scholarly journals The cerebellum encodes and influences the initiation and termination of discontinuous movements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason M. Christie ◽  
Michael A. Gaffield
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Timing Information ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Reward Delivery ◽  
Movement Organization ◽  
Motor Actions

The cerebellum is hypothesized to represent timing information important for organizing salient motor events during periodically performed discontinuous movements. To provide functional evidence validating this idea, we measured and manipulated Purkinje cell (PC) activity in the lateral cerebellum of mice trained to volitionally elicit periodic bouts of stereotyped licking for regularly allocated water rewards. Overall, PC simple spiking modulated during task performance, ramping prior to both lick-bout initiation and termination, two important motor events delimiting movement cycles. The ramping onset occurred earlier for the initiation of un-cued exploratory licking that anticipated water availability relative to licking that was reactive to water allocation, suggesting that the cerebellum is engaged differently depending on the movement context. In a subpopulation of PCs, climbing-fiber-evoked responses also increased during lick-bout initiation, but not termination, highlighting differences in how cerebellar input pathways represent task-related information. Optogenetic perturbation of PC activity disrupted the behavior in both initiating and terminating licking bouts and reduced the ability of animals to finely time predictive action around reward delivery, confirming a causative role in movement organization. Together, these results substantiate that the cerebellum contributes to the control of explicitly timed repeated motor actions.

Water Scarcity and Conflict Between Upstream and Downstream Riparian Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 2150012
Author(s):  
Sahar Farid Yousef
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Allocation Problem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Backward Induction ◽  
Transboundary River ◽  
Militarized Conflicts ◽  
The Future ◽  
Water Scarce

More than one-quarter of the world’s population lives in water-scarce areas, while most countries share at least one transboundary river. If water scarcity is this prevalent, should we expect riparian countries to fight over the water allocation of shared rivers? To answer this question, I develop a modified one-shot three-stage river-sharing game where countries can resort to force to solve their water allocation problem. Using backward induction, I solve for the probability of the downstream country initiating conflict against the upstream country and the likelihood of the latter responding with force to the former’s hostile actions. I test the model empirically using a set of all upstream–downstream riparian dyads with available data from AQUASTAT and the Correlates of War Project for the years 1960–2010. The main contribution of this paper is that it demonstrates how upstream and downstream riparian countries differ in their decision to use force against the other country when experiencing water scarcity. I find that water scarcity increases the likelihood of the downstream country initiating the conflict, but it has no effect on the upstream country’s likelihood of responding with force. If history is a predictor of the future, then the results imply that as more riparian countries become water-scarce, militarized conflicts between upstream and downstream countries are likely to increase, especially if there is heterogeneity in water availability between the riparian dyad.

scholarly journals Adaptation Effort and Performance of Water Management Strategies to Face Climate Change Impacts in Six Representative Basins of Southern Europe

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Sordo-Ward ◽  
Alfredo Granados ◽  
Ana Iglesias ◽  
Luis Garrote ◽  
María Bejarano
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
River Network ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

We evaluated different management alternatives to enhance potential water availability for agriculture under climate change scenarios. The management goal involved maximizing potential water availability, understood as the maximum volume of water supplied at a certain point of the river network that satisfies a defined demand, and taking into account specified reliability requirements. We focused on potential water availability for agriculture and assumed two types of demands: urban supply and irrigation. If potential water availability was not enough to satisfy all irrigation demands, management measures were applied aiming at achieving a compromise solution between resources and demands. The methodological approach consisted of estimation and comparison of runoff for current and future period under climate change effects, calculation of water availability changes due to changes in runoff, and evaluation of the adaptation choices that can modify the distribution of water availability, under climate change. Adaptation choices include modifying water allocation to agriculture, increasing the reservoir storage capacity, improving the efficiency of urban water use, and modifying water allocation to environmental flows. These management measures were evaluated at the desired points of the river network by applying the Water Availability and Adaptation Policy Analysis (WAAPA) model. We simulated the behavior of a set of reservoirs that supply water for a set of prioritized demands, complying with specified ecological flows and accounting for evaporation losses. We applied the methodology in six representative basins of southern Europe: Duero-Douro, Ebro, Guadalquivir, Po, Maritsa-Evros, and Struma-Strymon. While in some basins, such as the Ebro or Struma-Strymon, measures can significantly increase water availability and compensate for a fraction of water scarcity due to climate change, in other basins, like the Guadalquivir, water availability cannot be enhanced by applying the management measures analyzed, and irrigation water use will have to be reduced.

scholarly journals Institutional Framework for Assessing Water Availability and Allocation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Wurbs
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
The State ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Interstate Compacts

