scholarly journals Composite modeling of leaf shape across shoots discriminates Vitis species better than individual leaves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail E. Bryson ◽  
Maya Wilson Brown ◽  
Joey Mullins ◽  
Wei Dong ◽  
Keivan Bahmani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Polynomial Function ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Vitis Species ◽  
Individual Leaf ◽  
True Diversity ◽  
Grapevine Leaves ◽  
Composite Modeling ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACTPremise of studyLeaf morphology is dynamic, continuously deforming during leaf expansion and among leaves within a shoot. We measured leaf morphology from over 200 vines over four years, and modeled changes in leaf shape along the shoot to determine if a composite “shape of shapes” can better capture variation and predict species identity compared to individual leaves.MethodsUsing homologous universal landmarks found in grapevine leaves, we modeled various morphological features as a polynomial function of leaf node. The resulting functions are used to reconstruct modeled leaf shapes across shoots, generating composite leaves that comprehensively capture the spectrum of possible leaf morphologies.ResultsWe found that composite leaves are better predictors of species identity than individual leaves from the same plant. We were able to use composite leaves to predict species identity of previously unassigned vines, which were verified with genotyping.DiscussionObservations of individual leaf shape fail to capture the true diversity between species. Composite leaf shape—an assemblage of modeled leaf snapshots across the shoot—is a better representation of the dynamic and essential shapes of leaves, as well as serving as a better predictor of species identity than individual leaves.

scholarly journals Composite modeling of leaf shape along shoots discriminates Vitis species better than individual leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail E. Bryson ◽  
Maya Wilson Brown ◽  
Joey Mullins ◽  
Wei Dong ◽  
Keivan Bahmani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Vitis Species ◽  
Composite Modeling ◽  
Better Than

scholarly journals Morphometric analysis of Passiflora leaves: the relationship between landmarks of the vasculature and elliptical Fourier descriptors of the blade

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Chitwood ◽  
Wagner C. Otoni
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Fourier Descriptors ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Pairwise Correlation ◽  
Leaf Patterning ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Node Position

AbstractBACKGROUNDLeaf shape among Passiflora species is spectacularly diverse. Underlying this diversity in leaf shape are profound changes in the patterning of the primary vasculature and laminar outgrowth. Each of these aspects of leaf morphology—vasculature and blade—provides different insights into leaf patterning.RESULTSHere, we morphometrically analyze >3,300 leaves from 40 different Passiflora species collected sequentially across the vine. Each leaf is measured in two different ways: using 1) 15 homologous Procrustes-adjusted landmarks of the vasculature, sinuses, and lobes and 2) Elliptical Fourier Descriptors (EFDs), which quantify the outline of the leaf. The ability of landmarks, EFDs, and both datasets together are compared to determine their relative ability to predict species and node position within the vine. Pairwise correlation of x and y landmark coordinates and EFD harmonic coefficients reveals close associations between traits and insights into the relationship between vasculature and blade patterning.CONCLUSIONSLandmarks, more reflective of the vasculature, and EFDs, more reflective of the blade contour, describe both similar and distinct features of leaf morphology. Landmarks and EFDs vary in ability to predict species identity and node position in the vine and exhibit a correlational structure (both within landmark or EFD traits and between the two data types) revealing constraints between vascular and blade patterning underlying natural variation in leaf morphology among Passiflora species.

Polynomial Moving Fitting Method for Edge Identification

2011 ◽  
Vol 308-310 ◽  
pp. 2560-2564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Rong Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Edge Detection ◽  
Curve Fitting ◽  
Polynomial Function ◽  
High Order ◽  
Polynomial Fitting ◽  
Fitting Method ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Low Order

A moving fitting method for edge detection is proposed in this work. Polynomial function is used for the curve fitting of the column of pixels near the edge. Proposed method is compared with polynomial fitting method without sub-segment. The comparison shows that even with low order polynomial, the effects of moving fitting are significantly better than that with high order polynomial fitting without sub-segment.

scholarly journals Leaf shape is a predictor of fruit quality and cultivar performance in tomato

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D. Rowland ◽  
Kristina Zumstein ◽  
Hokuto Nakayama ◽  
Zizhang Cheng ◽  
Amber M. Flores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
List Type ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Tomato Crop

SummaryCommercial tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most widely grown vegetable crops worldwide. Heirloom tomatoes retain extensive genetic diversity and a considerable range of fruit quality and leaf morphological traits.Here the role of leaf morphology was investigated for its impact on fruit quality. Heirloom cultivars were grown in field conditions and BRIX by Yield (BY) and other traits measured over a fourteen-week period. The complex relationships among these morphological and physiological traits were evaluated using PLS-Path Modeling, and a consensus model developed.Photosynthesis contributed strongly to vegetative biomass and sugar content of fruits but had a negative impact on yield. Conversely leaf shape, specifically rounder leaves, had a strong positive impact on both fruit sugar content and yield. Cultivars such as Stupice and Glacier, with very round leaves, had the highest performance in both fruit sugar and yield. Our model accurately predicted BY for two commercial cultivars using leaf shape data as input.This study revealed the importance of leaf shape to fruit quality in tomato, with rounder leaves having significantly improved fruit quality. This correlation was maintained across a range of diverse genetic backgrounds and shows the importance of leaf morphology in tomato crop improvement.

