scholarly journals The cost of illness for childhood clinical pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aishatu L Adamu ◽  
Boniface Karia ◽  
Musa M Bello ◽  
Mahmoud G Jahun ◽  
Safiya Gambo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Resource Utilisation ◽  
Income Loss ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Costs Of Treatment ◽  
Household Costs ◽  
Utilisation Data ◽  
The Impact

Background: Pneumococcal disease contributes significantly to childhood morbidity and mortality and treatment is costly. Nigeria recently introduced the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) to prevent pneumococcal disease. The aim of this study is to estimate health provider and household costs for the treatment of pneumococcal disease in children aged <5 years (U5s), and to assess the impact of these costs on household income. Methods: We recruited U5s with clinical pneumonia, pneumococcal meningitis or pneumococcal septicaemia from a tertiary and a secondary level hospital in Kano, Nigeria. We obtained resource utilisation data from medical records to estimate costs of treatment to provider, and household expenses and income loss data from caregiver interviews to estimate costs of treatment to households. We defined catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) as household costs exceeding 25% of monthly household income and estimated the proportion of households that experienced it. We compared CHE across tertiles of household income (from the poorest to least poor). Results: Of 480 participants recruited, 244 had outpatient pneumonia, and 236 were hospitalised with pneumonia (117), septicaemia (66) and meningitis (53). Median (IQR) provider costs were US$17 (US$14-22) for outpatients and US$272 (US$271-360) for inpatients. Median household cost was US$51 (US$40-69). Overall, 33% of households experienced CHE, while 53% and 4% of the poorest and least poor households, experienced CHE respectively. The odds of CHE increased with admission at the secondary hospital, a diagnosis of meningitis or septicaemia, higher provider costs, and caregiver having a non-salaried job. Conclusion: Provider costs are substantial, and households incur treatment expenses that considerably impact on their income and this is particularly so for the poorest households. Sustaining the PCV programme and ensuring high and equitable coverage to lower disease burden will reduce the economic burden of pneumococcal disease to the healthcare provider and households.

scholarly journals The Impact of Education on Household Income in Rural Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung Van Vu
Keyword(s):  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Quantile Regression Analysis ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Using data from the 2018 Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey, our study investigates the impact of education on household income in rural Vietnam. Both mean and quantile regression analyses were employed to analyze the impact of education. We found that education has a positive effect on the household income after controlling for various factors in the models. However, quantile regression analysis reveals that the effect of schooling years increases with quantiles, suggesting that education bring higher returns for richer households. We also found that households with the heads having higher qualifications or vocational education tend to earn higher income levels. Combined together, these findings imply that while education was found to increase household income, it increases income inequality in rural Vietnam. Our research findings suggest that improving the access of poor households to better education is expected to increase their income and reduce inequality in rural Vietnam.

scholarly journals The Health and Economic Impacts of Structural Energy Performance Investments in Wales: An Evaluation of the Arbed Programme

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhodri Johnson ◽  
Sarah Rodgers ◽  
Alan Watkins ◽  
Wouter Poortinga ◽  
Charlotte Grey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Research ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Healthcare Utilisation ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Resource Utilisation ◽  
Improve Energy Efficiency ◽  
Utilisation Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Deprived Areas

ABSTRACT ObjectivesOver £68M was invested in a housing regeneration programme (Arbed) in 2010-2011 to improve the energy performance of houses in a number of deprived areas across Wales. Houses within the areas were retrofitted with measures, such as external wall insulation, solar hot water systems, solar panels and air source heat pumps. The study aims to establish whether such interventions improve residents’ physical and mental health, and the economic impact of change in health outcomes. ApproachAddress and intervention data were collected from 28 administrative centres and anonymously linked within the SAIL (Secure Anonymised Information Linkage) databank. Two comparator groups were created, one consisting of social houses, another from properties situated in the most deprived areas of Wales. Individuals with continuous residence of at least 60 days over a 10 year period were selected to create a dynamic cohort. Data on emergency hospital admissions and primary care records were extracted from SAIL to assess the impact of investments on healthcare utilisation for cardiovascular and respiratory conditions. Healthcare utilisation data also contributed towards an economic evaluation and excess winter admissions analyses. ResultsThe final dataset comprises data from over half a million people contributing more than 3 million person years of exposure time to build up trends of hospital admissions across the study period. The intervention cohort consists of over 35,000 people, with about 7,000 separate hospital admissions recorded for our primary outcome. The analysis is based on a pooled time series regression using a difference-in-difference approach to estimate the health impact of the programme. Conclusion Retrospective analysis of such a natural experiment using routinely collected health data is possible using data linkage techniques. Final results will show whether social programmes to improve energy efficiency to homes in fuel poor areas have a wider impact on the healthcare resource utilisation of residents. We discuss the requirement for more standardised, accurate and timely data capture at the time of such economic investments to ensure the future feasibility of such studies. This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research, Public Health Research (PHR) program (project number 11/3020/05)(http://www.nets.nihr.ac.uk/projects/phr/11302005).

