scholarly journals Natural interploidy hybridization among the key taxa involved in the origin of horticultural chrysanthemums

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Qi ◽  
Alex D Twyford ◽  
Junyi Ding ◽  
James S Borrell ◽  
Yueping Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Barriers ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Chloroplast Haplotype ◽  
Environmental Selection ◽  
Chrysanthemum Indicum ◽  
Genetic Clusters ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Different Levels

Understanding hybridization and introgression between natural plant populations can give important insights into the origins of cultivated species. Recent studies suggest differences in ploidy may not create such strong reproductive barriers as once thought, and thus studies into cultivated origins should examine all co-occurring taxa, including those with contrasting ploidy levels. Here, we characterized hybridization between Chrysanthemum indicum, Chrysanthemum vestitum and Chrysanthemum vestitum var. latifolium, the most important wild species involved in the origins of cultivated chrysanthemums. We analysed population structure of 317 Chrysanthemum accessions based on 13 microsatellite markers and sequenced chloroplast trnL-trnF for a subset of 103 Chrysanthemum accessions. We identified three distinct genetic clusters, corresponding to the three taxa. We detected 20 hybrids between species of different ploidy levels, of which 19 were between C. indicum (4x) and C. vestitum (6x) and one was between C. indicum and C. vestitum var. latifolium (6x). Fourteen hybrids between C. indicum and C. vestitum were from one of the five study sites. Chrysanthemum vestitum and C. vestitum var. latifolium share only one chloroplast haplotype. The substantially different number of hybrids between hybridizing species was likely due to different levels of reproductive isolation coupled with environmental selection against hybrids. In addition, human activities may play a role in the different patterns of hybridization among populations.

Biosynthetic and cytological studies in tissue cultures and regenerated plants of haploid Atropa belladonna

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (21) ◽  
pp. 2781-2784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Eapen ◽  
T. S. Rangan ◽  
M. S. Chadha ◽  
M. R. Heble
Keyword(s):  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Haploid Plant ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Atropa Belladonna ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Regenerated Plants ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Alkaloid Contents

Tissue cultures have been established from leaves of one anther-derived haploid plant of Atropa belladonna L. Regenerants obtained from callus cultures were transferred to soil and reared to maturity. Callus cells and regenerants exhibited variable degrees of ploidy. The frequency of different ploidy levels in both the systems did not vary significantly during fifth to eighth serial passages.Callus tissue and regenerated plants (at flowering stage) were analyzed to determine the concentration of tropine, atropine, scopolamine, and total alkaloids. While the alkaloid content in callus cultures was very low (0.8 × 10−3%), the regenerated plants contained different levels of individual and total alkaloids. The ploidy of the plant had direct bearing on the individual and total alkaloid contents.

Root-knot Control and Yield Response of Corn with Seed Treatment and Granular Nematicides

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin K. Hagan ◽  
H. Brad Miller ◽  
Jason Burkett ◽  
Katherine Burch
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Bacillus Firmus ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Study Sites

In Coastal Plain soils of the southeastern United States, the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita race 3 causes significant yield loss in corn. Impact of abamectin + thiamethoxam and clothianidin + Bacillus firmus I-1582 nematicide seed treatments along with terbufos granular nematicide on RKN reproduction, plant populations, plant growth, and yield was assessed at two Alabama sites. Thiamethoxam and clothianidin insecticide seed treatments were included as controls. A factorial arranged as split-split plot with year as the main plot, seed treatment as the split plot, and granular nematicide as the split-split-plot treatment was used. Lower plant populations were noted for terbufos-treated corn at one study site. Reduced RKN reproduction was observed with terbufos granular nematicide at both study sites. Fresh seedling weights and yields were usually higher for the terbufos- than non-terbufos-treated corn. At both sites, both nematicide seed treatments and their insecticide seed treatment counterparts had similar plant populations, RKN reproduction rate, and fresh seedling weights. Yield differences were noted at both locations between abamectin + thiamethoxam and thiamethoxam but not clothianidin + Bacillus firmus I-1582 and clothianidin. With mean yield gains up to 13.5%, terbufos was superior to both of the nematicide seed treatments for managing RKN and protecting corn yields. Accepted for publication 19 October 2015. Published 1 November 2015.

