scholarly journals Cortical recycling in high-level visual cortex during childhood development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Nordt ◽  
Jesse Gomez ◽  
Vaidehi Natu ◽  
Alex A. Rezai ◽  
Dawn Finzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Cortical Function ◽  
Longitudinal Development ◽  
Face Selectivity ◽  
Ventral Temporal Cortex ◽  
High Level ◽  
Atypical Brain Development

AbstractHuman ventral temporal cortex (VTC) contains category-selective regions that respond preferentially to ecologically-relevant categories such as faces, bodies, places, and words, which are causally involved in the perception of these categories. How do these regions develop during childhood? We used functional MRI to measure longitudinal development of category-selectivity in school-age children over 1 to 5 years. We discovered that from young childhood to the teens, face- and word-selective regions in VTC expand and become more category-selective, but limb-selective regions shrink and lose their preference for limbs. Critically, as a child develops, increases in face- and word-selectivity are directly linked to decreases in limb-selectivity, revealing that during childhood limb-selectivity in VTC is repurposed into word- and face-selectivity. These data provide evidence for cortical recycling during childhood development. This has important implications for understanding typical as well as atypical brain development and necessitates a rethinking of how cortical function develops during childhood.

scholarly journals Apparent thinning of human visual cortex during childhood is associated with myelination

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (41) ◽  
pp. 20750-20759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaidehi S. Natu ◽  
Jesse Gomez ◽  
Michael Barnett ◽  
Brianna Jeska ◽  
Evgeniya Kirilina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Mean Diffusivity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Quantitative Mri ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Cortical Thinning ◽  
Ventral Temporal Cortex

Human cortex appears to thin during childhood development. However, the underlying microstructural mechanisms are unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), quantitative MRI (qMRI), and diffusion MRI (dMRI) in children and adults, we tested what quantitative changes occur to gray and white matter in ventral temporal cortex (VTC) from childhood to adulthood, and how these changes relate to cortical thinning. T1 relaxation time from qMRI and mean diffusivity (MD) from dMRI provide independent and complementary measurements of microstructural properties of gray and white matter tissue. In face- and character-selective regions in lateral VTC, T1 and MD decreased from age 5 to adulthood in mid and deep cortex, as well as in their adjacent white matter. T1 reduction also occurred longitudinally in children’s brain regions. T1 and MD decreases 1) were consistent with tissue growth related to myelination, which we verified with adult histological myelin stains, and 2) were correlated with apparent cortical thinning. In contrast, in place-selective cortex in medial VTC, we found no development of T1 or MD after age 5, and thickness was related to cortical morphology. These findings suggest that lateral VTC likely becomes more myelinated from childhood to adulthood, affecting the contrast of MR images and, in turn, the apparent gray–white boundary. These findings are important because they suggest that VTC does not thin during childhood but instead gets more myelinated. Our data have broad ramifications for understanding both typical and atypical brain development using advanced in vivo quantitative measurements and clinical conditions implicating myelin.

On the Road to Computer Assisted Compositions

1981 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl Woodruff ◽  
Carl Bereiter ◽  
Marlene Scardamalia
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
School Age ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
The Road ◽  
Composing Process ◽  
On Line ◽  
On The Road ◽  
High Level

Two studies are reported that explore the feasibility of computer assisted composition in helping school-age children handle high-level aspects of the composing process. The first study used a program featuring help in selecting structural elements to include in opinion essays. The twelve grade six students, serving as subjects in the study, reported that the program was helpful, but a qualitative analysis of their products suggests the intervention was too easily assimilated to a low-level “What next?” composing strategy. In an attempt to strengthen the intervention, the second study introduced a response-sensitive questioning procedure. Qualitative measures suggest the thirty-six grade eight students found this on-line intervention to be too intrusive. The two approaches to on-line facilitation are discussed, and lines for the future investigation of computer assisted composition for the novice composer are suggested.

scholarly journals EDUCATION AND TRAINING THROUGH MINIMOVIE MEDIA AS A PREVENTION OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Iqlima Dwi Kurnia ◽  
Ilya Krisnana ◽  
Praba Diyan Rachmawati ◽  
Yuni Sufyanti Arief ◽  
Farida Norma Yuliati
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Emotional Maturity ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
Service Activities ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Training

