scholarly journals Social-distancing Fatigue: Evidence from Real-time Crowd-sourced Traffic Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni A. Shearston ◽  
Micaela E. Martinez ◽  
Yanelli Nunez ◽  
Markus Hilpert
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
School Closure ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

ABSTRACTIntroductionTo mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic and prevent overwhelming the healthcare system, social-distancing policies such as school closure, stay-at-home orders, and indoor dining closure have been utilized worldwide. These policies function by reducing the rate of close contact within populations and results in decreased human mobility. Adherence to social distancing can substantially reduce disease spread. Thus, quantifying human mobility and social-distancing compliance, especially at high temporal resolution, can provide great insight into the impact of social distancing policies.MethodsWe used the movement of individuals around New York City (NYC), measured via traffic levels, as a proxy for human mobility and the impact of social-distancing policies (i.e., work from home policies, school closure, indoor dining closure etc.). By data mining Google traffic in real-time, and applying image processing, we derived high resolution time series of traffic in NYC. We used time series decomposition and generalized additive models to quantify changes in rush hour/non-rush hour, and weekday/weekend traffic, pre-pandemic and following the roll-out of multiple social distancing interventions.ResultsMobility decreased sharply on March 14, 2020 following declaration of the pandemic. However, levels began rebounding by approximately April 13, almost 2 months before stay-at-home orders were lifted, indicating premature increase in mobility, which we term social-distancing fatigue. We also observed large impacts on diurnal traffic congestion, such that the pre-pandemic bi-modal weekday congestion representing morning and evening rush hour was dramatically altered. By September, traffic congestion rebounded to approximately 75% of pre-pandemic levels.ConclusionUsing crowd-sourced traffic congestion data, we described changes in mobility in Manhattan, NYC, during the COVID-19 pandemic. These data can be used to inform human mobility changes during the current pandemic, in planning for responses to future pandemics, and in understanding the potential impact of large-scale traffic interventions such as congestion pricing policies.GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

scholarly journals The Impact of Policy Measures on Human Mobility, COVID-19 Cases, and Mortality in the US: A Spatiotemporal Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 996
Author(s):  
Yun Li ◽  
Moming Li ◽  
Megan Rice ◽  
Haoyuan Zhang ◽  
Dexuan Sha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Information Campaigns ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The Us ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

Social distancing policies have been regarded as effective in containing the rapid spread of COVID-19. However, there is a limited understanding of policy effectiveness from a spatiotemporal perspective. This study integrates geographical, demographical, and other key factors into a regression-based event study framework, to assess the effectiveness of seven major policies on human mobility and COVID-19 case growth rates, with a spatiotemporal emphasis. Our results demonstrate that stay-at-home orders, workplace closures, and public information campaigns were effective in decreasing the confirmed case growth rate. For stay-at-home orders and workplace closures, these changes were associated with significant decreases (p < 0.05) in mobility. Public information campaigns did not see these same mobility trends, but the growth rate still decreased significantly in all analysis periods (p < 0.01). Stay-at-home orders and international/national travel controls had limited mitigation effects on the death case growth rate (p < 0.1). The relationships between policies, mobility, and epidemiological metrics allowed us to evaluate the effectiveness of each policy and gave us insight into the spatiotemporal patterns and mechanisms by which these measures work. Our analysis will provide policymakers with better knowledge regarding the effectiveness of measures in space–time disaggregation.

scholarly journals Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Pemberlakuan Social Distancing Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Sebagai Implementasi Modal Sosial

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Ade Suherman ◽  
Tetep Tetep ◽  
Asep Supriyatna ◽  
Eldi Mulyana ◽  
Triani Widyanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Community Group ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Staying At Home ◽  
At Home

The purpose of this study is to analyze and explain public perceptions of the implementation of social distancing during the pandemic as the implementation of social capital. This study was motivated by the phenomenon of the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in a number of countries, including Indonesia. This condition not only affects the economic condition of a country, hinders social interaction among the community, and also has an impact on the health condition of every human being. To avoid the wider spread of Covid-19, the government was forced to adopt social distancing and physical distancing policies in the form of staying at home, working from home, studying, and worshiping at home. This research approach is descriptive qualitative. The data of this research is the impact of social distancing for the community in Tarogong Kidul District, Garut Regency. Sources of data come from several communities with a total of 50 respondents. Collecting data in this study using interview techniques, record, and continue to take notes. The results of the research can be concluded that with the implementation of social distancing in the pandemic period, at least the community can implement social capital which includes informal values ​​or norms that are shared among members of an interrelated community group, which is based on the values ​​of beliefs, norms and networks social and they respect each other, the development of social capital is the creation of increasingly independent groups of people who are able to participate more meaningfully. Social capital can solve citizens' problems, especially with regard to strengthening friendship, repairing and maintaining public service facilities because it has advantages and is the most appropriate, even though there are other social capital in the community.

