scholarly journals Women in power: Female leadership and public health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Coscieme ◽  
Lorenzo Fioramonti ◽  
Lars F Mortensen ◽  
Kate E Pickett ◽  
Ida Kubiszewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Women Leaders ◽  
Female Leadership ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Restrictive Measures ◽  
Better Than

Some countries have been more successful than others at dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. When we explore the different policy approaches adopted as well as the underlying socio-economic factors, we note an interesting set of correlations: countries led by women leaders have fared significantly better than those led by men on a wide range of dimensions concerning the global health crisis. In this paper, we analyze available data for 35 countries, focusing on the following variables: number of deaths per capita due to COVID-19, number of days with reported deaths, peaks in daily deaths, deaths occurred on the first day of lockdown, and excess mortality. Results show that countries governed by female leaders experienced much fewer COVID-19 deaths per capita and were more effective and rapid at flattening the epidemic's curve, with lower peaks in daily deaths. We argue that there are both contingent and structural reasons that may explain these stark differences. First of all, most women-led governments were more prompt at introducing restrictive measures in the initial phase of the epidemic, prioritizing public health over economic concerns, and more successful at eliciting collaboration from the population. Secondly, most countries led by women are also those with a stronger focus on social equality, human needs and generosity. These societies are more receptive to political agendas that place social and environmental wellbeing at the core of national policymaking.

scholarly journals China's Public Health Policies in Response to COVID-19: From an “Authoritarian” Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinghua Gao ◽  
Pengfei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Authoritarian State ◽  
Public Health Crisis ◽  
Wide Range

Background: China is generally regarded internationally as an “authoritarian” state. Traditional definitions have assigned many negative connotations surrounding the term of authoritarian. We realize that it might not be considered value-neutral in other countries. But authoritarian in the Chinese context emphasizes more on centralized decision making, collectivism, coordinating all activities of the nation, and public support, which is considered a value-neutral term. Therefore, it is adopted in this paper. We would like to clarify this. Authoritarian governance is considered an important mechanism for developing China's economy and solving social problems. The COVID-19 crisis is no exception. Most of the current research on crisis management and government crises focuses on advanced, democratic countries. However, the consequences of crisis management by authoritarian governments have not been fully appreciated. Although prior research has addressed authoritarian initiatives to manage crises in China, authoritarian interventions have rarely been theorized in public health emergencies.Methods: Based on a literature review and theoretical analysis, we use a descriptive and qualitative approach to assess public health policies and mechanisms from an authoritarian perspective in China. In light of the key events and intervention measures of China's government in response to COVID-19, the strategic practices of the Communist Party of China (CPC) to construct, embody, or set political goals through authoritarian intervention in public health crisis management are discussed.Results: China's government responded to the COVID-19 pandemic with a comprehensive authoritarian intervention, notably by establishing a top-down leadership mechanism, implementing a resolute lockdown, rapidly establishing square cabin hospitals, enhancing cooperation between different government departments, mobilizing a wide range of volunteer resources, enforcing the use of health codes, imposing mandatory quarantine on those returning from abroad, and implementing city-wide nucleic acid testing. These measures ensured that China was able to contain the outbreak quickly and reflect on the unique role of the Chinese authoritarian system in responding to public health crises.Conclusions: Our paper contributes to expanding the existing understanding of the relationship between crisis management and authoritarian system. China's response to COVID-19 exemplifies the unique strengths of authoritarian institutions in public health crisis management, which is a helpful and practical tool to further enhance the CPC's political legitimacy. As a socialist model of crisis management with Chinese characteristics, it may offer desirable experiences and lessons for other countries still ravaged by the epidemic.

scholarly journals A Female Leadership Trust Advantage in Times of Crisis: Under What Conditions?

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-231
Author(s):  
Corinne Post ◽  
Ioana M. Latu ◽  
Liuba Y. Belkin
Keyword(s):  
Women Leaders ◽  
Leadership Behaviors ◽  
Female Leadership ◽  
Relational Leadership ◽  
Organizational Crisis ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
Leadership Qualities ◽  
Organizational Crises ◽  
Behavioral Trust ◽  
Relational Behaviors

