scholarly journals Modeling Hospital Energy and Economic Costs for COVID-19 Infection Control Interventions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marietta M. Squire ◽  
Megashnee Munsamy ◽  
Gary Lin ◽  
Arnesh Telukdarie ◽  
Takeru Igusa
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Early Implementation ◽  
Hospital Acquired

The objective of this study was to assess the energy demand and economic cost of two hospital-based COVID-19 infection control interventions. The intervention control measures evaluated include use of negative pressure (NP) treatment rooms and xenon pulsed ultraviolet (XP-UV) infection control equipment. After projecting COVID-19 hospitalizations, a Hospital Energy Model and Infection De-escalation Models are applied to quantify increases in energy demand and reductions in secondary infections. The scope of the interventions consisted of implementing NP in 11, 22, and 44 rooms (at small, medium, and large hospitals) while the XP-UV equipment was used eight, nine, and ten hours a day, respectively. The annum kilowatt-hours (kWh) for NP (and costs were at $0.1015 per kWh) were 116,700 ($11,845), 332,530 ($33,752), 795,675 ($80,761) for small, medium, and large hospitals ($1,077, $1,534, $1,836 added annum energy cost per NP room). For XP-UV, the annum kilowatt-hours and costs were 438 ($45), 493 ($50), 548 ($56) for small, medium, and large hospitals. There are other initial costs associated with the purchase and installation of the equipment, with XP-UV having a higher initial cost. XP-UV had a greater reduction in secondary COVID-19 infections in large and medium hospitals. NP rooms had a greater reduction in secondary SARS-CoV-2 transmission in small hospitals. Early implementation of interventions can result in realized cost savings through reduced hospital-acquired infections.

Hospital-acquired infection awareness and control practices among healthcare staff: an evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 296-302
Author(s):  
Pallavi Saraswat ◽  
Rajnarayan R Tiwari ◽  
Muralidhar Varma ◽  
Sameer Phadnis ◽  
Monica Sindhu
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infection ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Background/Aims Hospital-acquired infections pose a risk to the wellbeing of both patients and staff. They are largely preventable, particularly if hospital staff have adequate knowledge of and adherence to infection control policies. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, awareness and practice of hospital-acquired infection control measures among hospital staff. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 71 staff members in a tertiary healthcare facility in Karnataka, India. The researchers distributed a questionnaire containing 33 questions regarding knowledge of hospital-acquired infections, awareness of infection control policies and adherence to control practices. The results were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 16.0 and a Kruskal–Wallis test. Results Respondents' mean percentage score on the knowledge of hospital-acquired infections section was 72%. Their mean percentage scores on the awareness and practice of infection prevention measures sections were 82% and 77% respectively. Doctors and those with more years of experience typically scored higher. Conclusion The respondents had an acceptable level of knowledge, awareness and adherence to infection control practices. However, continued training is essential in the prevention of hospital-acquired infections. The majority of the respondents stated that they were willing to undertake training in this area, and this opportunity should be provided in order to improve infection control quality.

scholarly journals The interplay of SARS-CoV-2 and Clostridioides difficile infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 439-443
Author(s):  
Sahil Khanna ◽  
Colleen S Kraft
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Antibiotic Exposure ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile Infection ◽  
Hospital Acquired

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we practice medicine and lead our lives. In addition to pulmonary symptoms; COVID-19 as a syndrome has multisystemic involvement including frequent gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea. Due to microbiome alterations with COVID-19 and frequent antibiotic exposure, COVID-19 can be complicated by Clostridioides difficile infection. Co-infection with these two can be associated with a high risk of complications. Infection control measures in hospitals is enhanced due to the COVID-19 pandemic which in turn appears to reduce the incidence of hospital-acquired infections such as C. difficile infection. Another implication of COVID-19 and its potential transmissibility by stool is microbiome-based therapies. Potential stool donors should be screened COVID-19 symptoms and be tested for COVID-19.

scholarly journals Modeling the Costs of Hospital-Acquired Infections in New Zealand

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Graves ◽  
Tanya M. Nicholls ◽  
Arthur J. Morris
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Health Board ◽  
District Health ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Hospital Acquired