scholarly journals Meteorological factors against COVID-19 and the role of human mobility

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252405
Author(s):  
Olivier Damette ◽  
Clément Mathonnat ◽  
Stéphane Goutte
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Impact

In the vein of recent empirical literature, we reassessed the impact of weather factors on Covid-19 daily cases and fatalities in a panel of 37 OECD countries between 1st January and 27th July 2020. We considered five different meteorological factors. For the first time, we used a dynamic panel model and considered two different kinds of channels between climate and Covid-19 virus: direct/physical factors related to the survival and durability dynamics of the virus on surfaces and outdoors and indirect/social factors through human behaviour and individual mobility, such as walking or driving outdoors, to capture the impact of weather on social distancing and, thus, on Covid-19 cases and fatalities. Our work revealed that temperature, humidity and solar radiation, which has been clearly under considered in previous studies, significantly reduce the number of Covid-19 cases and fatalities. Indirect effects through human behaviour, i.e., correlations between temperature (or solar radiation) and human mobility, were significantly positive and should be considered to correctly assess the effects of climatic factors. Increasing temperature, humidity or solar radiation effects were positively correlated with increasing mobility effects on Covid-19 cases and fatalities. The net effect from weather on the Covid-19 outbreak will, thus, be the result of the physical/direct negative effect of temperature or solar radiation and the mobility/indirect positive effect due to the interaction between human mobility and those meterological variables. Reducing direct effects of temperature and solar radiation on Covid-19 cases and fatalities, when they were significant, were partly and slightly compensated for positive indirect effects through human mobility. Suitable control policies should be implemented to control mobility and social distancing even when the weather is favourable to reduce the spread of the Covid-19 virus.

scholarly journals INDONESIAN ADOLESCENT COPING STRATEGY IN FACING COVID PANDEMIC 19: META ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Syawaludin Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Coping Strategy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Spiritual Beliefs ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

The Covid 19 pandemic forced all countries to adopt Social Distancing policies to prevent the spread of the virus. The perceived impact is the change in the dynamics of people's daily lives, where this change from being accustomed to socializing to having to be alone, from interacting to isolating. Teenagers are the most felt part of the impact of this Social Distancing, ranging from school at home, sports at home, gathering at home all activities done at home, this results in the onset of stress due to monotonous and boring activities. Therefore a strategy is needed to overcome the effects of the Covid Pandemic 19. This research method is a literature study, meta-analysis that is analyzing in-depth research journals related to Coping and Covid-19 Pandemic, articles-articles sourced from reputable journal journalists including Scopus including http://link.springer.com, http://seacrh.proquest.com, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com ,and http://tandfonline.com. The research results show that Coping Strategy is a way for someone to overcome the problems that occur in him, Coping is very adaptive and can be incorporated into the cultural values of each Individual such as the values of spiritual beliefs, thinking patterns and strengths that exist in yourself and the environment. The conclusion is trying to adapt the results of several studies on Coping to deal with Pandemic by combining the cultural potential that exists in Indonesia. This research suggestion is still theoretical, and can be continued in field research

How did Autistic Children, and their Parents, Experience School Transition during the COVID-19 Pandemic?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimee Code ◽  
Umar Toseeb ◽  
Kathryn Asbury ◽  
Laura Fox
Keyword(s):  
School Transition ◽  
School Closure ◽  
School Transitions ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
New School ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and resultant school closures, social distancing measures, and restrictions placed on routine activities, the start of the academic year in September 2020 was a unique time for those transitioning to a new school. This study aimed to explore the experiences of parents who supported autistic children making a school transition in 2020, and to examine what impact parents perceived the COVID-19 pandemic had on their child’s school transition. Emphasis was placed on identifying facilitating factors that had benefitted school transitions, and barriers, which had negatively impacted these experiences. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 13 parents of autistic children in the UK. Reflexive thematic analysis was carried out to identify themes in interview data. Parents reported a variety of experiences, and factors that were perceived as facilitatory to some were observed to be barriers by others. For some parents, the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted aspects of school transitions. For example, school closure in March 2020, being unable to visit their child’s new school, and social distancing measures were discussed as being barriers to an easy transition. However, other parents identified these factors as being facilitatory for their child or reported that these circumstances created opportunities to approach the school transition in a unique, improved manner. This paper sheds light on the heterogeneity of experiences and perceptions of parents of autistic children, and highlights the need to examine the impact of COVID-19 on school transitions, including practices which may be advantageous to retain.

scholarly journals Changes in contact patterns shape the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 368 (6498) ◽  
pp. 1481-1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juanjuan Zhang ◽  
Maria Litvinova ◽  
Yuxia Liang ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
School Closure ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Contact Patterns ◽  
The Impact

