scholarly journals Racial/ethnic-based spirometry reference equations: Are they accurate for admixed populations?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Isaac Witonsky ◽  
Jennifer R Elhawary ◽  
Celeste Eng ◽  
Jose R. Rodriguez-Santana ◽  
Luisa N Borrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Research Question ◽  
African Ancestry ◽  
Genetic Ancestry ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Reference Equations ◽  
American Children ◽  
Racial Ethnic

BACKGROUND: Variation in genetic ancestry among admixed racial/ethnic groups may influence the fit of guideline-recommended spirometry reference equations, which rely on self-identified race/ethnicity. RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the influence of genetic ancestry on the fit of the guideline-recommended racial/ethnic-based spirometry reference equations in populations of genetically admixed children? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Cross-sectional fit of guideline-recommended racial/ethnic-based spirometry reference equations was evaluated in control subjects from case-control studies of asthma. Anthropometry, blood samples, and spirometric measurements were obtained in 599 healthy admixed children, aged 8 to 21-years. Genetic ancestry was estimated using genome-wide genotype data. Equation fit was determined as a mean z-score between -0.5 and 0.5 and assessed in self-identified African American (N = 275) and Puerto Rican (N = 324) children using the distribution to determine cut points of genetic ancestry. RESULTS: For African American children, African American-derived equations fit for predicting FEV1 and FVC in those with an African ancestry above the median (81-100%), whereas composite equations for "other/mixed" populations fit for predicting FEV1 and FVC in those with an African ancestry below the median (31-81%). Among Puerto Rican children, White-derived equations fit for predicting FEV1, and the composite equations fit for predicting FVC for those with African ancestry above the median (21-88%). In contrast, in Puerto Rican children with African ancestry below the median (6-21%), only equations derived in Whites provide an adequate fit. INTERPRETATION: Guideline-recommended spirometry reference equations yielded biased estimates of lung function in admixed populations with high variation of African ancestry. Spirometry is due for reference equations that incorporate genetic ancestry, either for more precise application of the current equations or the derivation and utilization of new equations.

scholarly journals Electronic health records (EHR) simulation-based training: a scoping review protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. e036884
Author(s):  
Joseph K Nuamah ◽  
Karthik Adapa ◽  
Lukasz Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Electronic Health ◽  
Free Environment

IntroductionEffective electronic health record (EHR)-based training interventions facilitate improved EHR use for healthcare providers. One such training intervention is simulation-based training that emphasises learning actual tasks through experimentation in a risk-free environment without negative patient outcomes. EHR-specific simulation-based training can be employed to improve EHR use, thereby enhancing healthcare providers’ skills and behaviours. Despite the potential advantages of this type of training, no study has identified and mapped the available evidence. To fill that gap, this scoping review will synthesise the current state of literature on EHR simulation-based training.Methods and analysisThe Arksey and O’Malley methodological framework will be employed. Three databases (PubMed, Embase and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) will be searched for published articles. ProQuest and Google Scholar will be searched to identify unpublished articles. Databases will be searched from inception to 29 January 2020. Only articles written in English, randomised control trials, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies and case-control studies will be considered for inclusion. Two reviewers will independently screen titles and abstracts against inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, they will review full texts to determine articles for final inclusion. Citation chaining will be conducted to manually screen references of all included studies to identify additional studies not found by the search. A data abstraction form with relevant characteristics will be developed to help address the research question. Descriptive numerical analysis will be used to describe characteristics of included studies. Based on the extracted data, research evidence of EHR simulation-based training will be synthesised.Ethics and disseminationSince no primary data will be collected, there will be no formal ethical review. Research findings will be disseminated through publications, presentations and meetings with relevant stakeholders.

scholarly journals Trends in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among California children

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (16) ◽  
pp. 2864-2869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L Beck ◽  
Suzanna Martinez ◽  
Anisha I Patel ◽  
Alicia Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Population Level ◽  
California Health Interview Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽  
Sweetened Beverage ◽  
Sports Drinks ◽  
Racial Ethnic

