Single Dose Vaccination in Healthcare Workers Previously Infected with SARS-CoV-2

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine shortages have led some experts and countries to consider untested dosing regimens. We studied antibody responses to a single dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccines in healthcare workers (HCW) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection and compared to them to antibody responses of HCW who were IgG negative to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. HCW with prior COVID-19 showed clear secondary antibody responses to vaccination with IgG spike binding titers rapidly increasing by 7 days and peaking by days 10 and 14 post-vaccination. At all time points tested, HCW with prior COVID-19 infection showed statistically significant higher antibody titers of binding and functional antibody compared to HCW without prior COVID-19 infection (p<.0001for each of the time points tested). In times of vaccine shortage, and until correlates of protection are identified, our findings preliminarily suggest the following strategy as more evidence-based: a) a single dose of vaccine for patients already having had laboratory-confirmed COVID-19; and b) patients who have had laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 can be placed lower on the vaccination priority list.

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A single dose ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine elicits high antibody responses in individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection comparable to that of double dose vaccinated SARS-CoV-2 infection naïve individuals

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1250175/v1 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Tesfaye Gelanew ◽

Andargachew Mulu ◽

Markos Abebe ◽

Timothy A Bates ◽

Liya Wassie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Double Dose ◽

Igg Antibodies ◽

Igg Antibody ◽

Dose Administration ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Resource Limited ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

High Level

Abstract Background A single dose COVID-19 vaccines, mostly mRNA-based vaccines, are shown to induce robust antibody responses in individuals who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, suggesting the sufficiency of a single dose to those individuals. However, these important data are limited to developed nations and lacking in resource-limited countries, like Ethiopia. Methods We compared receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG antibodies in 40 SARS-CoV-2 naïve participants and 25 participants previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, who received two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. We measured the antibody response in post-vaccination blood samples from both groups of participants collected at four different post-vaccination time points: 8- and 12-weeks after each dose of the vaccine administration using an in-house developed ELISA. Results We observed a high level of anti-RBD IgG antibodies titers 8-weeks after a single dose administration (16/27; 59.3%) among naïve participants, albeit dropped significantly (p<0.05) two months later, suggesting the protective immunity elicited by the first dose ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine will likely last for a minimum of three months. However, as expected, a significant (p<0.001) increase in the level of anti-RBD IgG antibodies titers was observed after the second dose administration in all naïve participants. By contrast, the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-induced anti-RBD IgG antibody titers produced by the P.I participants at 8- to 12-weeks post-single dose vaccination were found to be similar to the antibody titers seen after a two-dose vaccination course among infection- naïve participants and showed no significant (p>0.05) increment following the second dose administration. Conclusion Taken together, our findings show that a single ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 dose in previously SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals elicits similar antibody responses to that of double dose vaccinated naïve individuals. Age and sex were not associated with the level of vaccine-elicited immune responses in both individuals with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further studies are required to assess the need for a booster dose to extend the duration and amplitude of the specific protective immune response in Ethiopia settings, especially following the Omicron pandemic.

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Immunological features that determine the strength of antibody responses to BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2

10.1101/2021.06.21.449182 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Takahiro Kageyama ◽

Shigeru Tanaka ◽

Keishi Etori ◽

Koto Hattori ◽

Kazusa Miyachi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Antibody Titer ◽

Cd8 T Cells ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Transitional B Cells ◽

Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽

Antibody Titers

We analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of each 20 individuals with a high anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer and a low antibody titer out of 1,774 healthcare workers who received BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. A higher antibody titer was associated with the frequencies of naive and transitional B cells before vaccination. In addition, fold changes in the frequency of activated CD8+ T cells upon vaccination were correlated with the antibody titers.

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A single immunization with spike-functionalized ferritin vaccines elicits neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice

10.1101/2020.08.28.272518 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Abigail E. Powell ◽

Kaiming Zhang ◽

Mrinmoy Sanyal ◽

Shaogeng Tang ◽

Payton A. Weidenbacher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Subunit Vaccine ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Receptor Binding Domain ◽