scholarly journals Promotion Des Exportations Des Produits Industriels, Emploi Et Revenu Des Menages Au Maroc. Une Simulation D’impact A L’aide D’un Modele De Multiplicateurs De La Matrice De Comptabilite Sociale

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (25) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Nouzha Zaoujal ◽  
Rachid El Mataoui
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Social Accounting Matrix ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
The Social ◽  
Global Economic Growth ◽  
The Impact

This paper aims to analyze empirically the impact of increased exports of industrial products on employment, household income (rich, average and poor) and sectoral and global economic growth in Morocco. The methodological approach used is the multiplier techniques based on the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). For this we use the 2015 Morocco’s SAM. The results indicate that a generally positive impact on all sectoral and macroeconomic aggregates (production, added value, employment, transactions balance and GDP). For household’s income, the results indicate also that the impact would have benefited to the average households more than rich or poor households.

scholarly journals Does the Health Insurance Program Reduce Health-Induced Poverty?: New Evidence From the China Household Income Project

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 355-355
Author(s):  
Yalu Zhang ◽  
Qin Gao
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The growing cost of healthcare services has been a concern for many countries in the world. In China, medical expenditures can account for as much as 65% of per capita income in some low-GDP counties in 2011. One of the primary goals of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Insurance (NRCMI) is to provide financial protection and alleviate the financial burdens of rural residents in China. This paper examined whether NRCMI participation impacted the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) among middle-aged and older adults (45 years old and above) using the China Household Income Project 2007 rural data and an instrumental variable estimation method in two provinces where there was heterogeneity in NRCMI implementation schedule. The results show that NRCMI enrollment could not impact the likelihood of experiencing CHE among middle-aged and older adults. However, NRCMI participation increased the actual amount of medical expenses in one province but not in the other. Although none of the prior studies have used instruments and village fixed effects or take endogeneity issues into account to investigate the impact of NRCMI on relative financial burden among recipients, the results found in this study are generally aligned with the prior findings, especially with those using quasi-experimental studies. Findings from this study provide empirical evidence to the policymakers that the effect of NRCMI participation on financial protections is limited despite its broad population coverage. The limited effects are probably due to the low reimbursement rate and more utilization of expensive healthcare services.

scholarly journals The Impact of Non-Traditional Export Agriculture on Income and Food Availability in Guatemala: An Intra-Household Perspective

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Katz
Keyword(s):  
Food Availability ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Traditional Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Export ◽  
New Crops ◽  
Food Expenditures ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Central Highland ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
The Impact

This paper assesses the impact of non-traditional agriculture exports (NTAE) in highland Guatemala on the level and distribution of household income, and the financing and purchase of food items. Heckman's two-step procedure was used to control for self-selection of NTAE producers and potential correlation of preferences. Farmers with greater extension of land, as well as younger Catholic farmers with higher-quality land, are most likely to adopt the new crops (broccoli, snow peas (mange-tout!), and NTAE crops are highly profitable for those who adopt them. Despite the widespread use of female labour in the production of NTAE crops, the extent of adoption is not negatively associated with women's ability to generate independent income. Land devoted to the new crops also exhibits a strong positive relationship with subsistence production of corn and beans. Weak evidence supports the hypothesis that distinct intra-household income transfer patterns obtained in NTAE crop-adopting households compared with non-adopting households: in the former, the level of the weekly food allowance provided to women by their husbands is less responsive to changes in both household and female income, making women's earnings a more important overall determinant of food expenditure. A simulation exercise showed that households that have not adopted new crops would use increases in income to augment food expenditures to a much greater extent than adopting households. Within adopting households, the impact of increases in women's income on food expenditures is nearly double that of increases in men's income. Women's flexibility with regard to the allocation of their labour time and income plays an important role in the relative success of non-traditional agriculture as a means of improving household food availability. Improving the food consumption of poor households is often an important implicit or explicit goal of income-generating strategies such as the promotion of non-traditional agricultural export (NTAE) crops. However, a fair amount of controversy surrounds the strength of the relationship between increases in household income and greater access to and intake of nutritious foods. This is particularly the case when those increases in income are based on the displacement of subsistence crops and/or are biased in flavour of men, who may have less propensity than women to spend marginal income gains on food for the family. The nutritional impact of NTAE in highland Guatemala was assessed in a conceptual framework that accounts for the mediating influences of changes in household income, subsistence food production, and alterations in intra-household resource transfers. The data were drawn from a survey of over 300 rural households in five central highland communities between October 1990 and August 1991.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF SALINE INTRUSION ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN VINH THUAN DISTRICT, KIEN GIANG PROVINCE, VIETNAM

