scholarly journals Infection increases activity via Toll dependent and independent mechanisms in Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crystal M. Vincent ◽  
Esteban J. Beckwith ◽  
William H. Pearson ◽  
Katrin Kierdorf ◽  
Giorgio Gilestro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Imd Pathway ◽  
Increased Activity

AbstractHost behavioural changes are among the most apparent effects of infection. ‘Sickness behaviour’ can involve a variety of symptoms, including anorexia, depression, and changed activity levels. Here we use a real-time tracking and behavioural profiling platform to show that, in Drosophila melanogaster, many systemic bacterial infections cause significant increases in physical activity, and that the extent of this activity increase is a predictor of survival time in several lethal infections. Using various bacteria and D. melanogaster immune and activity mutants, we show that increased activity is driven by at least two different mechanisms. Increased activity after infection with Micrococcus luteus, a Gram-positive bacterium rapidly cleared by the immune response, strictly requires the Toll ligand spätzle and Toll-pathway activity in the fat body and the brain. In contrast, increased activity after infection with Francisella novicida, a Gram-negative bacterium that cannot be cleared by the immune response, is entirely independent of either spätzle or the parallel IMD pathway. The existence of multiple signalling mechanisms by which bacterial infections drive increases in physical activity implies that this effect may be an important aspect of the host response.

scholarly journals Nitric Oxide Levels Regulate the Immune Response of Drosophila melanogaster Reference Laboratory Strains to Bacterial Infections

2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 4169-4181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Eleftherianos ◽  
Kareen More ◽  
Stephanie Spivack ◽  
Ethan Paulin ◽  
Arman Khojandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reference Strains

ABSTRACTStudies on the innate immune response against microbial infections inDrosophila melanogasterinvolve mutant strains and their reference strains that act as experimental controls. We used five standardD. melanogasterlaboratory reference strains (Oregon R, w1118, Canton-S, Cinnabar Brown, and Yellow White [YW]) and investigated their response against two pathogenic bacteria (Photorhabdus luminescensandEnterococcus faecalis) and two nonpathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coliandMicrococcus luteus). We detected high sensitivity among YW flies to bacterial infections and increased bacterial growth compared to the other strains. We also found variation in the transcription of certain antimicrobial peptide genes among strains, with Oregon and YW infected flies showing the highest and lowest gene transcription levels in most cases. We show that Oregon and w1118 flies possess more circulating hemocytes and higher levels of phenoloxidase activity than the other strains upon infection with the nonpathogenic bacteria. We further observed reduced fat accumulation in YW flies infected with the pathogenic bacteria, which suggests a possible decline in physiological condition. Finally, we found that nitrite levels are significantly lower in infected and uninfected YW flies compared to w1118 flies and that nitric oxide synthase mutant flies in YW background are more susceptible to bacterial infection compared to mutants in w1118 background. Therefore, increased sensitivity of YW flies to bacterial infections can be partly attributed to lower levels of nitric oxide. Such studies will significantly contribute toward a better understanding of the genetic variation betweenD. melanogaster reference strains.

Family-based Physical Activity Is Associated With Increased Activity Levels Among Parents But Not Children

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 911
Author(s):  
Janice L. Thompson ◽  
Russell Jago ◽  
Kenneth R. Fox ◽  
Rowan Brockman ◽  
Kyle Macdonald-Wallis
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Family Based ◽  
Increased Activity

scholarly journals Physical Activity in Neurological Populations

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Suzanne Kuys ◽  
Jennifer Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Rehabilitation Outcomes ◽  
The World ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
The Continuum