Introduction: Cases of violence against children in Indonesia have a high number. Particularly the sexual abuse against children which has increased in the society. Lack of sexual education in children can affect the child’s emotional maturity and knowledge in assessing the deviates situation in surrounding environment. As a consequence, the child could not find ways in handling the violence behaviour. The Aim of this community services were to increase emotional maturity and knowledge about prevention of sexual violence.Methods: The activities used in this community service program are in the form of education and training using minimovie media at PPTQKids Darul Quran Surabaya for 30 elementary students of grade 1 and 2. The Topic of education about types of sexual violence against children, methods of prevention, what to do if a foreigner commits sexual violence.Results: Darul Quran PPTQKids students who take part in community service activities are very enthusiastic, both for day 1 related to providing information through minimovie and day 2 when providing training with the demonstration method. The results of the post-test showed that some respondents had a high level of knowledge as many as 27 students (90%). 22 respondents had a high level of emotional maturity (73.33%).Conclusion: Community service activities through minimovie media with education and training can increase knowledge and emotional maturity as an effort to prevent sexual violence. Minimovie media can be applied as one of the effective media in providing health education for school-age children.

scholarly journals Apparent thinning of visual cortex during childhood is associated with myelination, not pruning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaidehi S. Natu ◽  
Jesse Gomez ◽  
Michael Barnett ◽  
Brianna Jeska ◽  
Evgeniya Kirilina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Mean Diffusivity ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Cortical Thinning ◽  
T1 Relaxation ◽  
Functional Development ◽  
Ventral Temporal Cortex ◽  
And Diffusion

AbstractMicrostructural mechanisms underlying apparent cortical thinning during childhood development are unknown. Using functional, quantitative, and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging in children and adults, we tested if tissue growth (lower T1 relaxation time and mean diffusivity (MD)) or pruning (higher T1 and MD) underlies cortical thinning in ventral temporal cortex (VTC). After age 5, T1 and MD decreased in mid and deep cortex of functionally-defined regions in lateral VTC, and in their adjacent white matter. T1 and MD decreases were (i) consistent with tissue growth related to myelin proliferation, which we verified with adult postmortem histology and (ii) correlated with apparent cortical thinning. Thus, contrary to prevailing theories, cortical tissue does not thin during childhood, it becomes more myelinated, shifting the gray-white matter boundary deeper into cortex. As tissue growth is prominent in regions with protracted functional development, our data suggest an intriguing hypothesis that functional development and myelination are interlinked.

scholarly journals Alice from the Tales of L. Carroll as a Character and Linguistic Personality

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-77
Author(s):  
Elena Nikolaevna Ryadchikova ◽  
Olga Aleksandrovna Kadilina ◽  
Ashhen Muradovna Balian
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Speech Understanding ◽  
Communicative Skills ◽  
Literary Character ◽  
Linguistic Aspect ◽  
High Level ◽  
Primary School Age

The relevance of this work is determined by the importance of studying the problem of the child’s linguistic personality as a fiction character in a linguistic-pragmatic manner, from the writer’s linguistic personality intentions and characteristics perspective, and insufficient linguistic aspect knowledge of Lewis Carroll’s works about Alice’s adventures. The work substantiates the following: as opposed to the fact that, due to ontological characteristics, individual mental, psychological and physical development and personality growth, the degree of their language acquisition and communicative skills, primary school age children are usually weak or average linguistic personalities, while fiction characters of this age are able to meet the parameters of a strong linguistic personality. It has been established that the preferred, highly appreciated by L. Carroll qualities of a seven-year-old English girl are as follows: high level of cognitive-speech development, speech-cognitive processes, vocabulary, ability to communicate, reflect, draw conclusions, evaluate and express one's opinion in words, intelligence superior to the development of an average child of this age, as well as Alice’s internal qualities, manifested in her speech activity, taking into account not only speech peculiarities, but also themes and stylistics, communicational strategies and tactics, pragmatics, perception adequacy and the interlocutor’s speech understanding, influencing the opponent with the paralinguistic methods, psycho-emotional background of communication. These qualities make it possible to characterize a given linguistic personality of a literary character as strong. A number of Alice's qualities allow her to be considered as a national-cultural English type of personality.

scholarly journals Self-Care Behavior Assessment of Fragile School-Age Children: An Application of Orem's Self-Care Framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Raghad Hussein Abdelkader ◽  
Hala Bawadi
Keyword(s):  
Self Care ◽  
Capital City ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Medically Fragile ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medically Fragile Children ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
High Level ◽  
Care Behavior

