scholarly journals The Arabidopsis bZIP19 and bZIP23 transcription factors act as zinc-sensors to control plant zinc status

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grmay H. Lilay ◽  
Daniel P. Persson ◽  
Pedro Humberto Castro ◽  
Feixue Liao ◽  
Ross D. Alexander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Zn Homeostasis ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Zn Status ◽  
And Storage

AbstractZinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for plants and animals because of its structural and catalytic roles in many proteins. Zn deficiency affects ca. two billion people, mainly those living on plant-based diets that rely on crops from Zn deficient soils. Plants maintain adequate Zn levels through tightly regulated Zn homeostasis mechanisms, involving Zn uptake, distribution and storage, but it was not known how they sense Zn status. We use in vitro and in planta approaches to show that the Arabidopsis thaliana F-group bZIP transcription factors bZIP19 and bZIP23, which are the central regulators of the Zn deficiency response, act as Zn sensors by binding Zn2+ ions to a Zn sensor motif (ZSM). Deletions or modifications of this ZSM disrupts Zn binding, leading to a constitutive transcriptional Zn deficiency response, which causes a significant increase in plant and seed Zn accumulation. Since the ZSM is highly conserved in F-bZIPs across land plants, the identification of the first plant Zn-sensor will promote new strategies to improve the Zn nutritional quality of plant-derived food and feed, and contribute to tackle the global Zn deficiency health problem.

scholarly journals Roles of Zinc Signaling in the Immune System

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shintaro Hojyo ◽  
Toshiyuki Fukada
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Zn Homeostasis ◽  
Zinc Signaling ◽  
Extracellular Stimuli ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Storage

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for basic cell activities such as cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Zn deficiency depresses both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the precise physiological mechanisms of the Zn-mediated regulation of the immune system have been largely unclear. Zn homeostasis is tightly controlled by the coordinated activity of Zn transporters and metallothioneins, which regulate the transport, distribution, and storage of Zn. There is growing evidence that Zn behaves like a signaling molecule, facilitating the transduction of a variety of signaling cascades in response to extracellular stimuli. In this review, we highlight the emerging functional roles of Zn and Zn transporters in immunity, focusing on how crosstalk between Zn and immune-related signaling guides the normal development and function of immune cells.

scholarly journals The role of ZIP proteins in zinc assimilation and distribution in plants: current challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Daniel Lira-Morales ◽  
Nancy Varela-Bojórquez ◽  
Magaly Berenice Montoya-Rojo ◽  
J. Adriana Sañudo-Barajas
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Mineral Concentration ◽  
Regulation Of Expression ◽  
Zip Family ◽  
Zn Homeostasis ◽  
Homeostasis Regulation ◽  
Zn Status ◽  
Nutritional Imbalance

Soils with mineral deficiencies lead to nutritional imbalance in crops worldwide. Zinc (Zn) is a micronutrient that is fundamental for plant growth and development, being essential for the proper functioning of a range of enzymes and transcription factors. Zn transporters tightly regulate Zn homeostasis. Plants contain a large number of Zn-responsive genes that are specifically expressed under Zn deficiency to ensure the coordination of assimilatory pathways and meet the physiological requirements. This review brings together a range of studies that have been undertaken to investigate the effects of Zn status on the regulatory mechanisms involved in plant mineral nutrition. The ZIP (ZRT, IRT-like Protein) family is especially implicated in Zn transport and in the maintenance of cellular Zn homeostasis. Regulation of expression in relation to plant tissue, mineral concentration, and species has been determined for several ZIP family members. In the omic era, genomic and proteomic approaches have facilitated a rapid increase in our understanding of the roles of ZIP family members and their regulation, though significant knowledge gaps remain. A comprehensive understanding of ZIP proteins could lead to many potential molecular applications to improve crop management and food quality.  

scholarly journals Inositol pyrophosphates promote the interaction of SPX domains with the coiled-coil motif of PHR transcription factors to regulate plant phosphate homeostasis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina K. Ried ◽  
Rebekka Wild ◽  
Jinsheng Zhu ◽  
Larissa Broger ◽  
Robert K. Harmel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Oligomeric State ◽  
Inositol Pyrophosphate ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Pi Homeostasis ◽  
Pi Starvation ◽  
Affinity Mutation

