scholarly journals Eocene origin, Miocene diversification and intercontinental dispersal of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Sen ◽  
Neha Tiwari ◽  
R Ganesan
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Fossil Calibration ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nuclear Its

AbstractResolving the evolutionary history of plant carnivory is of great interest to biologists throughout the world. Among the carnivorous plants, Genus Drosera (Droseraceae) is highly diverse with a wide pantropical distribution. Despite being a group of interest for evolutionary biology studies since the time of Charles Darwin, the historical biogeography of this group remains poorly understood. In this study, with an improved species sampling from Genbank, we present a reanalyzed phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Drosera. We developed a dated molecular phylogeny of Drosera from DNA sequences of nuclear ITS and chloroplast rbcL genes. Divergence times were estimated on the combined dataset using an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock model and a known fossil calibration implemented in BEAST. The maximum clade credibility tree was then used for ancestral range estimations using DEC+J model implemented in BioGeoBEARS. Our analysis suggests that Drosera evolved during the Mid Eocene 36 Ma [95% HPD: 49.5-26] and have diversified and dispersed from the late Miocene onwards. Ancestral areas estimated using the DEC+J models suggest an African origin followed major radiation within Australia. Diversification in Drosera is temporally congruent with the prevailing drier conditions during the Miocene. From Miocene, grasslands and open habitats dominated across continents and might have provided ecological opportunities for their dispersal and diversification. Several long-distance dispersals and range extensions and in situ radiations coinciding with the evolution of drier conditions can explain their extant distribution across continents. Overall our data set provides fresh insights into the biogeographic factors that shaped the origin and evolution of the genus Drosera.

Molecular Systematics of Tribe Physarieae (Brassicaceae) Based on Nuclear ITS, LUMINIDEPENDENS, and Chloroplast ndhF

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Fuentes-Soriano ◽  
Elizabeth A. Kellogg
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Plastid Dna ◽  
Sister Relationship ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Woody Perennial ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nuclear Its ◽  
Phylogenetic Framework ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
Relationship Of

Physarieae is a small tribe of herbaceous annual and woody perennial mustards that are mostly endemic to North America, with its members including a large amount of variation in floral, fruit, and chromosomal variation. Building on a previous study of Physarieae based on morphology and ndhF plastid DNA, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of the tribe using new sequence data from two nuclear markers, and compared the new topologies against previously published cpDNA-based phylogenetic hypotheses. The novel analyses included ca. 420 new sequences of ITS and LUMINIDEPENDENS (LD) markers for 39 and 47 species, respectively, with sampling accounting for all seven genera of Physarieae, including nomenclatural type species, and 11 outgroup taxa. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses showed that these additional markers were largely consistent with the previous ndhF data that supported the monophyly of Physarieae and resolved two major clades within the tribe, i.e., DDNLS (Dithyrea, Dimorphocarpa, Nerisyrenia, Lyrocarpa, and Synthlipsis)and PP (Paysonia and Physaria). New analyses also increased internal resolution for some closely related species and lineages within both clades. The monophyly of Dithyrea and the sister relationship of Paysonia to Physaria was consistent in all trees, with the sister relationship of Nerisyrenia to Lyrocarpa supported by ndhF and ITS, and the positions of Dimorphocarpa and Synthlipsis shifted within the DDNLS Clade depending on the employed data set. Finally, using the strong, new phylogenetic framework of combined cpDNA + nDNA data, we discussed standing hypotheses of trichome evolution in the tribe suggested by ndhF.

scholarly journals Historical biogeography of two cosmopolitan families of flowering plants: Annonaceae and Rhamnaceae

2004 ◽  
Vol 359 (1450) ◽  
pp. 1495-1508 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Richardson ◽  
L. W. Chatrou ◽  
J. B. Mols ◽  
R. H. J. Erkens ◽  
M. D. Pirie
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Plastid Dna ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Historical Biogeography ◽  
Rate Heterogeneity ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Fossil Calibration ◽  
Dispersal Capability

Annonaceae are a pantropically distributed family found predominantly in rainforests, so they are megathermal taxa, whereas Rhamnaceae are a cosmopolitan family that tend to be found in xeric regions and may be classified as mesothermal. Phylogenetic analyses of these families are presented based on rbcL and trn L–F plastid DNA sequences. Likelihood ratio tests revealed rate heterogeneity in both phylogenetic trees and they were therefore made ultrametric using non–parametric rate smoothing and penalized likelihood. Divergence times were then estimated using fossil calibration points. The historical biogeography of these families that are species rich in different biomes is discussed and compared with other published reconstructions. Rhamnaceae and most lineages within Annonaceae are too young to have had their distribution patterns influenced by break–up of previously connected Gondwanan landmasses. Contrasts in the degree of geographical structure between these two families may be explained by differences in age and dispersal capability. In both groups, long–distance dispersal appears to have played a more significant role in establishing modern patterns than had previously been assumed. Both families also contain examples of recent diversification of species–rich lineages. An understanding of the processes responsible for shaping the distribution patterns of these families has contributed to our understanding of the historical assembly of the biomes that they occupy.