Amino Acid Deletion ◽

Vaccine Candidates ◽

Self Assembling ◽

Antibody Titers

AbstractDevelopment of a safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is a public health priority. We designed subunit vaccine candidates using self-assembling ferritin nanoparticles displaying one of two multimerized SARS-CoV-2 spikes: full-length ectodomain (S-Fer) or a C-terminal 70 amino-acid deletion (SΔC-Fer). Ferritin is an attractive nanoparticle platform for production of vaccines and ferritin-based vaccines have been investigated in humans in two separate clinical trials. We confirmed proper folding and antigenicity of spike on the surface of ferritin by cryo-EM and binding to conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies. After a single immunization of mice with either of the two spike ferritin particles, a lentiviral SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus assay revealed mean neutralizing antibody titers at least 2-fold greater than those in convalescent plasma from COVID-19 patients. Additionally, a single dose of SΔC-Fer elicited significantly higher neutralizing responses as compared to immunization with the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) monomer or spike ectodomain trimer alone. After a second dose, mice immunized with SΔC-Fer exhibited higher neutralizing titers than all other groups. Taken together, these results demonstrate that multivalent presentation of SARS-CoV-2 spike on ferritin can notably enhance elicitation of neutralizing antibodies, thus constituting a viable strategy for single-dose vaccination against COVID-19.

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Variable loss of antibody potency against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron)

10.1101/2021.12.19.473354 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel J. Sheward ◽

Changil Kim ◽

Roy A. Ehling ◽

Alec Pankow ◽

Xaquin Castro Dopico ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthcare Workers ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Neutralization Assay ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Pseudotyped Virus ◽

Virus Neutralization Assay ◽

Form Part ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Cross Neutralization

The recently-emerged SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 variant (Omicron) is spreading rapidly in many countries, with a spike that is highly diverged from the pandemic founder, raising fears that it may evade neutralizing antibody responses. We cloned the Omicron spike from a diagnostic sample which allowed us to rapidly establish an Omicron pseudotyped virus neutralization assay, sharing initial neutralization results only 13 days after the variant was first reported to the WHO, 8 days after receiving the sample. Here we show that Omicron is substantially resistant to neutralization by several monoclonal antibodies that form part of clinical cocktails. Further, we find neutralizing antibody responses in pooled reference sera sampled shortly after infection or vaccination are substantially less potent against Omicron, with neutralizing antibody titers reduced by up to 45 fold compared to those for the pandemic founder. Similarly, in a cohort of convalescent sera prior to vaccination, neutralization of Omicron was low to undetectable. However, in recent samples from two cohorts from Stockholm, Sweden, antibody responses capable of cross-neutralizing Omicron were prevalent. Sera from infected-then-vaccinated healthcare workers exhibited robust cross-neutralization of Omicron, with an average potency reduction of only 5-fold relative to the pandemic founder variant, and some donors showing no loss at all. A similar pattern was observed in randomly sampled recent blood donors, with an average 7-fold loss of potency. Both cohorts showed substantial between-donor heterogeneity in their ability to neutralize Omicron. Together, these data highlight the extensive but incomplete evasion of neutralizing antibody responses by the Omicron variant, and suggest that increasing the magnitude of neutralizing antibody responses by boosting with unmodified vaccines may suffice to raise titers to levels that are protective.

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Antibody Response to Live Attenuated Vaccines in Adults in Japan

Open Medicine ◽

10.1515/med-2016-0085 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 482-488 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Taku Ogawa ◽

Fukumi Uchiyama-Nakamura ◽

Aiko Sugata-Tsubaki ◽

Yutaka Yamada ◽

Kenji Uno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Antibody Titer ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Adverse Reactions ◽

Varicella Vaccine ◽

Limited Sample ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Vaccination Response ◽

Severe Adverse Reactions

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy rendered with a single dose of live attenuated measles, rubella, mumps, and varicella containing vaccine.We inoculated healthcare workers (HCWs) with a single dose of vaccine to a disease lacking in antibody titer for those not meeting the criteria of our hospital (measles: <16.0 (IgG enzyme immunoassay (EIA)), rubella: ≤1:32 (hemagglutination-inhibition), mumps: <4.0 (IgG EIA), and varicella: <4.0 (IgG EIA)). At 28–60 days after vaccination, the antibody titer was tested again.We included 48 HCWs. A total of 32, 15, 31, and 10 individuals were inoculated with a single dose of measles-containing, rubella-containing, mumps, or varicella vaccine, respectively, and showed significant antibody elevation (9.2 ± 12.3 to 27.6 ± 215.6, p<0.001; 8 ± 1.2 to 32 ± 65.5, p<0.001; 3.0 ± 1.0 to 13.1 ± 8.6, p<0.05; and 2.6 ± 1.3 to 11.8 ± 8.1, p<0.001, respectively). Major side effects were not observed.In a limited population, a single dose of live attenuated vaccine showed elevation of antibody titer without any severe adverse reactions. However, whether the post-vaccination response rate criteria of our university was fulfilled could not be determined owing to limited sample size.