The importance of physical activity to promote health is not new. However, the importance of physical activity in people with neurological conditions is increasingly being recognised. With many of the consequences of neurological conditions including difficulties with mobility, balance and strength; it stands to reason that optimising physical activity levels can result in many physical benefits. Physical activity can have many other flow-on effects with benefits seen in reduced mortality, and enhanced community participation and quality of life (Gordon et al., 2004). We are yet to understand the full extent to which physical activity contributes to rehabilitation outcomes; however, there is a growing body of research highlighting that the intensity of activity within rehabilitation environments is often inadequate for therapeutic gains (Kuys, Brauer, & Ada, 2006; McClanachan, Gesch, Wuthapanich, Fleming, & Kuys, 2013; Polese, Scianni, Kuys, Ada, & Teixeira-Salmela, 2014). It is not surprising therefore, that levels of physical activity continue to be poor following reintegration into the community (Morris, MacGillivray, & McFarlane, 2014). It is important that, as health care professionals, we support and encourage physical activity in all our clients. To that end, this special issue of Brain Impairment is devoted to raising the issue of physical activity in people with neurological conditions, and addressing questions such as: Why is physical activity important? How do we measure it? How do we enhance it, and what are the benefits of increased activity? This special issue brings together experts from around the world investigating and promoting physical activity across the continuum of care in various neurological populations including stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.

Motivational interviewing to increase physical activity in women with gestational diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 550-556
Author(s):  
Ralph Smith ◽  
Ashley Ridout ◽  
Angus Livingstone ◽  
Nicola Wango ◽  
Yvonne Kenworthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Motivational Interviewing ◽  
Clinical Pathway ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Moderate Intensity Physical Activity ◽  
Intensity Physical Activity ◽  
Increased Activity

Regular physical activity improves glycaemic control in pregnant women with gestational diabetes. Motivational interviewing is an effective technique for increasing activity levels. This report evaluates a clinical pathway developed to integrate physical activity motivational interviewing into routine gestational diabetes care. Women attending a single-centre NHS clinic were invited to engage in a physical activity-focused motivational interview. The aerobic physical activity levels of 62 women were evaluated at baseline and at a 2-week telephone follow up, coded into three categories by minutes of moderate intensity physical activity per week: red (<30 minutes), amber (30–149 minutes) and green (≥150 minutes). At baseline, 30.6% of participants were coded red, 41.9% amber and 27.4% green. At follow up, 4.8% women coded red, 38.7% amber and 56.5% green, demonstrating a significant association for increased activity levels after motivational interviewing (P<0.001). This clinical pathway provides encouraging results that physical activity increased significantly in the short term.

The Effect of Early Postoperative Physical Activity on Tissue Oxygen and Wound Healing

2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
JoAnne D. Whitney ◽  
Sharon Parkman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Hip Replacement ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Tissue Oxygen ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Subcutaneous Implant

Background. Supplemented postoperative activity was compared to standard activity for effects on wound healing, subcutaneous tissue perfusion, and oxygen (PscO2 ) following hip replacement (THR). Methods. 58 patients were randomized to standard post-THR activity (N = 27) or supplemental activity (N = 31) (arm and leg exercises, walking protocol). PscO2 was measured with a microelectrode/tonometer system and perfusion determined by oxygen response. Healing was evaluated by (1) tissue cellularity, (2) mRNA for pro collagen, (3) hydroxyproline, and (4) DNA content obtained from a subcutaneous implant removed on the 7th postoperative day. Results. Activity significantly increased DNA levels, but did not increase PscO2 , perfusion, cellularity, or collagen measures. Conclusions. Healing measures were not improved with increased activity levels. However, activity did not reduce PscO2 or wound healing. The majority of patients adhered to additional activity and tolerated the protocol well. Increased activity was associated with earlier discharge, suggesting other recovery-related benefits.

scholarly journals Immune response in highly active young men to the 2014/2015 seasonal influenza vaccine

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 769-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Stewart ◽  
Otto G. Vanderkooi ◽  
Raylene A. Reimer ◽  
Patricia K. Doyle-Baker
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Vaccine Response ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Trivalent Influenza Vaccine ◽  
2009 H1n1 ◽  
Lower Magnitude

During the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, individuals with obesity were disproportionately affected by H1N1 with increased levels of mortality and morbidity. This led to questions regarding the potential impact of lifestyle on the effectiveness of immunization. Currently, the research is limited on influenza vaccination and the associated changes in immune response with body composition and physical activity. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the potential role of adiposity and physical activity in the immune response elicited by the 2014/2015 seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine. A prospective cohort study examining the 2014/2015 seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine was conducted by collecting baseline and 4-week postvaccination fasting blood samples from 45 male Albertans between the ages of 18 and 35 years. Percent body fat (%BF) was assessed through dual X-ray absorptiometry imagining and physical activity through self-reported survey scores. While no differences in median %BF were associated with seroconversion rates in participants, the median physical activity score was higher among those that did not seroconvert to the vaccine. Significant differences were found for the A/Texas strain (p < 0.01) and a similar trend of lower magnitude observed for the remaining 2 influenza strains. These results suggest that higher physical activity levels may influence immune response to vaccination and that assessing factors beyond those commonly used can be of value when identifying vaccine response in the population.