Molecular paleobiology of early-branching animals: integrating DNA and fossils elucidates the evolutionary history of hexactinellid sponges

Paleobiology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Dohrmann ◽  
Sergio Vargas ◽  
Dorte Janussen ◽  
Allen G. Collins ◽  
Gert Wörheide
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Fossil Calibration ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Temporal Succession ◽  
History Of ◽  
Glass Sponges

Reconciliation of paleontological and molecular phylogenetic evidence holds great promise for a better understanding of the temporal succession of cladogenesis and character evolution, especially for taxa with a fragmentary fossil record and uncertain classification. In zoology, studies of this kind have largely been restricted to Bilateria. Hexactinellids (glass sponges) readily lend themselves to test such an approach for early-branching (non-bilaterian) animals: they have a long and rich fossil record, but for certain taxa paleontological evidence is still scarce or ambiguous. Furthermore, there is a lack of consensus for taxonomic interpretations, and discrepancies exist between neontological and paleontological classification systems. Using conservative fossil calibration constraints and the largest molecular phylogenetic data set assembled for this group, we infer divergence times of crown-group Hexactinellida in a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock framework. With some notable exceptions, our results are largely congruent with interpretations of the hexactinellid fossil record, but also indicate long periods of undocumented evolution for several groups. This study illustrates the potential of an integrated molecular/paleobiological approach to reconstructing the evolution of challenging groups of organisms.

Phenotypic disparity and adaptive radiation in the genus Cladia (Lecanorales, Ascomycota)

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Thorsten Lumbsch ◽  
Sittiporn Parnmen ◽  
Achariya Rangsiruji ◽  
John A. Elix
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Broad Distribution ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Morphological Disparity ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Nuclear Its

Phylogenetic relationships of the genera Cladia, Heterodea and Ramalinora were reconstructed using a combined dataset of ribosomal nuclear ITS and LSU and mitochondrial SSU, and protein-coding Mcm7 DNA sequences. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses strongly supported a monophyletic group in which the species of the foliose genus Heterodea and the crustose genus Ramalinora were nested within the fruticose genus Cladia. Alternative hypothesis testing rejected an independent status of Ramalinora. We tested the hypothesis that an adaptive radiation led to the morphological disparity found in the Cladia clade. Gamma-statistics indicated a significantly disproportional clustering of origins of extant lineages at the base of the Cladia clade and lineage-through-time plots were also consistent with the hypothesis of an adaptive radiation at the base of the Cladia clade. Ancestral-range reconstructions supported an origin of Cladia and the three major lineages within Cladia in Australia. On the basis of these results, we propose an evolutionary hypothesis for the genus. The results suggest that processes of adaptive radiation of the ancestor of Cladia in Australia led to the morphological disparity in the extant taxa, and that the broad distribution of some extant species is due to subsequent long-distance dispersal.

Lithospheric deformation and mantle convection, a geological approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Jolivet
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
Crustal Deformation ◽  
Mantle Convection ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Plate Boundaries ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Lithospheric Deformation ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
History Of

<div><span>Whether the deformation of continents is entirely caused by stresses transmitted from plate boundaries horizontally through the lithospheric stress-guide or also by viscous coupling with the asthenosphere flowing underneath, which was part of Arthur Holmes’ early vision,  is a long-standing question. An increasing amount of observations suggests an efficient coupling between mantle flow and crustal deformation far from plate boundaries, tipping the scale toward the second option. Modern seismic reflection profiles probing the entire crust down to the Moho show asymmetrical features implying simple shear at crustal scale in compressional (mountain belts) and extensional (rifts and passive margins) contexts. Comparison of crustal-scale strain field with seismic anisotropy in strongly extended regions shows homoaxiality of crustal and mantle deformation in continental rifts and back-arc regions. 2-D and 3-D numerical models show that the flow of mantle underneath these regions is faster than in the crust and drives crustal deformation. Beside seismic tomography that images ancient slabs preserved as velocity anomalies in the deep mantle but does not provide any information on the timing, the geological history of basins and orogens, although indirectly, is the only record of past mantle convection. Looking for evidence of coupling between the tectonic history of wide regions and mantle convection in parallel with numerical modelling can provide clues on how convection drives crustal deformation. The recent evolution of numerical modelling, with high-resolution 3-D experiments, can now match the first order of regional models based on geological observations, including the timing and the sequence of events, which are both crucial elements of geological models. This will allow testing complex conceptual models that have been discussed for long. In this lecture, I review different contexts where these questions are debated. Among these contexts complex in 3-D where the geological data set is abundant, the Mediterranean and the Middle East allow discussing the respective contributions of whole-mantle convection involving large plumes <em>vs</em> more local convection in the upper mantle due to slab dynamics in crustal deformation. Studying the dynamics of the India-Asia collision, and the respective roles of lithospheric-scale indentation on the one hand and asthenospheric flow due to slab retreat on the Pacific rim and to large-scale plumes, on the other hand, is also likely to bring interesting insights on how deformation propagates within continents at long distance from plate boundaries.</span></div>