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Antibody responses after a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in healthcare workers previously infected with SARS-CoV-2

EBioMedicine ◽

10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103523 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 70 ◽

pp. 103523

Author(s):

Sebastian Havervall ◽

Ulrika Marking ◽

Nina Greilert-Norin ◽

Henry Ng ◽

Max Gordon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Antibody Responses

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Interferon gene expression as marker of immune maturation and response to vaccination

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofx162.145 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S61-S61

Author(s):

Raquel Giacomelli Cao ◽

Bennett Smith ◽

Eleonora Bunsow ◽

Santtu Heinonen ◽

Sara Mertz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Board Member ◽

Age Groups ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Older Children ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Transcriptional Profiles ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Interferon Gene ◽

Research Grant

Abstract Background Interferons (IFN) play a major role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. Studies in adults and older children demonstrated significant correlations between IFN gene expression and antibody responses to influenza vaccines. However, there is still an incomplete understanding of the role of IFN in the ontogeny of the infant immune system and how they affect the immune response to vaccines in this population. Our objective with this study is to define longitudinal age-related changes in interferon gene expression and the changes induced by routine vaccinations. Methods We enrolled 2 cohorts of healthy children: 81 children aged < 2 years evaluated at one-time point to assess age-dependent changes in IFN gene expression; and 47 < 1 year olds evaluated at three times, before vaccination (day (d) 0) and d7 and d30 post-vaccination. Peripheral blood samples were collected to measure: (a) immune transcriptional profiles by microarrays; (b) immune cell populations by flow cytometry, and (c) antibody titers to PCV13, Hib and DTaP in the vaccination cohort. Results Analysis of first cohort demonstrated significant underexpression of IFN genes (n = 120) in infants aged <6 months compared with those 12–24 months. By 9 months IFN expression was similar to the older children. IFN gene expression correlated with the numbers of neutrophils and monocytes across all age groups. The second cohort was evaluated at three time points (d0, d7, and d30) during routine vaccinations at 2, 6, and 12 months. We compared transcriptional profiles post-vaccination with d0 for each group and observed consistent overexpression of IFN-related genes at d7 in the three age groups. In 2-month-old infants, we observed significant correlations between IFN genes (TAP1, IFIT1/2/3, OASL and GBP1) at d0 (before vaccination) and increase in antibody titers of the three vaccines analyzed (r = 0.5–0.7; P < 0.05). Among the top 15 genes who have the most significant correlations, eight are exclusively induced by type I IFN, six by type II IFN, and one is shared between the two types. Conclusion IFN gene expression at baseline is markedly reduced in infants <6 months. Routine vaccines were associated with marked increased in IFN gene expression at 2, 6, and 12 months. Baseline IFN expression at 2 months correlated with antibody responses to vaccines. Disclosures O. Ramilo, Abbvie: Board Member, Consulting fee; Regeneron: Board Member, Consulting fee; Janssen: Board Member and Investigator, Consulting fee and Research grant; NIH: Grant Investigator, Research grant

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Innocuousness of conjunctival vaccination with Brucella melitensis strain Rev.1 in pregnant Iranian fat-tailed ewes

Veterinary Science Development ◽

10.4081/vsd.2015.5997 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Saeed Alamian ◽

Ramin Bagheri Nejad ◽

Hamid Reza Jalali ◽

Armin Kalantari ◽

Afshar Etemadi

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Strain ◽

Brucella Melitensis ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

Vaginal Swab ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Excretion In Milk ◽

Induced Abortions ◽

Antibody Titers

Brucella melitensis strain Rev.1 is the most effective vaccine against brucellosis in sheep and goats. In Iran, mass vaccination is carried out all over the country in which adult animals are immunized by subcutaneous injection of reduced doses of the vaccine. However, due to antibody responses elicited by vaccination, concomitant implementation of test-andslaughter is impossible. To overcome the problem, vaccination through conjunctival route is recommended. In this study, serological responses of six pregnant Iranian fat-tailed ewes to conjunctival vaccination with standard doses of the vaccine were evaluated using modified Rose Bengal test, serum agglutination test and indirect ELISA. Besides, vaccine strain excretion in milk and vaginal discharges was also examined by microbiological culture of milk and vaginal swab samples taken one day post-parturition. Animals were vaccinated during the second half of gestation. As the results, antibody titers of five (83.3%) ewes decreased to the levels not detectable by the tests within three months after vaccination. No vaccine-induced abortions occurred and vaccinated ewes delivered healthy lambs 50.33±15.56 (mean ± standard deviation) days post-vaccination. Vaccine strain was not isolated from milk and vaginal swab samples. Generally, our study shows full doses of B. melitensis strain Rev.1 can be used conjunctively to vaccinate pregnant Iranian sheep during late pregnancy without abortifacient effects, prolonged antibody responses and vaccine strain excretion in milk and vaginal discharges. Nevertheless, further studies are required to determine safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine in field conditions.

