scholarly journals Adolescents' dietary habits and meal patterns influence school performance in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986: mendelian randomisation study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loukas Zagkos ◽  
Fotios Drenos ◽  
Pauline Emmett ◽  
Alexandra Blakemore ◽  
Tanja Nordstrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Cohort ◽  
School Performance ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Mendelian Randomisation ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
General Science ◽  
Meal Patterns ◽  
School Subjects

Several observational studies indicate that dietary habits in children and adolescents are associated with school performance. These associations are heavily confounded by socio-economic characteristics, such as household income and parents' educational attainment, amongst other factors. In this study, we report observational and causal effects of habitual diet on school performance, using individual level data for 9,220 adolescents in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. For this purpose, we derived principal components for the dietary variables, meal patterns and school performance variables. The observational study showed a significant association of consumption of foods that are high in fat, salt and sugar (HFSS) with poor performance in all school subjects, and an association of consumption of healthy foods and traditional foods with good school performance in general subjects, science and physical education (PE). Moreover, a positive association was observed between not skipping breakfast and good performance in all school subjects. Mendelian randomisation analysis confirmed a negative effect of HFSS on school performance in general/science subjects (-0.080, -0.128 to -0.033) and a positive effect of healthy food on school performance in general/science subjects (0.071, 0.024 to 0.119) and PE (0.065, 0.021 to 0.110). To conclude, we identified compelling evidence that HFSS foods and healthy foods were causally affecting school performance.

Orosensory Perception, Speech Production, and Deafness

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milo E. Bishop ◽  
Robert L. Ringel ◽  
Arthur S. House
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Functional Disorders ◽  
Form Discrimination ◽  
School Subjects ◽  
Oral Form ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The oral form-discrimination abilities of 18 orally educated and oriented deaf high school subjects were determined and compared to those of manually educated and oriented deaf subjects and normal-hearing subjects. The similarities and differences among the responses of the three groups were discussed and then compared to responses elicited from subjects with functional disorders of articulation. In general, the discrimination scores separated the manual deaf from the other two groups, particularly when differences in form shapes were involved in the test. The implications of the results for theories relating orosensory-discrimination abilities are discussed. It is postulated that, while a failure in oroperceptual functioning may lead to disorders of articulation, a failure to use the oral mechanism for speech activities, even in persons with normal orosensory capabilities, may result in poor performance on oroperceptual tasks.

scholarly journals Bacterial Taxa Associated with High Adherence to Mediterranean Diet in a Spanish Population

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Carles Rosés ◽  
Amanda Cuevas-Sierra ◽  
Salvador Quintana ◽  
José I. Riezu-Boj ◽  
J. Alfredo Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
High Adherence ◽  
Health And Disease

The Mediterranean diet (MD) is recognised as one of the healthiest diets worldwide and is associated with the prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, among others. Dietary habits are considered one of the strongest modulators of the gut microbiota, which seems to play a significant role in the health and disease of the host. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate interactive associations between gut microbiota composition and habitual dietary intake in 360 Spanish adults of the Obekit cohort (normal weight, overweight and obese subjects). Dietary intake and adherence to the MD tests together with faecal samples were collected from each subject. Faecal 16S rRNA sequencing was performed and checked against the dietary habits. MetagenomeSeq was the statistical tool applied to analyse at the species taxonomic level. Results from this study confirm that a strong adherence to the MD increases the population of some beneficial bacteria, improving microbiota status towards a healthier pattern. Bifidobacterium animalis is the species with the strongest association with the MD. One of the highlights is the positive association between several SCFA-producing bacteria and high adherence to the MD. In conclusion, this study shows that MD, fibre, legumes, vegetables, fruit and nuts intakes are associated with an increase in butyrate-producing taxa such as Roseburia faecis, Ruminococcus bromii and Oscillospira (Flavonifractor) plautii.

scholarly journals Maternal iron status during pregnancy and respiratory and atopic outcomes in the offspring: a Mendelian randomisation study