AbstractPhosphorus is an essential nutrient taken up by organisms in the form of inorganic phosphate (Pi). Eukaryotes have evolved sophisticated Pi sensing and signalling cascades, enabling them to maintain cellular Pi concentrations. Pi homeostasis is regulated by inositol pyrophosphate signalling molecules (PP-InsPs), which are sensed by SPX-domain containing proteins. In plants, PP-InsP bound SPX receptors inactivate Myb coiled-coil (MYB-CC) Pi starvation response transcription factors (PHRs) by an unknown mechanism. Here we report that a InsP8 – SPX complex targets the plant-unique CC domain of PHRs. Crystal structures of the CC domain reveal an unusual four-stranded anti-parallel arrangement. Interface mutations in the CC domain yield monomeric PHR1, which is no longer able to bind DNA with high affinity. Mutation of conserved basic residues located at the surface of the CC domain disrupt interaction with the SPX receptor in vitro and in planta, resulting in constitutive Pi starvation responses. Together, our findings suggest that InsP8 regulates plant Pi homeostasis by controlling the oligomeric state and hence the promoter binding capability of PHRs via their SPX receptors. (173 words)

scholarly journals Arabidopsis thaliana zinc accumulation in leaf trichomes is correlated with zinc concentration in leaves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe K. Ricachenevsky ◽  
Tracy Punshon ◽  
David E. Salt ◽  
Janette P. Fett ◽  
Mary Lou Guerinot
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Nutritional Disorder ◽  
Leaf Trichomes ◽  
Zn Accumulation ◽  
Zn Homeostasis ◽  
Zn Status

AbstractZinc (Zn) is a key micronutrient. In humans, Zn deficiency is a common nutritional disorder, and most people acquire dietary Zn from eating plants. In plants, Zn deficiency can decrease plant growth and yield. Understanding Zn homeostasis in plants can improve agriculture and human health. While root Zn transporters in plat model species have been characterized in detail, comparatively little is known about shoot processes controlling Zn concentrations and spatial distribution. Previous work showed that Zn hyperaccumulator species such as Arabidopsis halleri accumulate Zn and other metals in leaf trichomes. The model species Arabidopsis thaliana is a non-accumulating plant, and to date there is no systematic study regarding Zn accumulation in A. thaliana trichomes. Here, we used Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence mapping to show that Zn accumulates at the base of trichomes of A. thaliana, as had seen previously for hyperaccumulators. Using transgenic and natural accessions of A. thaliana that vary in bulk leaf Zn concentration, we demonstrated that higher leaf Zn increases total Zn found at the base of trichome cells. Furthermore, our data suggests that Zn accumulates in the trichome apoplast, likely associated with the cell wall. Our data indicates that Zn accumulation in trichomes is a function of the Zn status of the plant, and provides the basis for future studies on a genetically tractable plant species aiming at understanding the molecular steps involved in Zn spatial distribution in leaves.

scholarly journals Differences in the occurrence of selenium, copper and zinc deficiencies in dairy cows, calves, heifers and bulls 

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 390-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Pavlata ◽  
A. Podhorsky ◽  
A. Pechova ◽  
P. Chomat
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Cu Deficiency ◽  
Status Assessment ◽  
Cattle Blood ◽  
Zn Status ◽  
Se Status