scholarly journals Evolutionary dynamics of bipartite begomoviruses revealed by complete genome analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
César A.D. Xavier ◽  
Márcio T. Godinho ◽  
Talita B. Mar ◽  
Camila G. Ferro ◽  
Osvaldo F.L. Sande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Bipartite Begomoviruses ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Evolutionary Studies ◽  
Genetic Clusters ◽  
Complete Genome Analysis ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACTSeveral key evolutionary events marked the evolution of geminiviruses, culminating with the emergence of bipartite genomes represented by viruses classified in the genus Begomovirus. This genus represents the most abundant group of multipartite viruses, contributing significantly to the observed abundance of multipartite species in the virosphere. Although aspects related to virus-host interactions and evolutionary dynamics have been extensively studied, the bipartite nature of these viruses has been little explored in evolutionary studies. We performed a parallel evolutionary analysis of the DNA-A and DNA-B components of New World begomoviruses. A total of 239 full-length DNA-B sequences obtained in this study, combined with 292 DNA-A and 76 DNA-B sequences retrieved from GenBank, were analyzed. The results indicate that the DNA-A and DNA-B respond differentially to evolutionary processes, with the DNA-B being more permissive to variation and more prone to recombination than the DNA-A. Although a clear geographic segregation was observed for both components, differences in the genetic structure between DNA-A and DNA-B were also observed, with cognate components belonging to distinct genetic clusters. DNA-B coding regions evolve under the same selection pressures than DNA-A coding regions. Together, our results indicate an interplay between reassortment and recombination acting at different levels across distinct subpopulations and components.

scholarly journals Desenvolvimento inicial de plantas de trigo em resposta à associação com bactérias diazotróficas e níveis de irrigação por solução ácida

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e558996599
Author(s):  
Vandeir Franscisco Guimarães ◽  
Leandro Rampim ◽  
Renan Felipe Bellé ◽  
Lucas Guilherme Bulegon ◽  
Vanessa de Oliveira Faria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Different Levels

The cultivated species have ideal soil pH for absorption of nutrients and proper development, it is necessary to know the performance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and promoting plant growth (PGPBs) at different levels of acidity, in order to increase the results to elevate crop yields with the use of technology inoculation of seeds of gramineous. Thereby, the present study aimed to determine the initial development of wheat seedlings subjected to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Herbaspirillum seropedicae at different levels of acidity irrigating solution in autoclaved sand substrate. Adopted the randomized block design (RBD) in a 3x4 factorial design with three levels of acidity of the solution (pH 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5) and the second factor [without inoculation, seeds inoculated at the time of seeding with A. brasilense (AbV5), H. seropedicae (SmR1) and association of the two strains AbV5+ SmR1. Increased root length was detected at pH 4.5 compared to pH 5.5 and 6.5 regardless or not with A. brasilense and H. seropedicae. Inoculation with A. brasilense promotes greater diameter collect, regardless of the pH and increase in root volume to pH 6.5 alone or associated with H. seropedicae.

scholarly journals Landscape and taxon age are associated with differing patterns of hybridization in two Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) subgenera

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
T P Robins ◽  
R M Binks ◽  
M Byrne ◽  
S D Hopper
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Reproductive Barriers ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Clonal Spread