scholarly journals Vein-to-blade ratio is an allometric indicator of climate-induced changes in grapevine leaf size and shape

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Chitwood ◽  
Joey Mullins ◽  
Zoë Migicovsky ◽  
Margaret Frank ◽  
Robert VanBuren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Blade Area ◽  
Grapevine Leaves ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape ◽  
Induced Changes

ABSTRACTPremiseAs a leaf expands, its shape dynamically changes. Previously, we documented an allometric relationship between vein and blade area in grapevine leaves. Larger leaves have a smaller ratio of primary and secondary vein area relative to blade area compared to smaller leaves. We sought to use allometry as an indicator of leaf size to measure the environmental effects of climate on grapevine leaf morphology.MethodsWe measure the ratio of vein-to-blade area in 8,412 leaves from the same 208 vines across four growing seasons (2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017) using 21 homologous landmarks. Matching leaves by vine and node, we correlate size and shape of grapevine leaves with climate variables.Key resultsVein-to-blade ratio varies strongly between years in ways that blade or vein area do not. Maximum daily temperature and to a lesser degree precipitation are the most strongly correlated climate variables with vein-to-blade ratio, indicating that smaller leaves are associated with heat waves and drought. Leaf count and overall leaf area of shoots and the vineyard population studied also diminish with heat and drought. Grapevine leaf primordia initiate in buds the year prior to when they emerge, and we find that climate during the previous growing season exerts the largest statistical effects over these relationships.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the profound effects of heat and drought on the vegetative morphology of grapevines and show that vein-to-blade ratio is a strong allometric indicator of the effects of climate on grapevine leaf morphology.

scholarly journals Multivariate genome-wide association study of leaf shape in a Populus deltoides and P. simonii F1 pedigree

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0259278
Author(s):  
Wenguo Yang ◽  
Dan Yao ◽  
Hainan Wu ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Yuhua Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Moderate Number ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Poplar Leaf

Leaf morphology exhibits tremendous diversity between and within species, and is likely related to adaptation to environmental factors. Most poplar species are of great economic and ecological values and their leaf morphology can be a good predictor for wood productivity and environment adaptation. It is important to understand the genetic mechanism behind variation in leaf shape. Although some initial efforts have been made to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for poplar leaf traits, more effort needs to be expended to unravel the polygenic architecture of the complex traits of leaf shape. Here, we performed a genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) of poplar leaf shape traits in a randomized complete block design with clones from F1 hybrids of Populus deltoides and Populus simonii. A total of 35 SNPs were identified as significantly associated with the multiple traits of a moderate number of regular polar radii between the leaf centroid and its edge points, which could represent the leaf shape, based on a multivariate linear mixed model. In contrast, the univariate linear mixed model was applied as single leaf traits for GWAS, leading to genomic inflation; thus, no significant SNPs were detected for leaf length, measures of leaf width, leaf area, or the ratio of leaf length to leaf width under genomic control. Investigation of the candidate genes showed that most flanking regions of the significant leaf shape-associated SNPs harbored genes that were related to leaf growth and development and to the regulation of leaf morphology. The combined use of the traditional experimental design and the multivariate linear mixed model could greatly improve the power in GWAS because the multiple trait data from a large number of individuals with replicates of clones were incorporated into the statistical model. The results of this study will enhance the understanding of the genetic mechanism of leaf shape variation in Populus. In addition, a moderate number of regular leaf polar radii can largely represent the leaf shape and can be used for GWAS of such a complicated trait in Populus, instead of the higher-dimensional regular radius data that were previously considered to well represent leaf shape.

2-Dimension Polynomial Fitting for the Edge Detection

2013 ◽  
Vol 389 ◽  
pp. 969-973
Author(s):  
Xiang Rong Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Edge Detection ◽  
Polynomial Function ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Grey Level ◽  
Polynomial Fitting ◽  
Two Dimension ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Dimension Polynomial ◽  
The One ◽  
Better Than

The gray-scale digital image is two-dimension, most of the previous polynomial fitting methods for edge detection belong to one-dimension methods. The new method of two-dimension polynomial fitting for edge detection is presented. The grey level data of the interest area around the edge in the image are fitted by the two-dimension polynomial function. The edge of interest is identified by finding the maximum of the form of gradient of the fitting function. Because the two-dimension fitting is actually more suitable for the two-dimension image, the fitting results of two dimension method are significantly better than that of the one-dimension method. It is shown through the analysis of the synthesis image that the results of surface fitting and edge identification used of the proposed method are quite good.