AbstractObjective:To model the economic costs of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in New Zealand, by type of HAI.Design:Monte Carlo simulation model.Setting:Auckland District Health Board Hospitals (DHBH), the largest publicly funded hospital group in New Zealand supplying secondary and tertiary services. Costs are also estimated for predicted HAIs in admissions to all hospitals in New Zealand.Patients:All adults admitted to general medical and general surgical services.Method:Data on the number of cases of HAI were combined with data on the estimated prolongation of hospital stay due to HAI to produce an estimate of the number of bed days attributable to HAI. A cost per bed day value was applied to provide an estimate of the economic cost. Costs were estimated for predicted infections of the urinary tract, surgical wounds, the lower and upper respiratory tracts, the bloodstream, and other sites, and for cases of multiple sites of infection. Sensitivity analyses were undertaken for input variables.Results:The estimated costs of predicted HAIs in medical and surgical admissions to Auckland DHBH were $10.12 (US $4.56) million and $8.64 (US $3.90) million, respectively. They were $51.35 (US $23.16) million and $85.26 (US $38.47) million, respectively, for medical and surgical admissions to all hospitals in New Zealand.Conclusions:The method used produces results that are less precise than those of a specifically designed study using primary data collection, but has been applied at a lower cost. The estimated cost of HAIs is substantial, but only a proportion of infections can be avoided. Further work is required to identify the most cost-effective strategies for the prevention of HAI.

scholarly journals Assessing Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Hospital Acquired Infections Control by Anaesthesia Practitioners in the Operating Theatres of the Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH); Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Mumuni Danaah Malick ◽  
Edem Yao Akpa ◽  
Peter Paul Bamaalabong
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Hospital Infection Control ◽  
Operating Theatres ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Background: Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) place a significant economic burden on the healthcare system. Infection control practices are important in minimizing healthcare associated infections. However, low compliance with Universal and Standard Precautions has been reported in a number of studies. The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed baseline definitions for HAIs that were republished in 2004 and has defined HAIs as those that develop during hospitalization but are neither present nor incubating upon the patient’s admission to the hospital; generally, these infections occur between 48 to 72 hours after admission and within 10 days after hospital discharge. this study aimed at unveiling the level of knowledge, attitude and practices on infection prevention control in the operating theatres by anaesthesia practitioners at TTH. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed. A mixed-method approach was used for data collection which includes a structured questionnaire carried out via face to face interview and observation. Results: The study showed that 100% of the respondents have knowledge on hospital acquired infection control in the theatre in one way or the other whereas attitude and practices toward hospital infection control in the operating theatres are undesirable in some specific areas of infection control such as wearing of sterile gowns and goggle. As high as 80.6% and 69.4% do not wear goggle and gowns respectively whilst performing regional anaesthesia.  Conclusions:  This study demonstrated that anaesthetists at TTH have reported sub-optimal levels of compliance i.e. attitude and practices with selective infection control. The study further demonstrated that discrepancies exist between anaesthetists’ attitudes towards a guideline as well as their actual practice.

scholarly journals Hospital-acquired infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms in Hungary, 2005-2010

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Caini ◽  
A Hajdu ◽  
A Kurcz ◽  
K Böröcz
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Organisms ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Healthcare-associated infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms are associated with prolonged medical care, worse outcome and costly therapies. In Hungary, hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) due to epidemiologically important multidrug-resistant organisms are notifiable by law since 2004. Overall, 6,845 case-patients (59.8% men; median age: 65 years) were notified in Hungary from 2005 to 2010. One third of case-patients died in hospital. The overall incidence of infections increased from 5.4 in 2005 to 14.7 per 100,000 patient-days in 2010. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was the most frequently reported pathogen (52.2%), but while its incidence seemed to stabilise after 2007, notifications of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms have significantly increased from 2005 to 2010. Surgical wound and bloodstream were the most frequently reported sites of infection. Although MRSA incidence has seemingly reached a plateau in recent years, actions aiming at reducing the burden of HAIs with special focus on Gram-negative multidrug-resistant organisms are needed in Hungary. Continuing promotion of antimicrobial stewardship, infection control methodologies, reinforced HAI surveillance among healthcare and infection control practitioners, and engagement of stakeholders, hospital managers and public health authorities to facilitate the implementation of existing guidelines and protocols are essential.

scholarly journals Reducing hospital-acquired infections and improving the rational use of antibiotics in a developing country: an effectiveness study