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e000275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annabelle Bédard ◽  
Sarah J Lewis ◽  
Stephen Burgess ◽  
A John Henderson ◽  
Seif O Shaheen
Keyword(s):  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Mendelian Randomisation ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Common Genetic Variants ◽  
Maternal Iron

IntroductionLimited evidence from birth cohort studies suggests that lower prenatal iron status may be a risk factor for childhood respiratory and atopic outcomes, but these observational findings may be confounded. Mendelian randomisation (MR) can potentially provide unconfounded estimates of causal effects by using common genetic variants as instrumental variables. We aimed to study the relationship between prenatal iron status and respiratory and atopic outcomes in the offspring using MR.MethodsIn the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort, we constructed four maternal genotypic risk scores by summing the total number of risk alleles (associated with lower iron status) across single nucleotide polymorphisms known to be associated with at least one of four iron biomarkers (serum iron, ferritin, transferrin and transferrin saturation). We used MR to study their associations with respiratory and atopic outcomes in children aged 7–9 years (n=6002).ResultsWhen analyses were restricted to mothers without iron supplementation during late pregnancy, negative associations were found between the maternal transferrin saturation score and childhood forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced vital capacity (difference in age, height and gender-adjusted SD units per SD increase in genotypic score: −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01) p=0.03, and −0.04 (−0.08, 0.00) p=0.04, respectively).ConclusionUsing MR we have found weak evidence suggesting that low maternal iron status during pregnancy may cause impaired childhood lung function.

School Performance of Children of Cross-Border Marriages: Effects of Within-Family Social Capital and Community Contextual Factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 661-681
Author(s):  
Chun-Hao Li
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
School Performance ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Community Context ◽  
Performance Gap ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Family Social Capital ◽  
Central Taiwan ◽  
Asian Mothers

Similar to some other countries in East Asia, Taiwan has been experiencing a dramatic increase in children born to cross-border mothers. This phenomenon has drawn national attention to the school performance gap between children of Taiwanese and immigrant mothers. The present study focuses on the factors associated with these academic performance differences, in particular differential access to social capital or resources, and the community context. Drawing on data from a stratified sample of 940 elementary students in a county in central Taiwan, the researcher first illustrates the educational disadvantage of children born to Southeast Asian mothers. Second, the shortage of within-family social capital is shown to contribute to the performance gap between schoolchildren within different maternal ethnic backgrounds. Third, students’ preschool experience, educational attitudes, and behaviors all have positive association with their academic performance. In addition, the effects of within-family social capital and of maternal ethnic background can be moderated by community characteristics that show a broad picture of human capital, and socioeconomic status and heterogeneity of residents within school districts.

Congruence of Causal Attributions for School Performance Given by Children and Mothers

1989 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirotsugu Yamauchi
Keyword(s):  
School Performance ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Causal Attributions ◽  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seventh Grade ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Good School ◽  
Poor School

The purpose of this study was to compare the attributions of children with mothers' attributions and children's predictions of their mothers' attributions for children's school performances. Subjects were 76 boys and 94 girls in seventh grade and their mothers. The questionnaire was composed of 8 items and each item had 4 response options to evaluate factors of ability, effort, task difficulty, or luck. Four items were related to good school performance and the other four to poor performance. Children and mothers attributed both good and poor school performances to effort. Several tendencies of children's causal attribution were congruent with the tendencies in children's predictions of their mothers' attributions but were not related to mothers' actual attributions.

On My Mind: “Algebra for All”—Increasing Students' Access to Algebraic Ideas, Not Just Algebra Courses

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-207
Author(s):  
Edward A. Silver
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Graduates ◽  
Remedial Mathematics ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
National Assessment ◽  
Algebra For All ◽  
School Study ◽  
School Subjects ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
American Students