scholarly journals Ancient and modern DNA reveal dynamics of domestication and cross-continental dispersal of the dromedary

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (24) ◽  
pp. 6707-6712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faisal Almathen ◽  
Pauline Charruau ◽  
Elmira Mohandesan ◽  
Joram M. Mwacharo ◽  
Pablo Orozco-terWengel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Genotype Information ◽  
Mitochondrial Genotype ◽  
History Of ◽  
Approximate Bayesian

Dromedaries have been fundamental to the development of human societies in arid landscapes and for long-distance trade across hostile hot terrains for 3,000 y. Today they continue to be an important livestock resource in marginal agro-ecological zones. However, the history of dromedary domestication and the influence of ancient trading networks on their genetic structure have remained elusive. We combined ancient DNA sequences of wild and early-domesticated dromedary samples from arid regions with nuclear microsatellite and mitochondrial genotype information from 1,083 extant animals collected across the species’ range. We observe little phylogeographic signal in the modern population, indicative of extensive gene flow and virtually affecting all regions except East Africa, where dromedary populations have remained relatively isolated. In agreement with archaeological findings, we identify wild dromedaries from the southeast Arabian Peninsula among the founders of the domestic dromedary gene pool. Approximate Bayesian computations further support the “restocking from the wild” hypothesis, with an initial domestication followed by introgression from individuals from wild, now-extinct populations. Compared with other livestock, which show a long history of gene flow with their wild ancestors, we find a high initial diversity relative to the native distribution of the wild ancestor on the Arabian Peninsula and to the brief coexistence of early-domesticated and wild individuals. This study also demonstrates the potential to retrieve ancient DNA sequences from osseous remains excavated in hot and dry desert environments.

scholarly journals Lunar exploration: opening a window into the history and evolution of the inner Solar System

2014 ◽  
Vol 372 (2024) ◽  
pp. 20130315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A. Crawford ◽  
Katherine H. Joy
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Lunar Exploration ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Moon System ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Geological Evolution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rocky Planets

The lunar geological record contains a rich archive of the history of the inner Solar System, including information relevant to understanding the origin and evolution of the Earth–Moon system, the geological evolution of rocky planets, and our local cosmic environment. This paper provides a brief review of lunar exploration to-date and describes how future exploration initiatives will further advance our understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon, the Earth–Moon system and of the Solar System more generally. It is concluded that further advances will require the placing of new scientific instruments on, and the return of additional samples from, the lunar surface. Some of these scientific objectives can be achieved robotically, for example by in situ geochemical and geophysical measurements and through carefully targeted sample return missions. However, in the longer term, we argue that lunar science would greatly benefit from renewed human operations on the surface of the Moon, such as would be facilitated by implementing the recently proposed Global Exploration Roadmap.

scholarly journals Fossil evidence from South America for the diversification of Cunoniaceae by the earliest Palaeocene

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan A Jud ◽  
Maria A Gandolfo
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Extinct Species ◽  
Argentine Patagonia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Salamanca Formation