Effective water resources management requires assessments of water availability within a framework of complex institutions and infrastructure employed to manage extremely variable stream flow shared by numerous often competing water users and diverse types of use. The Water Rights Analysis Package (WRAP) modeling system is fundamental to water allocation and planning in the state of Texas in the United States. Integration of environmental flow standards into both the modeling system and comprehensive statewide water management is a high priority for continuing research and development. The public domain WRAP software and documentation are generalized for application any place in the world. Lessons learned in developing and implementing the modeling system in Texas are relevant worldwide. The modeling system combines: (1) detailed simulation of water right systems, interstate compacts, international treaties, federal/state/local agreements, and operations of storage and conveyance facilities; (2) simulation of river system hydrology; and (3) statistical frequency and reliability analyses. The continually evolving modeling system has been implemented in Texas by a water management community that includes the state legislature, planning and regulatory agencies, river authorities, water districts, cities, industries, engineering consulting firms, and university researchers. The shared modeling system contributes significantly to integration of water allocation, planning, system operations, and research.

scholarly journals Water Allocation Based on Economic Criteria Using Aquarius Model (A Case Study in Ambang-Brantas subbasin, Indonesia)

Agromet ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
I Putu Santikayasa ◽  
. Agis ◽  
Siti Maesaroh
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Promising Tool

<p>The use of economic approach on water allocation are inclusively becoming integrated on water resource management. Competing among water users is expected to escalate due to increasing water demand despite of limited water availability. This research used economic approach aiming to optimize water allocation in Ambang-Brantas subbasin, Malang, and to calculate the total benefit for different sectors of allocated water. We distinguished two scenarios (2012–2015 and 2016–2035) to reflect the existing and the future water allocation. We modelled the water allocation with the Aquarious application. In this subbasin, three main sectors of water users were identified i.e. domestic, agriculture, and industries. The results showed that the agricultural sector was the highest water demand compared to other sectors. This finding was consistent both monthly and annually. Our findings revealed that industries sector show the maximum benefit per unit water used. Based on the scenario, either a decreasing water availability by 10% or an increasing water demand by 10% will decline the total benefit by 44%. If we increase the scenario to 20% it will reduce the total benefit until 71%. This modelling exercise using Aquarius application shows that the model is a promising tool for water resource management with integration of economic approach.</p>

scholarly journals Development of a Hydrologic and Water Allocation Model to Assess Water Availability in the Sabor River Basin (Portugal)

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (13) ◽  
pp. 2419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Maria Bessa Santos ◽  
Luís Filipe Sanches Fernandes ◽  
Rui Manuel Vitor Cortes ◽  
Fernando António Leal Pacheco
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Olive Grove ◽  
Domestic Consumption ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Historical View ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Water Allocation Model

The Sabor River basin is a large basin (3170 km2) located in the northeast of Portugal and used mostly for agroforestry. One problem this basin faces is a lack of water during the dry season, when there is a higher demand for water to irrigate crops. To solve this problem, the Portuguese government created a National Irrigation Program to finance new irrigation areas and improve existing ones. Consequently, it is necessary to evaluate the past and future water availability for agricultural and domestic consumption in the basin. This was done through the development of a hydrological and water allocation model. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to model the hydrological processes that took place in the catchment between 1960 and 2008. The MIKE HYDRO Basin was used to simulate water allocation (irrigation and domestic consumption) in a historical view and under two scenarios. The historical view used the time period 1960–2008, and the two scenarios used the same time period but with an increase in the irrigated area. The first scenario simulated the irrigation of the total irrigable area that exists in the basin. The second scenario simulated a 29% increase in the olive grove area and a 24% decrease in the resident population, according to the projection for 2060. The results show that, in the historical view, the average annual water demand deficit was 31% for domestic consumption and 70% for irrigation, which represent 1372 × 103 m3 and 94 × 106 m3 of water, respectively. In the two scenarios, the water demand deficit increased to 37% for domestic consumption and 77% for irrigation. In the first scenario, the average annual water demand deficit was 183 × 106 m3 of water for irrigation. In the second scenario, the average annual water demand deficit was 385 × 103 m3 of water for domestic consumption, and 106 × 106 m3 of water for irrigating the expanded olive grove area. These results demonstrate that Portuguese farmers can use our model as a decision support tool to determine how much water needs to be stored to meet the present and future water demand.

scholarly journals Water allocation under climate change

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Barría ◽  
Ignacio Barría Sandoval ◽  
Carlos Guzman ◽  
Cristián Chadwick ◽  
Camila Alvarez-Garreton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
North Central ◽  
The Future

Chile is positioned in the 20th rank of water availability per capita. Nonetheless, water security levels vary across the territory. Around 70% of the national population lives in arid and semiarid regions, where a persistent drought has been experienced over the last decade. This has led to water security problems including water shortages. The water allocation and trading system in Chile is based on a water use rights (WURs) market, with limited regulatory and supervisory mechanisms, where the volume to be granted as permanent and eventual WURs is calculated from statistical analyses of historical streamflow records if available, or from empirical estimations if they are not. This computation of WURs does not consider the nonstationarity of hydrological processes nor climatic projections. This study presents the first large sample diagnosis of water allocation system in Chile under climate change scenarios. This is based on novel anthropic intervention indices (IAI), which were computed as the ratio between the total granted water volume to the water availability within 87 basins in north-central and southern Chile (30°S–42°S). The IAI were evaluated for the historical period (1979–2019) and under modeled-based climatic projections (2055–2080). According to these IAI levels, to date, there are 20 out of 87 overallocated basins, which under the assumption that no further WURs will be granted in the future, increases up to 25 basins for the 2055–2080 period. The results show that, to date most of north-central Chilean catchments already have a large anthropic intervention degree, and the increases for the future period occurs mostly in the southern region of the country (approximately 38°S), which has been considered as possible source of water for large water transfer projects (i.e., water roads). These indices and diagnosis are proposed as a tool to help policy makers to address water scarcity under climate change.