2014 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 454-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indah K Murni ◽  
Trevor Duke ◽  
Sharon Kinney ◽  
Andrew J Daley ◽  
Yati Soenarto
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Antibiotic Stewardship ◽  
Hand Hygiene Compliance ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Hygiene Compliance ◽  
Rational Use Of Antibiotics ◽  
Hospital Acquired

BackgroundPrevention of hospital-acquired infections (HAI) is central to providing safe and high quality healthcare. Transmission of infection between patients by health workers, and the irrational use of antibiotics have been identified as preventable aetiological factors for HAIs. Few studies have addressed this in developing countries.AimsTo implement a multifaceted infection control and antibiotic stewardship programme and evaluate its effectiveness on HAIs and antibiotic use.MethodsA before-and-after study was conducted over 27 months in a teaching hospital in Indonesia. All children admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit and paediatric wards were observed daily. Assessment of HAIs was made based on the criteria from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The multifaceted intervention consisted of a hand hygiene campaign, antibiotic stewardship (using the WHO Pocket Book of Hospital Care for Children guidelines as standards of antibiotic prescribing for community-acquired infections), and other elementary infection control practices. Data were collected using an identical method in the preintervention and postintervention periods.ResultsWe observed a major reduction in HAIs, from 22.6% (277/1227 patients) in the preintervention period to 8.6% (123/1419 patients) in the postintervention period (relative risk (RR) (95% CI) 0.38 (0.31 to 0.46)). Inappropriate antibiotic use declined from 43% (336 of 780 patients who were prescribed antibiotics) to 20.6% (182 of 882 patients) (RR 0.46 (0.40 to 0.55)). Hand hygiene compliance increased from 18.9% (319/1690) to 62.9% (1125/1789) (RR 3.33 (2.99 to 3.70)). In-hospital mortality decreased from 10.4% (127/1227) to 8% (114/1419) (RR 0.78 (0.61 to 0.97)).ConclusionsMultifaceted infection control interventions are effective in reducing HAI rates, improving the rational use of antibiotics, increasing hand hygiene compliance, and may reduce mortality in hospitalised children in developing countries.

scholarly journals Characterising within-hospital SARS-CoV-2 transmission events: a retrospective analysis integrating epidemiological and viral genomic data from a UK tertiary care setting across two pandemic waves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin B Lindsey ◽  
Ch. Julián Villabona-Arenas ◽  
Finlay Campbell ◽  
Alexander J Keeley ◽  
Matthew D Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
And Control ◽  
Second Wave

Objectives - To characterise within-hospital SARS-CoV-2 transmission across two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design - A retrospective Bayesian modelling study to reconstruct transmission chains amongst 2181 patients and healthcare workers using combined viral genomic and epidemiological data. Setting - A large UK NHS Trust with over 1400 beds and employing approximately 17,000 staff. Participants - 780 patients and 522 staff testing SARS-CoV-2 positive between 1st March 2020 and 25th July 2020 (Wave 1); and 580 patients and 299 staff testing SARS-CoV-2 positive between 30th November 2020 and 24th January 2021 (Wave 2). Main outcome measures - Transmission pairs including who-infected-whom; location of transmission events in hospital; number of secondary cases from each individual, including differences in onward transmission from community and hospital onset patient cases. Results - Staff-to-staff transmission was estimated to be the most frequent transmission type during Wave 1 (31.6% of observed hospital-acquired infections; 95% CI 26.9 to 35.8%), decreasing to 12.9% (95% CI 9.5 to 15.9%) in Wave 2. Patient-to-patient transmissions increased from 27.1% in Wave 1 (95% CI 23.3 to 31.4%) to 52.1% (95% CI 48.0 to 57.1%) in Wave 2, to become the predominant transmission type. Over 50% of hospital-acquired infections were concentrated in 8/120 locations in Wave 1 and 10/93 locations in Wave 2. Approximately 40% to 50% of hospital-onset patient cases resulted in onward transmission compared to less than 4% of definite community-acquired cases. Conclusions - Prevention and control measures that evolved during the COVID-19 pandemic may have had a significant impact on reducing infections between healthcare workers, but were insufficient during the second wave to prevent a high number of patient-to-patient transmissions. As hospital-acquired cases appeared to drive most onward transmissions, more frequent and rapid identification and isolation of these cases will be required to break hospital transmission chains in subsequent pandemic waves

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