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (34) ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
Tham Thi Nguyen ◽  
Giao Thanh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Saline Intrusion ◽  
Aquatic Species ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Income Loss ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Main Production ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to survey the current status of saline intrusion in Vinh Thuan district, to assess the understanding of the local people on saline intrusion, review the impact of saline intrusion on agricultural production. Salinity was measured continuously for seven months wherein 60 households and six government officials were interviewed in Vinh Binh Bac and Vinh Phong communes, Vinh Thuan district, Kien Giang province, Vietnam. The results showed that salinity was higher than 4 parts per thousand in both communes during thedry season affecting local farming models in which rice in the combined shrimp-rice model was seriously damaged resulting in household income loss by 30%. Of the 60 households interviewed, 96.7% knew aboutsaline intrusion, of which 26.7% knew about saltwater intrusion through workshops held by agrochemical sellers. At the survey site, there were three main production models, including a rice-shrimp model (58.3%), shrimp combined with other aquatic species (33.4%), and pineapple farming (8.3%). Farmers understood that saline intrusion seriously affects agricultural production (accounting for 100% of interviewed households). In terms of adaptive capacity, the interview results showed that the rice-shrimp and pineapple models are more adaptable than the shrimp and aquatic species integrated models. Based on the results, some measures are proposed to minimize the damage caused by saline intrusion as well as improve the adaptability of the farmers of Vinh Thuan district to the effects of saline intrusion.

scholarly journals Financial implications of preterm birth during initial hospitalization: The extent and predictors of catastrophic health expenditure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadzri Zainal ◽  
Maznah Dahlui ◽  
Tin Tin Su
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Income Loss ◽  
Initial Hospitalization ◽  
Universal Health

ABSTRACTPreterm birth incidence has risen globally and the high cost of initial hospitalization poses financial burden to the family. This study assessed family cost at neonatal intensive care units of two hospitals in the state of Kedah, Malaysia. Family’s expenditure was obtained using a structured questionnaire. 126 families who were government employed spent a mean total cost of MYR 549 (MYR 0 - MYR 4,700) compared to MYR 650 (MYR 40 – MYR 9,300) for 244 families who were not government employed. Mean income loss was MYR 310 (MYR 0 – MYR 15,000) and MYR 348 (MYR 0 – MYR 5,500) respectively. Travel expenses was the cost driver for all families. 15% of families in this study were already living below the income poverty line and majority were not government employed. For the rest of the families, 21% became impoverished when one month household income was used for hospitalization cost but this lowered to 9% with cumulative household income by length of hospital stay. Overall incidence of catastrophic health expenditure among families was 38%. Using multivariable logistic regression household income and residential location were predictive factors for catastrophic health expenditure. Despite universal health coverage through subsidy of direct medical (hospital) cost, the high incidence of catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment among families of preterm infants was attributable to out of pocket payment for direct non-medical cost (such as travel and food) and indirect cost from income loss. Government employed families with an array of employment benefits appear better protected against financial hardship compared to those in private sector or self-employed. Remedial measures include improving neonatal intensive care unit rooming-in service for mothers, complementary financial assistance for families and enhancing universal health coverage through affordable social health insurance for infant healthcare.

Financial and monetary policy of the State and its impact on the income level and poverty reduction in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 964-990
Author(s):  
N.I. Kulikov ◽  
V.L. Parkhomenko ◽  
Akun Anna Stefani Rozi Mobio
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Subject. We assess the impact of tight financial and monetary policy of the government of the Russian Federation and the Bank of Russia on the level of household income and poverty reduction in Russia. Objectives. The purpose of the study is to analyze the results of financial and monetary policy in Russia and determine why the situation with household income and poverty has not changed for the recent six years, and the GDP growth rate in Russia is significantly lagging behind the global average. Methods. The study employs methods of analysis of scientific and information base, and synthesis of obtained data. The methodology and theoretical framework draw upon works of domestic and foreign scientists on economic and financial support to economy and population’s income. Results. We offer measures for liberalization of the financial and monetary policy of the government and the Central Bank to ensure changes in the structure of the Russian economy. The proposed alternative economic and financial policy of the State will enable the growth of real incomes of the population, poverty reduction by half by 2024, and annual GDP growth up to 6 per cent. Conclusions. It is crucial to change budget priorities, increase the salaries of public employees, introduce a progressive tax rate for individuals; to reduce the key rate to the value of annual inflation and limit the bank margin. The country needs a phased program to increase the population's income, which will ensure consumer demand.

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