AbstractObjective:To assess trends in consumption of soda, sweetened fruit drinks/sports drinks and any sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) from 2013 to 2016 among all children in California aged 2–5 and 6–11 years and by racial-ethnic group.Design:Serial cross-sectional study using the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS).Setting:CHIS is a telephone survey of households in California designed to assess population-level estimates of key health behaviours. Previous research using CHIS documented a decrease in SSB consumption among children in California from 2003 to 2009 coinciding with state-level policy efforts targeting child SSB consumption.Participants:Parents of children in California aged 2–11 years (n 4901 in 2013–2014; n 3606 in 2015–2016) were surveyed about the child’s consumption of soda and sweetened fruit drinks/sports drinks on the day prior.Results:Among 2–5-year-olds, consumption of soda, sweetened fruit drinks/sports drinks and any SSB remained stable. Sweetened fruit drink/sports drink consumption was higher than soda consumption in this age group. Latino 2–5- year-olds were more likely to consume any SSB in both 2013–2014 and 2015–2016 compared with Whites. Among 6–11-year-olds, consumption of soda, sweetened fruit drinks/sports drinks and any SSB also remained stable over time. Latino and African-American 6–11-year-olds were more likely to consume an SSB in 2013–2014 compared with White children.Conclusions:SSB consumption among children in California was unchanged from 2013 to 2016 and racial-ethnic disparities were evident. Increased policy efforts are needed to further reduce SSB consumption, particularly among children of Latino and African-American backgrounds.

scholarly journals The Risk of Obesity for Children with Obese Mothers is Greater for Latinos and African Americans Than Whites from Low-Income Households

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1663-1663
Author(s):  
Fred Molitor ◽  
Celeste Doerr
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
African American Children ◽  
White Children ◽  
Obese Mother ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
American Children ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Low Income Households

Abstract Objectives To investigate whether the magnitude of the increased obesity risk from having an obese mother is greater for children from certain racial/ethnic groups. Methods Low-income households were randomly selected in 2015, 2016, and 2017, and sent a tape measure for recording height prior to English or Spanish telephone interviews with mothers and children (5–17 years). Reported height (kilograms), weight (centimeters), gender, and age were used to calculate BMI. Children ≥the 95th percentile were classified as obese. Children with missing (9.0% of the sample) or extreme (< 1 of the sample) height or weight were excluded from the analyses. Relationships between mother and childhood obesity status controlled for children's age and gender, and mothers’ education. Results The analytic sample was 8603; 5415 children 5 to 11 years and 3188 children 12 to 17 years. The overall response rate was 70.2%. The sample was 67.1% Latino, 15.0% African American, and 14.2% white. The adjusted obesity prevalence was 23.2%; 25.2% for children 5 to 11 years and 20.6% for children 12 to 17 years. African American (OR 1.67, 95% CI, 1.38–2.02) and Latino (OR 1.43, 95% CI, 1.22–1.68) children had higher obesity rates than white children. As hypothesized, children with obese mothers were more likely to be obese. The increased odds of childhood obesity for having an obese mother was significantly greater for African American (OR 2.33, 95% CI, 1.97–3.03) and Latino children (OR 2.21, 95% CI, 1.95–2.50) than for white children (OR 1.84, 95% CI, 1.37–2.48). Conclusions One-fourth of children 5 to 11 years and one-fifth of children 12 to 17 years from low-income households in California are obese. In line with past research, white children were less likely to be obese than Latino and African American children. Our prevalence findings are subject to self-report biases. Yet, the increased risk of obesity for children with obese mothers for Latino and African American children are less subject to invalidity. Our study uniquely contributes to the research literature by demonstrating that disparities across racial/ethnic groups extend to the increased risk of obesity for Latino and African American children whose mother is obese, compared with white children with an obese mother. Funding Sources California Department of Social Services.

scholarly journals Inflammatory Bowel Disease in African American Children Compared With Other Racial/Ethnic Groups in a Multicenter Registry

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 1361-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanda M. White ◽  
Siobhán O'Connor ◽  
Harland S. Winter ◽  
Melvin B. Heyman ◽  
Barbara S. Kirschner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
African American ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
African American Children ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
American Children ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Multicenter Registry

scholarly journals Is childhood wheeze and asthma in Latin America associated with poor hygiene and infection? A systematic review

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e000249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Ardura-Garcia ◽  
Paul Garner ◽  
Philip J Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Asthma Prevalence ◽  
Selective Reporting ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
American Children