Abstract Background and Aims Cunoniaceae are woody plants with a distribution that suggests a complex history of Gondwanan vicariance, long-distance dispersal, diversification and extinction. Only four out of ~27 genera in Cunoniaceae are native to South America today, but the discovery of extinct species from Argentine Patagonia is providing new information about the history of this family in South America. Methods We describe fossil flowers collected from early Danian (early Palaeocene, ~64 Mya) deposits of the Salamanca Formation. We compare them with similar flowers from extant and extinct species using published literature and herbarium specimens. We used simultaneous analysis of morphology and available chloroplast DNA sequences (trnL–F, rbcL, matK, trnH–psbA) to determine the probable relationship of these fossils to living Cunoniaceae and the co-occurring fossil species Lacinipetalum spectabilum. Key Results Cunoniantha bicarpellata gen. et sp. nov. is the second species of Cunoniaceae to be recognized among the flowers preserved in the Salamanca Formation. Cunoniantha flowers are pentamerous and complete, the anthers contain in situ pollen, and the gynoecium is bicarpellate and syncarpous with two free styles. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Cunoniantha belongs to crown-group Cunoniaceae among the core Cunoniaceae clade, although it does not have obvious affinity with any tribe. Lacinipetalum spectabilum, also from the Salamanca Formation, belongs to the Cunoniaceae crown group as well, but close to tribe Schizomerieae. Conclusions Our findings highlight the importance of West Gondwana in the evolution of Cunoniaceae during the early Palaeogene. The co-occurrence of C. bicarpellata and L. spectabilum, belonging to different clades within Cunoniaceae, indicates that the diversification of crown-group Cunoniaceae was under way by 64 Mya.

scholarly journals Inferring Diversity and Evolution in Fish by Means of Integrative Molecular Cytogenetics

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Ferreira Artoni ◽  
Jonathan Pena Castro ◽  
Uedson Pereira Jacobina ◽  
Paulo Augusto Lima-Filho ◽  
Gideão Wagner Werneck Félix da Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetics ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Fish Chromosomes ◽  
Population Structuring ◽  
The Will

Fish constitute a paraphyletic and profusely diversified group that has historically puzzled ichthyologists. Hard efforts are necessary to better understand this group, due to its extensive diversity. New species are often identified and it leads to questions about their phylogenetic aspects. Cytogenetics is becoming an important biodiversity-detection tool also used to measure biodiversity evolutionary aspects. Molecular cytogenetics by fluorescencein situhybridization (FISH) allowed integrating quantitative and qualitative data from DNA sequences and their physical location in chromosomes and genomes. Although there is no intention on presenting a broader review, the current study presents some evidences on the need of integrating molecular cytogenetic data to other evolutionary biology tools to more precisely infer cryptic species detection, population structuring in marine environments, intra- and interspecific karyoevolutionary aspects of freshwater groups, evolutionary dynamics of marine fish chromosomes, and the origin and differentiation of sexual and B chromosomes. The new cytogenetic field, called cytogenomics, is spreading due to its capacity to give resolute answers to countless questions that cannot be answered by traditional methodologies. Indeed, the association between chromosomal markers and DNA sequencing as well as between biological diversity analysis methodologies and phylogenetics triggers the will to search for answers about fish evolutionary, taxonomic, and structural features.

scholarly journals New Clues to Reveal Origins of Hot- and Warm-Jupiter: Mutual Occurrence Rate of Hot Jupiter，Warm Jupiter and Cold Jupiter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangning Su ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Jilin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Effective Temperature ◽  
Giant Planets ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Stellar Properties ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Hot Jupiter

Abstract Many works based on the correlations between the occurrence rate of various giant planets and stellar properties of their hosts have provided clues revealing planetary formation processes. However, few researches have focused on the mutual occurrence rate of different type of planets and their dependency upon the stellar properties, which may help to provide an insight into the dynamics evolution history of planetary systems. To investigate the mutual occurrence rates, first we define three types of giant planets, i.e. cold Jupiter(CJ), warm Jupiter(WJ) and hot Jupiter(HJ), according to their position normalized by the snow-line in the system, ap > asnow, 0:1asnow < ap ≤ asnow and ap ≤ 0:1asnow, respectively. Then, we derive their occurrence rates(ηHJ,ηwJ,ηcJ) considering completeness correction caused by different detection methods (RV and transit) and surveys (HARPS& CORALIE and Kepler). Finally, we investigate the correlation between the relative occurrence rates, i.e. ηcJ/ηwJ or ηwJ/ηHJ, and various stellar properties, e.g. stellar metallicity and effective temperature Teff . We find that ηWJ from RV and transit surveys show a similar increasing trend with the increasing stellar effective temperature when Teff ≤ 6100K. While ηcJ from RV samples is almost flat within Teff in (4600K;6100K], and ηHJ from transit samples is increasing with increasing stellar effective temperature within 3600K < Te f f < 7100K. Further more, we find that the mutual occurrence rate between CJ and WJ, i.e. ηcJ/ηwJ , shows a decreasing trend with the increasing stellar effective temperature. In contrary, the ratio ηwJ/ηHJ is reversely depends on the stellar effective temperature. After a series of consistency tests, our results suggest the in-situ hypothesis can be excluded from the formation process of both WJ and HJ. However, the origin and evolution history of HJ may be quite different from that of WJ.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document