This study was conducted to evaluate the mineral status of various bovine categories reared on the same farm, and to monitor the quality of their mineral nutrition in this way. Blood samples were collected on 20 farms in various regions of the CzechRepublicto diagnose the selenium (Se), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) status of dairy cows, calves, heifers and bulls. Blood samples were collected from 5 dairy cows and their calves, 5 heifers and, whenever possible, also from 5 bullocks (10 farms). To assess the Cu and Zn status of the cattle, blood serum concentrations of the elements were determined by flame AAS. The Se status assessment was based on the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in whole blood. Dairy cows and calves showed the higher GSH-Px activity in comparison with heifers and bulls (P < 0.001). Overall mean GSH-Px activity in the blood of dairy cows, calves, heifers and bulls was 720.47 ± 174.47 µkat/l, 688.34 ± 204.12 µkat/l, 555.69 ± 318.36 µkat/l and 516.17 ± 214.70 µkat/l, respectively. Se deficiency was diagnosed in 23% of the examined dairy cows (20% herds), 31% calves (25% herds), 51% heifers (50% herds) and in 58% of bulls (50% herds). Dairy cows showed lower Zn and higher Cu concentrations in comparison with the other categories (P < 0.001). Mean Zn concentrations in blood serum of dairy cows, calves, heifers and bulls were 12.21 ± 3.19 µmol/l, 18.91 ± 5.78 µmol/l, 17.80 ± 2.76 µmol/l and 16.69 ± 3.08 µmol/l, respectively. Zn deficiency was diagnosed in 41% of the examined dairy cows (45% herds) and 13% of bulls (10% herds). None of the calf or heifer herds was classified as Zn deficient when Zn deficiency was found in only 9% of calves and 1% of the examined heifers. Mean Cu concentrations in blood serum of dairy cows, calves, heifers and bulls were 13.62 ± 2.62 µmol/l, 10.18 ± 3.22 µmol/l, 10.96 ± 2.52 µmol/l and 11.18 ± 2.40 µmol/l, respectively. Cu deficiency was diagnosed in 28% of the examined dairy cows (20% herds), 70% of calves (80% herds), 65% of heifers (75% herds) and 70% of bulls (60% herds). Deficiency of at least one of the microelements monitored was diagnosed on all investigated farms.

scholarly journals Penapisan isolat rizobakteri indigenos untuk pengendalian (Ganoderma boninense) di pre nursery kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Jurnal Agro ◽  
10.15575/4665 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-122
Author(s):  
Yulmira Yanti ◽  
Imam Rifai ◽  
Yogie Aditya Pratama ◽  
Muhammad Ihsan Harahap
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Basal Stem Rot ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
And Control

Rizobakteri merupakan kelompok bakteri yang aktif mengkolonisasi akar tanaman, meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan mengendalikan patogen tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh isolat rizobakteri indigenous  terbaik dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan kelapa sawit dan mengendalikan penyakit busuk pangkal batang di pre-nursery kelapa sawit secara in planta serta karakterisasi kemampuan antagonisnya secara in vitro. Penelitian bersifat eksperimental terdiri atas 3 tahap dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL): (1) Isolasi dan karakterisasi isolat rizobakteri indigenous  di Kabupaten Pasaman Barat, (2) Pengujian isolat rizobakteri indigenous  (RBI) sebagai plant growth promoting rihzobacteria (PGPR), dan untuk pengendalian G.boninense di pre-nursery kelapa sawit terdiri dari 29 perlakuan (27 isolat RBI, tanpa inokulasi G. boninense sebagai kontrol positif, dan inokulasi G. boninense sebagai kontrol negatif) dengan masing-masing 5 ulangan, serta (3) Pengujian aktivitas antagonisme isolat RBI terhadap G. boninense. Data dianalisis dengan sidik ragam, apabila berbeda nyata dilanjutkan dengan uji Least Significance Different (LSD) pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan diperoleh tiga isolat terbaik (R10 2.2, R9 2.1, dan R10 2.3) yang mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan kelapa sawit dan menekan perkembangan penyakit busuk pangkal batang G.boninense secara in planta dan in vitro.ABSTRACTRhizobacteria is a group of bacteria that actively colonize plant roots, increase growth and control plant pathogen. The objective of the research was to obtain indigenous rhizobacteria isolate (RBI) to increase growth and control basal stem rot on oil palm seedlings in in planta and characterize of antagonistic ability in in vitro. Experimental research consisted of 3 stages by using Completely Randomized Design (CRD): (1) Isolation of indigenous rhizobacteria in West Pasaman region, (2) Indigenous rhizobacteria isolate testing as a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and to control of G. boninense on pre nursery of oil palm consisted of 29 treatments (27 RBI isolates, without G. boninense inoculation as positive control, and G. boninense inoculation as negative control) with 5 replications each. (3) Testing of RBI isolate antagonism activity towards G. boninense. Data were analyzed by variance, if the result significantly different, it was continued by using Least Significance Different (LSD) at 5% level. The results showed that best three isolates (R10 2.2, R9 2.1 and R10 2.3) were able to increase growth of palm oil and to suppress the development of G.boninense basal stem rot in in planta and in in vitro.

scholarly journals Marine Macroalgae, a Source of Natural Inhibitors of Fungal Phytopathogens