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No effect of resistance exercise on antibody responses to influenza vaccination in older adults: a randomized control trial

10.1101/2020.08.19.20178442 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mahmoud T Elzayat ◽

Melissa M Markofski ◽

Richard J Simpson ◽

Mitzi Laughlin ◽

Emily C LaVoy

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Influenza Vaccine ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Influenza Vaccination ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

Significant Group ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Antibody Titers

Older adults are at elevated risk for morbidity and mortality caused by influenza. Vaccination is the primary means of prophylaxis, but protection is often compromised in older adults. As acute eccentric resistance exercise mobilizes immune cells into muscle, it may enhance vaccination response. PURPOSE: Compare antibody responses to influenza vaccination in older adults who performed resistance exercise prior to vaccination to those who did not exercise. METHODS: 29 resistance training-naive older adults (20 women, 73.9 +/- 5.3 years) were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: vaccination in the same arm that exercised (Ex-S), vaccination in the opposite arm that exercised (Ex-OP), and seated rest (No-Ex). Exercise was unilateral and consisted of 10 sets of 5 eccentric repetitions at 80% of the pre-determined concentric one repetition maximum. Lateral raises were alternated with bicep curls. No-Ex sat quietly for 25 min. Following exercise or rest, all subjects received the 2018 quadrivalent influenza vaccine (Seqirus Afluria) in the non-dominant deltoid. Antibody titers against the four influenza vaccine strains were determined by hemagglutinin inhibition assays at baseline, 6-, and 24-weeks post-vaccination. Group differences in antibody titers by time were assessed by restricted maximum likelihood mixed models. Fold-changes in antibody titers 6- and 24-weeks from baseline were compared between groups by Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS: No significant group x time effects were found for any strain. Groups did not differ in fold-increase of antibody titers 6- and 24-weeks post-vaccination. Although seroconversion rates remained low, only one subject (Ex-S) reported flu-like symptoms 18 weeks post-vaccination. CONCLUSION: Acute arm eccentric exercise did not influence antibody titers to the influenza vaccine delivered post-exercise in older adults. More strenuous exercise may be required for exercise to act as an adjuvant.

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Antibody responses induced by trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine among pregnant and non-pregnant women in Thailand: A matched cohort study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0253028 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. e0253028

Author(s):

Sutthichai Nakphook ◽

Jayanton Patumanond ◽

Manash Shrestha ◽

Kriengkrai Prasert ◽

Malinee Chittaganpitch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Vaccine ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Study Groups ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

P Values ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Vaccination Recommendations ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Antibody Levels

Background We compared influenza antibody titers among vaccinated and unvaccinated pregnant and non-pregnant women. Methods During 1st June– 30th September 2018, four groups of cohort participants—vaccinated pregnant, unvaccinated pregnant, vaccinated non-pregnant, and unvaccinated non-pregnant women were selected by matching age, gestational age, and the week of vaccination. Serum antibody titers against each strain of 2018 Southern Hemisphere inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (IIV3) were assessed by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay on Day 0 (pre-vaccination) and Day 28 (one month post-vaccination) serum samples. Geometric mean titer (GMT), GMT ratio (GMR), seroconversion (defined as ≥4 fold increase in HI titer), and seroprotection (i.e. HI titer ≥1:40) were compared across the study groups using multilevel regression analyses, controlling for previous year vaccination from medical records and baseline antibody levels. Results A total of 132 participants were enrolled in the study (33 in each of the four study groups). The baseline GMTs for influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B vaccine strains were not significantly different among all four groups (all p-values >0.05). After one month, both vaccinated groups had significantly higher GMT, GMR, seroconversion, and seroprotection than their unvaccinated controls (all p-values <0.05). The seroconversion rate was over 60% for any strain among the vaccinated groups, with the highest (88.8%) observed against A(H1N1) in the vaccinated pregnant group. Similarly, at least 75% of the vaccinated participants developed seroprotective antibody levels against all three strains; the highest seroprotection was found against A(H3N2) at 92.6% among vaccinated non-pregnant participants. Antibody responses (post-vaccination GMT, GMR, seroconversion, and seroprotection) were not significantly different between pregnant and non-pregnant women for all three strains of IIV3 (all p>0.05). Conclusions The 2018 seasonal IIV3 was immunogenic against all three vaccine strains and pregnancy did not seem to alter the immune response to IIV3. These findings support the current influenza vaccination recommendations for pregnant women.

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