We examined differences in trust for men and women leaders who adopt relational behaviors during an organizational crisis. We addressed two important shortcomings of previous research. First, we independently manipulated leader gender and leader relational behaviors (interpersonal emotion management) to identify their separate and interacting influences on trust outcomes, which may lead to a leadership advantage for women. Second, we examined how uncertainty about crisis outcomes affects the strength of this advantage. We operationalized trust as both evaluative and behavioral (investment in a company led by the leader). We found support from two experiments with women and men ( N = 412 and N = 400) for the idea of a female leadership trust advantage in times of crisis. And we showed that the advantage is uniquely attributable to female leaders’ use of relational behaviors and is manifested only when crisis consequences are known. We observed these effects for both evaluative trust (Studies 1 and 2) and behavioral trust (Study 2). We invite more research on the conditions that contribute to the female leadership advantage, the gendered nature of leadership behaviors during organizational crises, and the relational leadership qualities that help restore trust in organizations during uncertain times. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684319828292

The Better-Than-Average Effect in the Era of COVID-19: Cognitive Bias in the Age of Pandemic and its Relationship to Vaccination Hesitancy (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kulesza ◽  
Dariusz Dolinski ◽  
Paweł Muniak ◽  
Daisy Winner ◽  
Kamil Izydorczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Scale Behavior ◽  
Vaccination Hesitancy ◽  
Better Than

BACKGROUND The ongoing coronavirus pandemic is an unprecedented global health crisis. Because large-scale behavior change has been critical to slowing the spread of the virus, understanding the mechanisms behind people’s decisions and behaviors to follow (or not) public health recommendations, is essential. OBJECTIVE In order to investigate one possible mechanism, we investigated the presence of the better-than-average effect. METHODS in 3066 individuals across Poland, Iran, and Kazakhstan. RESULTS Participants demonstrated clear the BTAE in all three countries. Furthermore, we found that the level of BTAE was a predictor of COVID-19 vaccination (declarative) claims. CONCLUSIONS These findings contribute to the growing literature on the role of cognitive biases on health behaviors, particularly during global health emergencies. We provide recommendations for public health communicators on how to address this bias to help ensure people adopt the behaviors that are critical to combatting the virus.

OP92 Non-Opioid Therapy For Pain Management – Health Technology Assessment In A Time Of Crisis

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (S1) ◽  
pp. 34-34
Author(s):  
Janice Mann ◽  
Sohail Mulla ◽  
Sirjana Pant
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Pain Management ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Guideline Recommendation ◽  
Knowledge Mobilization ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Wide Range

Introduction:North America is facing a public health epidemic – the opioid crisis – part of which is attributed to the inappropriate use of opioids in pain management. As such, the 2017 Canadian Guideline for Opioids for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain recommends optimizing non-opioid pharmacotherapy or non-pharmacological therapy to treat chronic pain, before a trial of opioids. However, the Guideline itself is not designed to provide evidence on the effectiveness of these non-opioid alternatives, leaving a gap for those attempting to put the recommendation into practice.Methods:In collaboration with its partners, including clinicians and policymakers, the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies (CADTH) identified the gaps in evidence, and developed an action plan to bridge the evidence gaps to support the optimization of non-opioid alternatives in pain management.Results:Since the release of the Guideline, CADTH produced over 20 Rapid Response reports that synthesize and appraise evidence on non-opioid alternatives in the management of a wide range of pain, both acute and chronic. Additionally, CADTH has also reviewed evidence on multidisciplinary pain treatment programs, and is developing environmental scan reports on the availability and access to non-pharmacological treatments for pain in Canada, and on drugs for emerging non-opioid pain. Further, CADTH developed knowledge mobilization tools based on the evidence reviews. The evidence reviews and tools are used as a resource by CADTH partners, including the Coalition of Safe and Effective Pain Management and McMaster University National Pain Center.Conclusions:This presentation will discuss the role of HTA and CADTH to fill the gaps in evidence for a crucial clinical practice guideline recommendation in a time of public health crisis, and help put the evidence into action. It will present the evidence synthesized by CADTH on various non-opioid alternatives for pain management, while highlighting the remaining gaps in evidence. Understanding the evidence on non-opioid alternatives will inform clinical and policy decisions and potentially reduce inappropriate use of opioids in pain management.

When Do Family Ties Matter? The Duration of Female Suffrage and Women’s Path to High Political Office

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Baturo ◽  
Julia Gray
Keyword(s):  
Women Leaders ◽  
Female Leadership ◽  
Empirical Modeling ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
Political Office ◽  
Heads Of State ◽  
Female President

While the percentage of female heads of state in the world has increased to around 10 percent in the 2010s, a female president or prime minister still remains an exception. Recent scholarship has proposed a number of explanations behind this phenomenon, but there exist important gaps. The contribution of this paper is threefold. First, we use new and comprehensive data to undertake a systematic examination of the differences in the personal, education, and career backgrounds between female and male effective political leaders from 1960 to 2010. We find that female leaders are as qualified as men. Second, because the phenomenon of female leadership is still a rare occurrence, we argue that this fact must be accounted for in empirical modeling. Third, we show that many female leaders tend to acquire the necessary resources, support, and name recognition through political dynasties. To that end, women leaders need to rely on family ties more than men do. However, the importance of such connections attenuates when female suffrage has been in place for longer, and citizens are more open to women in politics.

