum. Wildlife tourism which prevails in less well watered areas may yield US$ 4 to 5 per ha, while conventional livestock rearing yields from US$ 0.2 to 1.4 per ha per annum. Game cropping is the least well developed and the least productive but is accepted as a necessity by the Kenya Wildlife Service, particularly with regard to zebra which compete with livestock for resources. It yields only US$ 0.2 to 0.4 per ha per annum.Wildlife and livestock occur together, except where there has been considerable outlay on electric fencing. Predators, especially lions and hyenas, are incompatible with livestock and together with certain wildlife which may act as disease vectors (e.g. buffalo) reduce income by US$ 0.5 per ha per annum. By contrast, the addition of camels, which are eco-friendly milk and meat producers, with no reduction of conventional stock, may increase livestock yields by US$ 0-4 per ha per annum.Combined wildlife tourism, cropping and livestock, including camels, may yield US$ 4.7 to 6.4 per ha per annum, which although still less than 5% of agricultural yield, is the best that may be achieved at present on a sustainable basis. Crop production is highly dependent on rainfall which becomes less predictable the more arid the land. It may not be sustainable in the long term in its present form.Current returns on investment are low for all forms of land use. Constraints to increasing returns are outlined. Research agendas need to be tailored to provide answers which could help minimize them. In particular, we need to refine our knowledge concerning the economics of the different options, both conventional and non-conventional.

scholarly journals Characterization of caseous lymphadenitis in caprine animals slaughtered in a semi-arid region of Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1867
Author(s):  
Nathanael Natércio da Costa Barnabé ◽  
José Dêvede da Silva ◽  
Maira Porto Viana ◽  
Newcelia Paiva Barreto ◽  
Évyla Layssa Gonçalves Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Caseous Lymphadenitis ◽  
Clinical Form ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Pathogenic Agents ◽  
Semi Arid

In the Northeast of Brazil, goat breeding plays an important socioeconomic and strategic role in coexistence within the semi-arid region. The rural nature of the species and adaptations that are appropriate for the climate are some of the characteristics that favor the Northeast as the largest national producer of goats (93% of the national herd). In spite of this, sanitary deficiencies facilitate the appearance and diffusion of pathogenic agents that compromise the productivity, e.g., Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, which are widespread in the national herd and cause damages in the industry. The objective of this study was to characterize caseous lymphadenitis (CL) in lamb cuttings at semi-arid abattoirs. The research was carried out between March and August 2017 at the Municipal Abattoir of Patos, State of Paraíba, Brazil, where the caprines from this region are slaughtered. We studied 304 animals with no defined racial pattern, of both the sexes, characterized according to their age group as evidenced by their teeth, submitted to ante- and post-mortem examinations with microbiological confirmation. Cheek material was processed for diagnostic confirmation, using the techniques of isolation and microbiological identification (gold standard). The bacteriological examination confirmed the presence of the agent in 21.38% of the animals, in which 13.16% were females and 8.22% were males. Of those affected, 11.51% had the clinical form of the disease, while 9.87% had the subclinical form and 1.31% had both the clinical form as well as the internal impairment. The precrural (25.71%), mammary (11.43%), and prescapular (11.43%) lymph nodes were the most affected. Internally, the most affected were the liver (63.33%), lung (13.33%), and medium mediastinal lymph nodes (10%). The presence of skin lesion/scars (Odds ratio = 2.394, 95% CI = 1.371 - 4.182, p = 0.003) and sex (females) (Odds ratio = 1.845, 95% CI = 1.053 - 3.232, p = 0.044) were found to be risk factors. CL is present in goats from the intermediate geographical region of Patos, reinforcing the need for control measures, with attention to the inspection of animals in the slaughter line.

A prospective observational study on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting for esophageal cancer patients in Japan.

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 135-135
Author(s):  
Sachiko Yamamoto ◽  
Ryu Ishihara ◽  
Naoya Yoshida ◽  
Hideaki Shimada ◽  
Tsuyoshi Noguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Predictive Factors ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Antiemetic Drugs

135 Background: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is still one of the major problems in cancer treatment. However detailed profile of CINV in patients with esophageal cancer is not known. Prospective multi-center observational study was conducted to assess the current status of CINV in Japan. Methods: Between May 2011 and December 2012, 193 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent systemic chemotherapy with high (HEC) or moderate emetogenic agents (MEC) were registered. Antiemetic drugs (5-HT3 receptor antagonists, dexamethasone and NK1receptor antagonist) were used to suppress CINV. Occurrence and severity of CINV were assessed with a diary provided to the patients prior to chemotherapy. Acute phase (within 24 hours from the start of chemotherapy) and late phase CINV (24 hours or later) were assessed separately. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the predictive factors for acute and late phase CINV. Results: Of 193 patients 165 were male and 28 were female. Median age was 66 (range 40-84). HEC and MEC were administered in 180 and 13 patients, respectively. Acute phase nausea and vomiting were observed in 9 (4.7%) and 7 (3.6%) of 193 patients, respectively. Late-phase nausea and vomiting were observed in 75 (38.9%) and 18 (9.3%) of 193 patients, respectively. Risk factors for acute phase nausea, acute phase vomiting, late phase nausea and late-phase vomiting were assessed separately. By multivariate analysis for late-phase vomiting, younger age (Odds ratio 0.523 [every 10 years]; 95%CI 0.278-0.986; p=0.045) and male gender (Odds ratio 5.796; 95%CI 1.806-18.603; p=0.003) were independent predictive factors. By multivariate analyses for acute phase nausea, acute phase vomiting and late-phase nausea, no independent predictive factor was identified. Conclusions: Acute phase CINV was effectively suppressed by antiemetic drugs, while late phase CINV was not sufficiently suppressed. Further intervention to suppress late phase CINV should be considered, especially in high-risk patients. Clinical trial information: UMIN000005971.

Historical zooarchaeology of colonialism, mercantilism, and indigenous dispossession

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam R. Heinrich
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Cape Of Good Hope ◽  
Husbandry Practices

The investigation of the Dutch East India Company’s (VOC) meat industry that was emplaced at the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa reveals information about livestock production, slaughter, and consumption at the colonial entrepot in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The investigation consisted of five faunal samples including three sites from the Castle of Good Hope; the Moat, the Granary (F2), and Donkergat (DKG); Elsenburg; and the Dump (DP) from Oudespost I. The archaeological faunal remains speak to transplanted and hybridized European husbandry practices as the VOC struggled to overcome initial hardships of meeting high meat demands to become the dominant power across the landscape while dispossessing the indigenous Khoekhoe peoples of their livestock, land, and identity.

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