Intense nonpharmaceutical interventions were put in place in China to stop transmission of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As transmission intensifies in other countries, the interplay between age, contact patterns, social distancing, susceptibility to infection, and COVID-19 dynamics remains unclear. To answer these questions, we analyze contact survey data for Wuhan and Shanghai before and during the outbreak and contact-tracing information from Hunan province. Daily contacts were reduced seven- to eightfold during the COVID-19 social distancing period, with most interactions restricted to the household. We find that children 0 to 14 years of age are less susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection than adults 15 to 64 years of age (odds ratio 0.34, 95% confidence interval 0.24 to 0.49), whereas individuals more than 65 years of age are more susceptible to infection (odds ratio 1.47, 95% confidence interval 1.12 to 1.92). Based on these data, we built a transmission model to study the impact of social distancing and school closure on transmission. We find that social distancing alone, as implemented in China during the outbreak, is sufficient to control COVID-19. Although proactive school closures cannot interrupt transmission on their own, they can reduce peak incidence by 40 to 60% and delay the epidemic.

scholarly journals Applying a Model for Trip Assignment and Dynamic Routing of Automated Taxis with Congestion: System Performance in the City of Delft, The Netherlands

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (8) ◽  
pp. 588-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Liang ◽  
Gonçalo Homem de Almeida Correia ◽  
Bart van Arem
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Size ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

This paper proposes a method of assigning trips to automated taxis (ATs) and designing the routes of those vehicles in an urban road network, and also considering the traffic congestion caused by this dynamic responsive service. The system is envisioned to provide a seamless door-to-door service within a city area for all passenger origins and destinations. An integer programming model is proposed to define the routing of the vehicles according to a profit maximization function, depending on the dynamic travel times, which varies with the ATs’ flow. This will be especially important when the number of automated vehicles (AVs) circulating on the roads is high enough that their routing will cause delays. This system should be able to serve not only the reserved travel requests, but also some real-time requests. A rolling horizon scheme is used to divide one day into several periods in which both the real-time and the booked demand will be considered together. The model was applied to the real size case study city of Delft, the Netherlands. The results allow assessing of the impact of the ATs movements on traffic congestion and the profitability of the system. From this case-study, it is possible to conclude that taking into account the effect of the vehicle flows on travel time leads to changes in the system profit, the satisfied percentage and the driving distance of the vehicles, which highlights the importance of this type of model in the assessment of the operational effects of ATs in the future.

scholarly journals Initial impact of COVID-19’s stay-at-home order on motor vehicle traffic and crash patterns in Connecticut: an interrupted time series analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. injuryprev-2020-043945
Author(s):  
Mitchell L Doucette ◽  
Andrew Tucker ◽  
Marisa E Auguste ◽  
Amy Watkins ◽  
Christa Green ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Crash Rates ◽  
Single Vehicle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

IntroductionUnderstanding how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted our health and safety is imperative. This study sought to examine the impact of COVID-19’s stay-at-home order on daily vehicle miles travelled (VMT) and MVCs in Connecticut.MethodsUsing an interrupted time series design, we analysed daily VMT and MVCs stratified by crash severity and number of vehicles involved from 1 January to 30 April 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020. MVC data were collected from the Connecticut Crash Data Repository; daily VMT estimates were obtained from StreetLight Insight’s database. We used segmented Poisson regression models, controlling for daily temperature and daily precipitation.ResultsThe mean daily VMT significantly decreased 43% in the post stay-at-home period in 2020. While the mean daily counts of crashes decreased in 2020 after the stay-at-home order was enacted, several types of crash rates increased after accounting for the VMT reductions. Single vehicle crash rates significantly increased 2.29 times, and specifically single vehicle fatal crash rates significantly increased 4.10 times when comparing the pre-stay-at-home and post-stay-at-home periods.DiscussionDespite a decrease in the number of MVCs and VMT, the crash rate of single vehicles increased post stay-at-home order enactment in Connecticut after accounting for reductions in VMT.

scholarly journals On the Use of Satellite Altimeter Data in Argo Quality Control

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Guinehut ◽  
Christine Coatanoan ◽  
Anne-Lise Dhomps ◽  
Pierre-Yves Le Traon ◽  
Gilles Larnicol
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Altimeter Data ◽  
Satellite Altimeter ◽  
Sea Level Anomalies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Satellite Altimeter Data ◽  
Made In

Abstract Satellite altimeter measurements are used to check the quality of the Argo profiling floats time series. The method compares collocated sea level anomalies from altimeter measurements and dynamic height anomalies calculated from Argo temperature and salinity profiles for each Argo float time series. Different kinds of anomalies (sensor drift, bias, spikes, etc.) have been identified on some real-time but also delayed-mode Argo floats. About 4% of the floats should probably not be used until they are carefully checked and reprocessed by the principal investigators (PIs). The method appears to be very complementary to the existing quality control checks performed in real time or delayed mode. It could also be used to quantify the impact of the adjustments made in delayed mode on the pressure, temperature, and salinity fields.

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