scholarly journals An Evolutionary Explanation for the Female Leadership Paradox

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer E. Smith ◽  
Christopher R. von Rueden ◽  
Mark van Vugt ◽  
Claudia Fichtel ◽  
Peter M. Kappeler
Keyword(s):  
Women Leaders ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Female Leadership ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Group Decisions ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Collective Group ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
Comprehensive Framework

Social influence is distributed unequally between males and females in many mammalian societies. In human societies, gender inequality is particularly evident in access to leadership positions. Understanding why women historically and cross-culturally have tended to be under-represented as leaders within human groups and organizations represents a paradox because we lack evidence that women leaders consistently perform worse than men. We also know that women exercise overt influence in collective group-decisions within small-scale human societies, and that female leadership is pervasive in particular contexts across non-human mammalian societies. Here, we offer a transdisciplinary perspective on this female leadership paradox. Synthesis of social science and biological literatures suggests that females and males, on average, differ in why and how they compete for access to political leadership in mixed-gender groups. These differences are influenced by sexual selection and are moderated by socioecological variation across development and, particularly in human societies, by culturally transmitted norms and institutions. The interplay of these forces contributes to the emergence of female leaders within and across species. Furthermore, females may regularly exercise influence on group decisions in less conspicuous ways and different domains than males, and these underappreciated forms of leadership require more study. We offer a comprehensive framework for studying inequality between females and males in access to leadership positions, and we discuss the implications of this approach for understanding the female leadership paradox and for redressing gender inequality in leadership in humans.

scholarly journals Citra Kepemimpinan Wanita dalam Naskah Hikayat Pandu dan Naskah Dewi Maleka: Kajian Sastra Bandingan

Manuskripta ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Shinta Anindita Apriyadi
Keyword(s):  
Women Leaders ◽  
Female Leadership ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ancient Manuscripts ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Female Leader ◽  
Ancient Manuscript

Women leaders as one form of emancipation, apparently already existed from the past. It can be found in ancient manuscripts. Ancient manuscripts can be our bridge in communicating with the past. Through the ancient manuscript we can know how life in the past happened. Therefore, ancient manuscripts should be kept and cared for, and preserved their contents in order to be a contribution of insight today. The values contained in the ancient manuscript are varied, one of which is the value of leadership. The value of female leadership is found in Hikayat Pandu and the manuscript of Dewi Maleka that will be the corpus of this study. The value of leadership or the image of leadership that serves as the basis of classification is Astabrata teaching. The aim of this research is to compare the leadership image of the female leaders from the Hikayat Pandu, the goddess Lara Amis and the female leaders of the goddess Malacca script. The method of research used is the comparative literary method. This research resulted in a comparison of leadership imagery between female leader figures derived from the Malay version (Hikayat Pandu) and Javanese version (Dewi Maleka) script. It can therefore be concluded that there are similarities and differences in the image of female leadership between Dewi Lara Amis and Dewi Melaka. Research into the comparison of leadership imagery, especially on female leaders has not been done in Hikayat Pandu and the manuscript goddess Maleka. Thus, this study presents a new discussion that can be an additional knowledge for readers.  --- Pemimpin wanita sebagai salah satu bentuk emansipasi, ternyata sudah ada dari masa lalu. Hal tersebut dapat ditemukan dalam naskah kuno. Naskah kuno dapat menjadi jembatan kita dalam berkomunikasi dengan masa lalu. Melalui naskah kuno tersebut kita dapat mengetahui bagaimana kehidupan di masa lalu itu terjadi. Oleh karena itu, naskah kuno sudah seharusnya dijaga dan dirawat, serta dilestarikan isinya supaya dapat menjadi sumbangan wawasan di zaman sekarang. Nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam naskah kuno beraneka ragam, salah satunya ialah nilai kepemimpinan. Nilai kepemimpinan wanita ditemukan pada naskah Hikayat Pandu dan naskah Dewi Maleka yang akan menjadi korpus pada penelitian ini. Nilai kepemimpinan atau citra kepemimpinan yang dijadikan landasan sebagai dasar klasifikasi yaitu ajaran astabrata. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan perbandingan citra kepemimpinan dari tokoh pemimpin wanita dari naskah Hikayat Pandu yaitu tokoh Dewi Rara Amis dan pemimpin wanita dari naskah Dewi Maleka yaitu tokoh Dewi Maleka. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah metode deskriptif analisis dan teori yang digunakan ialah teori sastra bandingan. Penelitian ini menghasilkan perbandingan citra kepemimpinan antara tokoh pemimpin wanita yang berasal dari naskah versi Melayu (Hikayat Pandu) dan naskah versi Jawa (Dewi Maleka). Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat persamaan dan perbedaan citra kepemimpinan wanita antara Dewi Rara Amis dan Dewi Maleka. Persamaan dan perbedaannya, yaitu Dewi Maleka memiliki delapan klasifikasi dalam astabrata, sedangkan Dewi Rara Amis hanya memiliki lima klasifikasi dalam astabrata antara lain ambeging surya, ambeging rembulan, ambeging angin, ambeging banyu, dan ambeging bumi.