Abstract Background and Aims Hybridization is an important evolutionary process that can have a significant impact on natural plant populations. Eucalyptus species are well known for weak reproductive barriers and extensive hybridization within subgenera, but there is little knowledge of whether patterns of hybridization differ among subgenera. Here, we examine eucalypts of Western Australia’s Stirling Range to investigate how patterns of hybridization are associated with landscape and taxon age between the two largest Eucalyptus subgenera: Eucalyptus and Symphyomyrtus. In doing so, we tested a hypothesis of OCBIL (old, climatically buffered, infertile landscape) theory that predicts reduced hybridization on older landscapes. Methods Single nucleotide polymorphism markers were applied to confirm the hybrid status, parentage and genetic structure of five suspected hybrid combinations for subg. Eucalyptus and three combinations for subg. Symphyomyrtus. Key Results Evidence of hybridization was found in all combinations, and parental taxa were identified for most combinations. The older parental taxa assessed within subg. Eucalyptus, which are widespread on old landscapes, were identified as well-defined genetic entities and all hybrids were exclusively F1 hybrids. In addition, many combinations showed evidence of clonality, suggesting that the large number of hybrids recorded from some combinations is the result of long-term clonal spread following a few hybridization events rather than frequent hybridization. In contrast, the species in subg. Symphyomyrtus, which typically occur on younger landscapes and are more recently evolved, showed less distinction among parental taxa, and where hybridization was detected, there were high levels of introgression. Conclusions Reduced hybridization in subg. Eucalyptus relative to extensive hybridization in subg. Symphyomyrtus affirmed the hypothesis of reduced hybridization on OCBILs and demonstrate that clade divergence times, landscape age and clonality are important drivers of differing patterns of speciation and hybridization in Eucalyptus.

scholarly journals Diversity, distribution and role of wild crucifers in major cabbage and kale growing areas of Kenya

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kahuthia-Gathu ◽  
B. Löhr ◽  
H.M. Poehling ◽  
P.K. Mbugua
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Diadegma Semiclausum ◽  
Cotesia Plutellae ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Semi Arid

AbstractAn investigation of the diversity and distribution of wild crucifer species and their importance for cultivated crucifers was conducted during 2005 and 2006 in the highland and mid-altitude semi-arid areas of Kenya. Thirteen species of wild crucifers in nine genera were recorded:Raphanus raphanistrum,Erucastrum arabicum,Sisymbrium officinale,Crambe kilimandscharica,Capsella bursa-pastoris,Rorippa nudiuscula,Ro. micrantha,Ro. microphylla,Lepidium bonariense,Coronopus didymus,Brassica rapa,B. junceaand an unidentifiedBrassicaspecies. Highland areas had significantly higher species diversity and species richness than mid-altitude semi-arid areas. Species richness, diversity and evenness varied with season and location.Raphanus raphanistrumwas the dominant non-cultivated species in the highlands followed byE. arabicum, which was also present and dominant in the semi-arid study sites. Diamondback moth (DBM) was recorded from ten wild crucifer species andR. raphanistrumandE. arabicumwere the preferred host plant species. Overall, four larval, one larval-pupal and one pupal parasitoid of DBM were recorded:Diadegma semiclausum,D. mollipla, Apanteles sp.,Cotesia plutellae, Oomyzus sokolowskiiandBrachymeriaspecies, respectively.Diadegma semiclausumwas the most dominant species on all crucifers. We conclude that wild crucifers act as alternative hosts for DBM and provide refugia for DBM parasitoids, which risk local extinction through pesticide application or competition from introduced exotic parasitoid species. The wild crucifers also act as recolonization sites for DBM parasitoids.

Factors Influencing Damage by the Portuguese Millipede, Ommatoiulus moreleti (Julida: Julidae), to Crop Seedlings

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 2695-2702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Douglas ◽  
Ary Hoffmann ◽  
Paul Umina ◽  
Sarina Macfadyen
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Field Situation ◽  
Alternate Food ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractIn different parts of the world, the increasing agricultural practice of retaining crop stubble in fields across seasons has led to population increases of soil-dwelling arthropods, primarily detritivorous species. These species typically play a beneficial role in the ecosystem, but some, including the Portuguese millipede (Ommatoiulus moreleti (Lucas)) can be sporadic pests. To assist in better understanding of pest risk, this study examines why O. moreleti feeds on crop seedlings. For lupin, seedling susceptibility appears to be related to plant properties, with greatly different levels of damage caused to the two cultivated species (Lupinus angustinus and Lupinus albus) and particularly between cultivated and wild-type L. angustinus seedlings. Millipedes feeding on lupin (cultivated L. angustinus), but not lucerne (Medicago sativa), gained a similar amount of weight to those feeding on other foods known to be readily consumed. The life-stage and sex of O. moreleti was found to be related to seedling damage. The presence of crop stubbles (as alternate food sources) did not limit the damage O. moreleti caused to lupin, suggesting that the presence of stubble in a field situation may not preclude feeding on crop seedlings. We discuss how results from these controlled environment trials can build a basis for understanding variable crop damage by O. moreleti in the field.