IntroductionHigh asthma prevalence in Latin-American cities is thought to be caused by poor hygiene and infections. This contradicts the widely accepted ‘hygiene hypothesis’ for asthma aetiology.MethodsSystematic review of observational studies evaluating the association between poor hygiene exposures or infections and asthma/wheeze among Latin-American children aged 4–16 years. MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS and CINAHL electronic databases were searched following a predefined strategy to 18 December 2017. We quantified outcomes measured and reported, assessed risk of bias and tabulated the results.ResultsForty-five studies included: 6 cohort, 30 cross-sectional and 9 case–control studies. 26 cross-sectional studies were school-based surveys (14 of over 3000 children), whereas 5 case–control studies were hospital/health centre-based. Exposures measured and reported varied substantially between studies, and current wheeze was the most common outcome reported. Data showed selective reporting based on statistical significance (P value <0.05): 17/45 studies did not clearly describe the number of exposures measured and 15/45 studies reported on less than 50% of the exposures measured. Most exposures studied did not show an association with wheeze or asthma, except for a generally increased risk associated with acute respiratory infections in early life. Contradictory associations were observed frequently between different studies.ConclusionSelective reporting is common in observational studies exploring the association between environmental exposures and risk of wheeze/asthma. This, together with the use of different study outcomes (wheeze/asthma) associated with possibly distinct causal mechanisms, complicates inferences about the role of poor hygiene exposures and childhood infections in explaining asthma prevalence in Latin-American children.

scholarly journals The Behavior of Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Dental Clinics

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Hala M. Elkamash ◽  
Hatem M. Abuohashish
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

Objectives. This review documents published obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) cases with dental and oral conditions with potential impact on the dental procedure. The research question was, what are the psychiatric and behavioral features of people with OCD that might affect dental sessions? Methods. This review followed the PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO registration No. CRD42020212371). Six databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO) were screened for published clinical studies that report dental patients with obsessions or compulsions behaviors as identified by National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Inclusion of the studies was performed according to the eligibility criteria. The quality evaluation was carried out using the Joanna Briggs Institute’s (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist. The results were qualitatively assessed for synthesis. Results. After elimination of duplication, 530 articles were screened, and 35 articles were evaluated for eligibility. 17 studies met the inclusion criteria (8 case reports, 5 cross-sectional studies, 1 longitudinal cohort study, and 3 case-control studies) and were included in the review. All case reports demonstrated symptoms of obsessions or compulsions such as fear of germs and contamination, aggressive thoughts, having things symmetric in perfect order, excessive cleaning or handwashing, repeatedly checking things, and compulsive counting. OCD-related behavior was assessed in the included clinical investigations using standardized protocols such as Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, 4-item Corah Dental Anxiety Scale, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and the Crown Crisp Experimental Index. Quality assessment of the 17 included articles revealed 14 articles with low risk of bias and 3 articles with moderate risk of bias. Conclusion. The reported OCD symptoms may implement psychological difficulties during dental procedures without affecting the outcome. Although there was no contraindication for planning or performing dental treatments for a patient with OCD, dental-related procedures and protocols might be modified for successful dental appointments.

Health-Care Use Among Puerto Rican and African-American Children With Asthma

CHEST Journal ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn T. Cohen ◽  
Juan C. Celedón ◽  
Vanessa J. Hinckson ◽  
Clare D. Ramsey ◽  
Dorothy B. Wakefield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
African American ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Health Care Use ◽  
African American Children ◽  
Children With Asthma ◽  
American Children

Prevalence of Self-Reported Activity and Sedentary Behaviors Among 4th-, 8th-, and 11th-Grade Texas Public School Children: The School Physical Activity and Nutrition Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 535-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna M. Hoelscher ◽  
Cristina Barroso ◽  
Andrew Springer ◽  
Brian Castrucci ◽  
Steven H. Kelder
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
African American ◽  
Sedentary Behaviors ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Nutrition Study ◽  
American Children ◽  
And Gender ◽  
11Th Grade

Background:Few studies have compared physical activity (PA) and sedentary activity (SA) by grade and ethnicity, specifically including elementary school students. A cross-sectional probability-based design was used to provide data by ethnicity (African American, Hispanic, and White/Other), gender, and grade (4th, 8th, and 11th) from 2000 to 2002.Methods:Two validated questionnaires (elementary and secondary) assessed self-reported PA and SA. Point-prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals were computed.Results:Over 70% of students reported vigorous PA on ≥3 days/week, but <50% participated in daily physical education. A significant percentage (30% to 50%) of students reported ≥3 hours per day in SA. Fourth-grade boys and girls reported equal PA; however, 8th and 11th grade girls reported lowered vigorous PA. African American 8th- and 11th-grade boys reported the highest PA, but African American children also reported the highest prevalence of SA.Conclusions:Findings from this study highlight the disparities in physical and sedentary activities by gender, grade, and race/ethnicity, and the need to address these differences with programs and policy. In general, grade level and gender differences were more striking and consistent than racial/ethnic differences.

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