scholarly journals Rapid, collaborative generation and review of COVID-19 pandemic-specific competencies for family medicine residency training

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Wooltorton ◽  
Edward Seale ◽  
Denice Lewis ◽  
Kendall Noel ◽  
Clare Liddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Family Medicine ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Quality Improvement Process ◽  
Collaborative Editing ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Competency Based ◽  
Teaching Learning

Background: In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted competency-based medical education in Family Medicine programs across Canada. Faculty and residents identified a need for clear, relevant, and specific competencies to frame teaching, learning, supervision and feedback during the pandemic. Methods: A rapid, iterative, educational quality improvement process was launched. Phase 1 involved experienced educators defining gaps in our program’s existing competency-database, reviewing emerging public health and regulatory guidelines, and drafting competencies. Phase 2 involved translation, member-checking, and anonymous feedback and editing of draft competencies by residents and other educational leaders. Phase 3 involved wider dissemination, collaborative editing and feedback from residents and faculty throughout the department. Results: A total of 44 physicians including residents and faculty from multiple contexts provided detailed feedback, review, and editing of an ultimate list of 33 competencies organized by CanMEDS-FM roles. Broad agreement was obtained that the competencies form reasonable learning outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: These competencies represent learning objectives reflecting the initial educational mindsets of a wide range of teachers and learners experiencing a global pandemic. The project illustrates a novel collaboration across educational portfolios as a rapid educational response to a public health crisis.

scholarly journals Social Capital of Women Leaders in the Indigenous Community of Osing, East Java, Indonesia: A Feminist Ethnography Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
Neng Hannah
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Women Leaders ◽  
Women's Leadership ◽  
Indigenous Community ◽  
Female Leadership ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
Feminist Ethnography ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Relationship Network ◽  
The Relationship

Female leaders have been around since ancient Indonesia. However, fewer women become leaders than men. Female leadership is considered successful when it follows male standards. The purpose of this research is to reveal the experience of women's leadership in the Osing Banyuwangi indigenous community. This research employs qualitative research with a feminist ethnographic approach. The findings of this study show that there are three female village heads in the Osing indigenous community, namely Kemiren village, Rejosari village, and Kampunganyar village. All three women have the capital they need to be elected and lead the community. The capital they owned both in the quality and quantity of the relationship network they transform and are in the form of economic capital, cultural capital, and social capital. In conclusion, this social capital is owned by the female leader herself and is not an extension of the power of the other party. These capitals make them able to face challenges typically attributed to women's leadership namely negative stereotypes and double burdens.

Eating NAFTA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyshia Gálvez
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Food System ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The North ◽  
The World

In the two decades since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) went into effect, Mexico has seen an epidemic of diet-related illness. While globalization has been associated with an increase in chronic disease around the world, in Mexico, the speed and scope of the rise has been called a public health emergency. The shift in Mexican foodways is happening at a moment when the country’s ancestral cuisine is now more popular and appreciated around the world than ever. What does it mean for their health and well-being when many Mexicans eat fewer tortillas and more instant noodles, while global elites demand tacos made with handmade corn tortillas? This book examines the transformation of the Mexican food system since NAFTA and how it has made it harder for people to eat as they once did. The book contextualizes NAFTA within Mexico’s approach to economic development since the Revolution, noticing the role envisioned for rural and low-income people in the path to modernization. Examination of anti-poverty and public health policies in Mexico reveal how it has become easier for people to consume processed foods and beverages, even when to do so can be harmful to health. The book critiques Mexico’s strategy for addressing the public health crisis generated by rising rates of chronic disease for blaming the dietary habits of those whose lives have been upended by the economic and political shifts of NAFTA.

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