INTRODUCTION: Fragile children who were once called; “terminal cases” nowadays are able to live, due to technical advances; although they are requiring permanent assistance. This study aimed to identify the levels of self-care behavior of school-age medically fragile Jordanian children. METHODS & MATERIAL: A cross-sectional design using Orem self-care behavior questionnaire to measure the level of self-care behavior of 96 medically fragile children in capital city (Amman), who hospitalized at least once at the affiliated hospitals.  RESULT: 63. 3%, n=61 children had high level of self-care behavior with overall mean = 62.3 SD=20. ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc comparisons of the three groups indicate that the level of self care behavior at the late school age 12-14 years old (mean = 71.56, SD = 4.71) and the early school age 6-9 years (mean = 67.05, SD = 4.73) reported significantly higher than the middle school age 10-12 years old (mean 66.95, SD = 4.37), p = .001. A round half of the children complaining of respiratory disease 42.7%, n=41. CONCLUSION: Performing nursing interventions and providing proper discharge plans for school age children and home care for medically fragile children will be based according to the self-care behavior level.

Empowering Culturally Diverse Populations Affected by Violence

2020 ◽  
pp. 369-391
Author(s):  
Jordan Farrar ◽  
Theresa S. Betancourt
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Family Functioning ◽  
Early Childhood Development ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Refugee Children ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Refugee Families ◽  
Do No Harm ◽  
Family Based

Family-based preventive interventions have strong potential for promoting family functioning and mental health in children. This chapter reports on one such intervention, the Family Strengthening Intervention (FSI), initially developed and tested in Rwanda to improve communication and parenting in HIV/AIDS-affected families with school-age children. Currently, an early childhood development version of the FSI is being piloted for delivery by lay workers with Rwandan families living in extreme poverty. Because of its flexible nature, the FSI has also been adapted for use with Bhutanese and Somali Bantu refugee families in the Greater Boston area, with overall aims to improve family functioning, improve caregiving practices, and positively impact the mental health of school-age refugee children. While highlighting the innovative nature of this intervention, issues related to feasibility, acceptability, sustainability, and do-no-harm protocols are presented. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future family-based programming.

Testing Stereopsis in Children

2022 ◽  
pp. 32-43
Author(s):  
Kristen L. Kerber
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Visual Development ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Sensory Fusion ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms ◽  
Global Stereopsis ◽  
High Level ◽  
Global And Local

Stereopsis develops very early in life and is thought to be present in a normally developing child by six months of age. In order to develop stereopsis, multiple components of visual development must be intact including visual acuity and bifoveal fixation. Stereopsis is the most sensitive way to assess sensory fusion but can be unreliable in very young age groups due to difficulty understanding the test or instructions. It is best to choose an option with global stereopsis (high level cortical stereo), as local stereopsis may overestimate ability due to available monocular cues. Global is created using random dot stereograms (RDS) – computer-generated patterns to create a stereoscopic form, while local contains line stereograms which create horizontal retinal image disparity giving the perception of depth. Stereopsis can be affected by strabismus, amblyopia, and other binocular vision dysfunctions that interfere with visual efficiency (especially in school-age children). The chapter discusses the most commonly used clinical tests of global and local stereopsis.

scholarly journals Face selectivity in human infant ventral temporal cortex.

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 790
Author(s):  
Heather L. Kosakowski ◽  
MIchael Cohen ◽  
Boris Keil ◽  
Atsushi Takahashi ◽  
Isabel Nichoson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Human Infant ◽  
Face Selectivity ◽  
Ventral Temporal Cortex

scholarly journals Bottom-up and top-down computations in high-level visual cortex

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendrick N. Kay ◽  
Jason D. Yeatman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Intraparietal Sulcus ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Stimulus Match ◽  
Ventral Temporal Cortex ◽  
High Level

SummaryThe ability to read a page of text or recognize a person’s face depends on category-selective visual regions in ventral temporal cortex (VTC). To understand how these regions mediate word and face recognition, it is necessary to characterize how stimuli are represented and how this representation is used in the execution of a cognitive task. Here, we show that the response of a category-selective region in VTC can be computed as the degree to which the low-level properties of the stimulus match a category template. Moreover, we show that during execution of a task, the bottom-up representation is scaled by the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and that the level of IPS engagement reflects the cognitive demands of the task. These results provide a unifying account of neural processing in VTC in the form of a model that addresses both bottom-up and top-down effects and quantitatively predicts VTC responses.

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