Algebra has long been viewed as being a crucial component of American students' mathematics education. In fact, it has been called a “gatekeeper” because the successful completion of an algebra course is a prerequisite not only to further study in mathematics and other school subjects but also to many jobs and later opportunities. Because of the perceived importance of algebra, most American students, who complete high school, study algebra for two years. Nevertheless, the poor performance of twelfthgrade students on many algebra related tasks on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) suggests that enrollment in these courses does not ensure that students acquire mastery of fundamental algebraic ideas (Mullis et al. 1991). Moreover, a lack of algebraic competence among even fairly successful high school graduates is evinced by the large number of remedial mathematics courses offered by the nation's colleges.

scholarly journals The Association between School Performance at 14 Years and Young Adults' Use of Cannabis: An Australian Birth Cohort Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad R. Hayatbakhsh ◽  
Michael J. O'Callaghan ◽  
Konrad Jamrozik ◽  
Jake M. Najman ◽  
Abdullah A. Mamun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
School Performance ◽  
Birth Cohort Study

scholarly journals Involvement in home meal preparation is associated with food preference and self-efficacy among Canadian children

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen Li Chu ◽  
Anna Farmer ◽  
Christina Fung ◽  
Stefan Kuhle ◽  
Kate E Storey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Meal Preparation ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
At Home

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between frequency of assisting with home meal preparation and fruit and vegetable preference and self-efficacy for making healthier food choices among grade 5 children in Alberta, Canada.DesignA cross-sectional survey design was used. Children were asked how often they helped prepare food at home and rated their preference for twelve fruits and vegetables on a 3-point Likert-type scale. Self-efficacy was measured with six items on a 4-point Likert-type scale asking children their level of confidence in selecting and eating healthy foods at home and at school.SettingSchools (n151) located in Alberta, Canada.SubjectsGrade 5 students (n3398).ResultsA large majority (83–93 %) of the study children reported helping in home meal preparation at least once monthly. Higher frequency of helping prepare and cook food at home was associated with higher fruit and vegetable preference and with higher self-efficacy for selecting and eating healthy foods.ConclusionsEncouraging children to be more involved in home meal preparation could be an effective health promotion strategy. These findings suggest that the incorporation of activities teaching children how to prepare simple and healthy meals in health promotion programmes could potentially lead to improvement in dietary habits.

scholarly journals The genetic and epigenetic profile of serum S100β in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 and its relationship to Alzheimer’s disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 306
Author(s):  
Danni A Gadd ◽  
Robert I McGeachan ◽  
Robert F Hillary ◽  
Daniel L McCartney ◽  
Sarah E Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Mendelian Randomisation ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
S100β Protein ◽  
Lothian Birth Cohort ◽  
Insight Into

Background: Circulating S100 calcium-binding protein (S100β) is a marker of brain inflammation that has been associated with a range of neurological conditions. To provide insight into the molecular regulation of S100β and its potential causal associations with Alzheimer’s disease, we carried out genome- and epigenome-wide association studies (GWAS/EWAS) of serum S100β levels in older adults and performed Mendelian randomisation with Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: GWAS (N=769, mean age 72.5 years, sd = 0.7) and EWAS (N=722, mean age 72.5 years, sd = 0.7) of S100β levels were performed in participants from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Conditional and joint analysis (COJO) was used to identify independent loci. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analyses were performed for lead loci that had genome-wide significant associations with S100β. Bidirectional, two-sample Mendelian randomisation was used to test for causal associations between S100β and Alzheimer’s disease. Colocalisation between S100β and Alzheimer’s disease GWAS loci was also examined. Results: We identified 154 SNPs from chromosome 21 that associated (P<5x10-8) with S100β protein levels. The lead variant was located in the S100β gene (rs8128872, P=5.0x10-17). We found evidence that two independent causal variants existed for both transcription of S100β and S100β protein levels in our eQTL analyses. No CpG sites were associated with S100β levels at the epigenome-wide significant level (P<3.6x10-8); the lead probe was cg06833709 (P=5.8x10-6), which mapped to the LGI1 gene. There was no evidence of a causal association between S100β levels and Alzheimer’s disease or vice versa and no evidence for colocalisation between S100β and Alzheimer’s disease loci. Conclusions: These data provide insight into the molecular regulators of S100β levels. This context may aid in understanding the role of S100β in brain inflammation and neurological disease.

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