Growth pattern and leaf morphology of Shorea parvistipulata saplings in a tropical rain forest of Sarawak, Malaysia

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-218
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Enoki ◽  
Hideyuki Kawaguchi ◽  
Tohru Nakashizuka ◽  
Abang A. Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Morphological Adaptations ◽  
Shoot Architecture

Spatial variation in canopy structure induces highly variable patterns of light availability for juveniles and understorey trees (Nicotra et al. 1999, Oberbauer et al. 1988, Tang et al. 1999). In the heterogeneous light environment, plasticity in resource use is essential for survival of juveniles and hence maintenance of populations (Valladares et al. 2000). One of the most striking characteristics of plants in their response to a given resource availability is their capacity to change morphological traits (Küppers 1994). Previous studies have attempted to understand the significance of morphological adaptations in their contribution to competitive ability, focusing on crown form (Kohyama 1987, Sterck et al. 2003), branching pattern (King 1998), shoot architecture (Canham 1988) and leaf shape (King & Maindonald 1999, Takenaka 1994, Yamada et al. 2000). Several studies have investigated the changes in morphology of saplings or seedlings growing under different light availability across canopy gaps (Ackerly & Bazzaz 1995, King 1994, Valladares & Pearcy 1998). However, the phenotypic plasticity in morphology of saplings adapting to the fluctuation of light availability has been investigated less (Blundell & Peart 2001, Poorter & Werger 1999).

scholarly journals Identification of Vietnamese Paphiopedilum Species Using Vegetative Morphology

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Huyen- Trang Vu ◽  
My-Huyen Bui ◽  
Quoc-Luan Vu ◽  
Thanh-Diem Nguyen ◽  
Hop Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
The One ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
First Time ◽  
Efficient Recognition

Background: Discrimination of Paphiopedilum species using floral morphology has been used effectively and commonly due to distinct features of their reproductive parts. Most classification references also focus on description of flower morphology and structure. Nevertheless species preservation meets great problems when illegal trading plants are mostly at non-flowered or plantlet stages. Molecular approaches have been applied and obtained highly precise results but spent time and could not rate 100% of resolution over the genus. Thus, quickly identification using only vegetative characteristics would be an efficient support for other distinguishing methods and a remarkable contribution to the detection and prevention of Paphiopedilum ilicit sales. Aims: In this research we aimed to describe in details leaf features of Paphiopedilum species in Vietnam serving for quick and easy discriminating species without flower present or laboratory techniques. Study Design:  Observed variables based on qualitative features of leaf shape, color, vein feature, thickness, toughness and quantitative features of leaf size were saved and organized using Microsoft Excel 2010. Place and Duration of Study: Tay Nguyen Institute for Scientific Research, Agricultural Genetics Institute, between November 2018 and November 2019. Methodology: We minutely analyzed the leaf morphology of nineteen species and two variants which belongs to Vietnamese Paphiopedilum population in an order manner from parameters that easiest to be realized to the less clearly traits for the most efficient recognition even to the one who is not botanist. Results: 16 out of 20 species were identified using leaf morphology. This rate was up to 100% when combining morphological and molecular methods without the present of their flowers. An artificial key to genus Paphiopedilum using the vegetative details was first time established. Conclusion: Leaf morphology can be effectively used as the first step for identifying Paphiopedilum species. Our results provided useful tool in severally or in combination with molecular methods in biodiversity and commercial management of these valuable species.

scholarly journals The shapes of wine and table grape leaves: an ampelometric study inspired by the methods of Pierre Galet

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Chitwood
Keyword(s):  
Finite Number ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Distance Matrix ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Morphological Similarity ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Statistical Framework ◽  
Angle Measurements ◽  
Grapevine Leaves

ABSTRACTThe shapes of grapevine leaves have been critical to correctly identify economically important varieties throughout history. The correspondence of homologous features in nearly all grapevine species and varieties has enabled advanced morphometric approaches to mathematically classify leaf shape. These approaches either model leaves through the measurement of numerous vein lengths and angles or measure a finite number of corresponding landmarks and use Procrustean approaches to superimpose points and perform statistical analyses. Hand illustrations, too, play an important role in grapevine identification, as details omitted using the above methods can be visualized. Here, I use a saturating number of pseudo-landmarks to capture intricate, local features in grapevine leaves: the curvature of veins and the shapes of serrations. Using these points, averaged leaf shapes for 60 varieties of wine and table grapes are calculated that preserve features. A pairwise Procrustes distance matrix of the overall morphological similarity of each variety to the other classifies leaves into two main groups—deeply lobed and more entire—that correspond to the measurements of sinus depth by Pierre Galet. Using the system of Galet, pseudo-landmarks are converted into relative distance and angle measurements. Both Galet-inspired and Procrustean methods allow increased accuracy in predicting variety compared to a finite number of landmarks. Using Procrustean pseudo-landmarks captures grapevine leaf shape at the same level of detail as drawings and provides a quantitative method to arrive at mean leaf shapes representing varieties that can be used within a predictive statistical framework.

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