scholarly journals A comparative environmental assessment using bioindicator plants in conditions of anthropogenic impact of Saransk and Insar

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Marina Viktorovna Labutina ◽  
Tatiana Aleksandrovna Maskaeva ◽  
Nina Dmitrievna Chegodaeva ◽  
Evgeniya Aleksandrovna Kurynova
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Urban Greening ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Betula Verrucosa ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
The City ◽  
Very High ◽  
Environmental Importance ◽  
Different Levels

The paper studies the reaction of pendent white birch ( Betula verrucosa ) as the main urban culture used in urban greening at different levels of anthropogenic impact. Annual studies indicate that there is no sustainable trend to reduce man-made emissions in the region. Greening of large industrial centers is of great environmental importance. According to morphometric and some reproductive parameters, the birch has an adaptive response to environmental conditions. The studies have shown that habitat conditions directly affect the morphometric and reproductive characteristics of plants. To a greater extent, in conditions of anthropogenic impact increase, the reaction of biomorphological parameters of the pendent white birch is manifested. When using the method of fluctuating asymmetry, its integral indicators showed the reaction of plants to the increase in anthropogenic impact in the city. The germination and germination energy of birch seeds collected from different study sites are indicative in this respect. The variable coefficient on the size of fruits and seedlings revealed, as a rule, a very high variability (20-40%), which explains the high plasticity of plants to living conditions even at the early stages of their development.

scholarly journals Hybridisation in the Brown Alga Carpophyllum:  Investigating Morphology, Distribution and Wave Exposure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Fiona Jean Hodge
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Wave Exposure ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Environmental Selection ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Stipe Width

<p>Hybridisation can result in new hybrid lineages, parental species extinctions, the transfer of adaptations, or the merging of parental lineages. Subsequently hybridisation has important implications for the species involved. Hybridisation has recently been confirmed between the Fucalean brown algae Carpophyllum angustifolium and Carpophyllum maschalocarpum using the ITS2 marker. This study conducted a detailed morphometric analysis combined with molecular data to investigate morphology distribution and exposure at two sites on the East Cape. Hybridisation was also morphologically investigated at Leigh, where the previous work had been unable to resolve hybrids using the ITS2 marker. Carpophyllum angustifolium, C. maschalocarpum and their hybrids had distinct and intermediate morphologies, and could be identified by stipe width alone. Individuals with hybrid genotypes with distinctive C. angustifolium morphotypes were also found, which suggests asymmetrical introgression is occurring. Some aspects of C. angustifolium and C. maschalocarpum morphology were found to be correlated with wave exposure. In the more exposed zones C. angustifolium individuals were longer, while C. maschalocarpum individuals were shorter, had thinner stipes and less frequent vesicle presence. There were also nonsignificant trends of C. maschalocarpum individuals having thinner lamina, and lower branch presence in higher wave exposures. The distributions of C. angustifolium, C. maschalocarpum and their hybrids were found to be correlated with exposure. Carpophyllum angustifolium was distributed only in the relatively exposed zones, while C. maschalocarpum was distributed mainly in the more sheltered zones. Hybrids were distributed in intermediate exposure zones where both parental species were present. The hybrid distributions could be a reflection of environmental selection or of the parental contact zone. Morphological evidence was found for hybridisation at Leigh, although there were differences between the morphologies of East Cape and Leigh clusters of C. angustifolium and hybrids. These differences could be due to environmental differences, genetic differentiation or different levels of introgression between the two locations. The general findings in this study support the existing literature on hybridisation, which mainly comes from terrestrial plant and animal species complexes.</p>

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