scholarly journals ESTIMATIVA DA DEMANDA HÍDRICA DE DIFERENTES CULTURAS NO PERÍMETRO IRRIGADO PONTAL SUL

Irriga ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-382
Author(s):  
Marcello Henryque Costa Souza ◽  
Roberta Daniela da Silva Santos ◽  
Clóvis Manoel Carvalho Ramos ◽  
Luís Henrique Bassoi
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Agricultural Planning ◽  
Irrigated Perimeter ◽  
Water Values ◽  
Different Cultures

ESTIMATIVA DA DEMANDA HÍDRICA DE DIFERENTES CULTURAS NO PERÍMETRO IRRIGADO PONTAL SUL     MARCELLO HENRYQUE COSTA DE SOUZA1; ROBERTA DANIELA DA SILVA SANTOS2; CLOVIS MANOEL CARVALHO RAMOS3 E LUÍS HENRIQUE BASSOI4   1 Setor de Operação do Sistema, Distrito de Irrigação Nilo Coelho – DINC, Vila CS-1, Perímetro Senador Nilo Coelho s/n. CEP: 56.300-990. Petrolina-PE, Brasil, [email protected]; 2 Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Roraima – IFRR, campus Novo Paraiso, BR-174, s/n - Vila Novo Paraíso, Caracaraí – RR. CEP:69365-000, Brasil, [email protected]; 3 Colegiado de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, UNIVASF, Avenida Antônio Carlos Magalhães, 510 - Santo Antônio. CEP: 48902-300 – Juazeiro – BA, [email protected]; 4 Embrapa Instrumentação, R. 15 de Novembro, 1452 - Centro, São Carlos – SP. CEP:13560-970, Brasil. [email protected].     1 RESUMO   O presente trabalho objetivou determinar a demanda hídrica para diferentes culturas no Perímetro Irrigado Pontal Sul e verificar se a lâmina fornecida é capaz de atender ou não as necessidades das culturas; identificar quando e qual cenário há maior necessidade de água; e definir quais cenários baseados em diferentes culturas e na disponibilidade de água poderão ser atendidos de acordo com a capacidade de bombeamento do perímetro irrigado. Para alcançar tais objetivos foram feitos levantamentos de dados, estudos bibliográficos, geração de cenários agrícolas (considerando diferentes culturas – Acerola, Caju, Goiaba, Banana, Coco, Uva e Manga) e estimativa das demandas do Perímetro Irrigado Pontal Sul. De acordo com os cenários gerados, o perímetro irrigado apresenta, em parte, dados que favorecem a superestimação de valores de água a serem fornecidos, porém também apresenta problemas no que diz respeito ao fornecimento de água para as culturas quando avaliados cenários e condições de exigência máxima das culturas. Assim, este estudo mostra a necessidade do estudo prévio e uma alternativa para um planejamento adequado para implantação das culturas e uso de sistemas de irrigação no Perímetro Irrigado Pontal Sul.   Palavras-chave: irrigação, planejamento agrícola, uso de água.     SOUZA, M. H. C.; SANTOS, R. D. S.; RAMOS, C. M. C.; BASSOI, L. H. ESTIMATION OF WATER DEMAND BY CROPS FOR WATER ALLOCATION IN PONTAL SUL IRRIGATION SCHEME     2 ABSTRACT   This work aimed to determine the water demand for different crops in the Pontal Sul Irrigation Scheme and to verify if the water depth supplied is capable of attending crop water demands; to identify when and which scenario the water demand is maximum; and to define which scenarios based on different crops and on water availability can be met according to the pumping capacity of the irrigation scheme. To achieve these objectives, data surveys, bibliographic studies, generation of agricultural scenarios (considering different cultures - Barbados cherry, Cashew, Guava, Banana, Coconut, Grape and Mango) and estimation of the demands of the Pontal Sul Irrigated Perimeter were made. According to the scenarios generated, the Pontal Sul irrigated project presents, in part, data that favor the overestimation of water values ​​to be provided, but it also presents problems related to water supply for crops in scenarios and conditions of maximum crop requirements. Thus, this study shows the need for a previous study and an alternative for planning for cropping and the use of irrigation systems in Pontal Sul Irrigation Scheme.   Keywords: irrigation, agricultural planning, water use.

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