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1006
Author(s):  
Tânia F. L. Vicente ◽  
Marco F. L. Lemos ◽  
Rafael Félix ◽  
Patrícia Valentão ◽  
Carina Félix
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Marine Macroalgae ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fungal Phytopathogens

Fungal phytopathogens are a growing problem all over the world; their propagation causes significant crop losses, affecting the quality of fruits and vegetables, diminishing the availability of food, leading to the loss of billions of euros every year. To control fungal diseases, the use of synthetic chemical fungicides is widely applied; these substances are, however, environmentally damaging. Marine algae, one of the richest marine sources of compounds possessing a wide range of bioactivities, present an eco-friendly alternative in the search for diverse compounds with industrial applications. The synthesis of such bioactive compounds has been recognized as part of microalgal responsiveness to stress conditions, resulting in the production of polyphenols, polysaccharides, lipophilic compounds, and terpenoids, including halogenated compounds, already described as antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, many studies, in vitro or in planta, have demonstrated the inhibitory activity of these compounds with respect to fungal phytopathogens. This review aims to gather the maximum of information addressing macroalgae extracts with potential inhibition against fungal phytopathogens, including the best inhibitory results, while presenting some already reported mechanisms of action.

scholarly journals The Stress-Activated Protein Kinase FgOS-2 Is a Key Regulator in the Life Cycle of the Cereal Pathogen Fusarium graminearum

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1142-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thuat Van Nguyen ◽  
Wilhelm Schäfer ◽  
Jörg Bormann
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Deletion Mutants ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Food And Feed

Fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive pathogens of cereals and a threat to food and feed production worldwide. It is an ascomycetous plant pathogen and the causal agent of Fusarium head blight disease in small grain cereals and of cob rot disease in maize. Infection with F. graminearum leads to yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. Zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are hazardous mycotoxins; the latter is necessary for virulence toward wheat. Deletion mutants of the F. graminearum orthologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hog1 stress-activated protein kinase, FgOS-2 (ΔFgOS-2), showed drastically reduced in planta DON and ZEA production. However, ΔFgOS-2 produced even more DON than the wild type under in vitro conditions, whereas ZEA production was similar to that of the wild type. These deletion strains are dramatically reduced in pathogenicity toward maize and wheat. We constitutively expressed the fluorescent protein dsRed in the deletion strains and the wild type. Microscopic analysis revealed that ΔFgOS-2 is unable to reach the rachis node at the base of wheat spikelets. During vegetative growth, ΔFgOS-2 strains exhibit increased resistance against the phenylpyrrole fludioxonil. Growth of mutant colonies on agar plates supplemented with NaCl is reduced but conidia formation remained unchanged. However, germination of mutant conidia on osmotic media is severely impaired. Germ tubes are swollen and contain multiple nuclei. The deletion mutants completely fail to produce perithecia and ascospores. Furthermore, FgOS-2 also plays a role in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related signaling. The transcription and activity of fungal catalases is modulated by FgOS-2. Among the genes regulated by FgOS-2, we found a putative calcium-dependent NADPH-oxidase (noxC) and the transcriptional regulator of ROS metabolism, atf1. The present study describes new aspects of stress-activated protein kinase signaling in F. graminearum.

The assessment of zinc status of an animal from the uptake of65Zn by the cells of whole blood in vitro

1978 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Chesters ◽  
Marie Will
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Surgical Stress ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Zn Uptake ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Plasma Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Zn Status ◽  
Dietary Deficiency

1.65Zn uptake by blood cells in vitro has been compared with plasma Zn concentration and plasma alkaline phosphatase (EC3.1.3.1) activity as indicators of an animal's Zn status.2. Dietary Zn deficiency, low food intake, reduced dietary protein content and endotoxin administration all reduced plasma Zn concentration in the rat. In each case there was a parallel reduction in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and an increase in65Zn uptake in vitro by cells of whole blood.3. A similar relationship between the three measurements existed in sheep with lowered plasma Zn concentrations whether these were caused by dietary deficiency or by post-surgical stress.4.65Zn uptake by cells of whole blood did not differentiate dietary Zn deficiency from the other factors which reduce plasma Zn under ‘field’ conditions.5.65Zn uptake by the cells in whole blood in vitro was three to five times less rapid in blood of ruminant origin than in that from non-ruminants. This difference related to the erythrocytes rather than to the leukocytes or the plasma.

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