Investigating the Physical Activity Behaviors of Canadian Adults Over Time: Multilevel Sex and Age Group Trajectories Across 2 Decades

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 933-942
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Perks
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Home Exercise ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Demographic Shift ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Physical Activity Levels ◽  
Over Time

Background: This study explores changes in the leisure-time physical activities of Canadian adults over time. Methods: Using representative panel data from the National Population Health Survey, multilevel analyses of 13,933 respondents aged 18 and older were performed to assess both overall and individual leisure-time physical activity trajectories from 1994 to 2011 and the extent to which these trajectories differ by sex and age groups. Results: With the exception of those aged 65 and older, there is evidence that as Canadians age their overall levels of physical activity increase over time. However, increases in overall physical activity levels are mainly due to increases in walking, gardening, and home exercise. Increases in these 3 activities in particular compensate for declines in engagement levels over time in most other activities. Conclusions: As the demographic shift to an older Canadian population continues, evidence of increasing overall physical activity levels across most age groups in Canada gives reason for optimism.

scholarly journals Fortifying the Treatment of Prostate Cancer with Physical Activity

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin E. Champ ◽  
Lanie Francis ◽  
Rainer J. Klement ◽  
Roger Dickerman ◽  
Ryan P. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Prostate Cancer Patient ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Intense Exercise ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Significant Data

Over the past decade, significant data have shown that obese men experience a survival detriment after treatment for prostate cancer. While methods to combat obesity are of utmost importance for the prostate cancer patient, newer data reveal the overall metabolic improvements that accompany increased activity levels and intense exercise beyond weight loss. Along these lines, a plethora of data have shown improvement in prostate cancer-specific outcomes after treatment accompanied with these activity levels. This review discusses the metabolic mechanisms in which increased activity levels and exercise can help improve both outcomes for men treated for prostate cancer while lowering the side effects of treatment.

scholarly journals Reliance on polyfunctional tissue leads to a reproduction-immunity tradeoff due to inherent constraint

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanika Gupta ◽  
Ashley M. Frank ◽  
Nick Matolka ◽  
Brian P. Lazzaro
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Metabolic Control ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Single Nucleus ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
New Protein ◽  
General Explanation

AbstractThe use of one tissue for multiple purposes can result in constraints, impaired function, and tradeoffs. The insect fat body performs remarkably diverse functions including metabolic control, reproductive provisioning, and systemic immune responses. Immunity and reproduction are observed to trade off in many organisms, although the mechanistic basis for the tradeoff is generally unknown. More generally, how do polyfunctional tissues simultaneously execute multiple distinct physiological functions? Using single-nucleus sequencing, we determined the Drosophila melanogaster fat body executes diverse basal functions with heterogenous cellular subpopulations. However, as an emergency function, the immune response engages the entire tissue. We found that reproductively active females exhibit impaired capacity to produce new protein in response to infection, resulting in the reproduction-immunity tradeoff. We suggest that such inherent internal limitations may provide a general explanation for the wide prevalence of physiological and evolutionary tradeoffs.

Behavioral Changes in Children Participating in a Physical Developmental Clinic

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 855-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce R. Fretz ◽  
Warren R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Physical Activity Level ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Perceptual Training ◽  
Verbal Activity ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Clinic Program

Children participating in an 8-wk. clinic program focused on neuromotor perceptual training were compared with waiting-list controls for changes in physical activity level, verbal activity level, dependency, and aggression. Increased activity levels were expected in association with peers and clinic staff and decreased activity levels in association with a “mother-busy” situation. Of 15 significant effects obtained 12 were in the hypothesized directions. The results provide empirical evidence of previous anecdotal reports of the parents and teachers of the clinic participants.

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