Polyvinyl Chloride Biodegradation Fuels Survival of Invasive Insect Larva and Intestinal Degrading Strain of Klebsiella

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
Haoran Peng ◽  
Dongchen Yang ◽  
Jinlin Zhang ◽  
Feng Ju
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Degradation ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Selective Enrichment ◽  
Pvc Film ◽  
Insect Larva ◽  
Sole Energy

Microbial degradation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is eco-friendly and economically attractive, but extremely challenging due to the lack of mechanistic understanding on the degrading strains and enzymes. Motivated by an accidental discovery that the larva of an agricultural invasive pest, Spodoptera frugiperda, effectively survived solely on PVC film, we profiled the intestinal microbiota of S. frugiperda and screened for PVC-degrading strains. The results showed PVC film feeding significantly changed the larvae intestinal microbiota through selective enrichment of Enterococcus, Ochrobactrum and Klebsiella. From the larva intestines, we isolated and named a biofilm-forming strain EMBL-1, and experimentally verified it as the first Klebsiella bacterium that can actively degrade and utilize PVC based on various classic physicochemical and morphological analyses. We further used multi-omics analyses that complementarily integrate whole genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolic insights to identify enzyme-coding genes responsible for PVC degradation and proposed a putative biodegradation pathway by the bacterial strain. All in all, both S. frugiperda and its intestinal strain EMBL-1 are discovered to effectively survive on PVC film by exploiting its polymer as a sole energy source. Moreover, this work exemplifying PVC biodegradation provides reference for discovering more degrading microbes and enzymatic resources of other recalcitrant plastics.

scholarly journals Impact of an Exotic Invasive Pest, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on Resident Communities of Pest and Natural Enemies in Maize Fields in Kenya

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1074
Author(s):  
Bonoukpoè Mawuko Sokame ◽  
Boaz Musyoka ◽  
Julius Obonyo ◽  
François Rebaudo ◽  
Elfatih M. Abdel-Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Insect Communities ◽  
Exotic Invasive Species ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exotic Invasive ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

The interactions among insect communities influence the composition of pest complexes that attack crops and, in parallel, their natural enemies, which regulate their abundance. The lepidopteran stemborers have been the major maize pests in Kenya. Their population has been regulated by natural enemies, mostly parasitoids, some of which have been used for biological control. It is not known how a new exotic invasive species, such as the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), may affect the abundance and parasitism of the resident stemborers. For this reason, pest and parasitism surveys have been conducted, before and after the FAW invaded Kenya, in maize fields in 40 localities across 6 agroecological zones (AEZs) during the maize-growing season, as well as at 3 different plant growth stages (pre-tasseling, reproductive, and senescence stages) in 2 elevations at mid-altitude, where all maize stemborer species used to occur together. Results indicated that the introduction of the FAW significantly correlated with the reduction of the abundance of the resident communities of maize stemborers and parasitoids in maize fields; moreover, the decrease of stemborer density after the arrival of FAW occurred mostly at both reproductive and senescent maize stages. It also suggests a possible displacement of stemborers by FAW elsewhere; for example, to other cereals. However, since this study was conducted only three years after the introduction of the FAW, further studies will need to be conducted to confirm such displacements.

Revisiting the sex pheromone of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, a new invasive pest in South China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan‐Ji Jiang ◽  
Bao‐Tong Mo ◽  
Hao Guo ◽  
Jun Yang ◽  
Rui Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
South China ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Invasive Pest

scholarly journals Occurrence and molecular identification of an invasive rice strain of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Sindh, Pakistan, using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene sequences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumaira Yousaf ◽  
Abdul Rehman ◽  
Mariyam Masood ◽  
Kazam Ali ◽  
Nazia Suleman
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Cytochrome C Oxidase ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome ◽  
Cytochrome C Oxidase I ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Rice Strain

AbstractThe fall armyworm (FAW), an invasive pest of maize, is an emerging threat in Southern Asia after America and Europe. Recently, this notorious pest has also been found in different areas of Pakistan. To assess its presence in Pakistan, a survey was carried out in the provinces of Punjab, Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during May–October 2019. We observed the highest incidence of FAW in Sindh with maximum impact in districts Tando-Allahyar and Hyderabad. These samples were identified as Spodoptera frugiperda on the morphological and taxonomical bases. However, morphological identification of this pest is very difficult at early larval instars. Here, we use the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene region for the precise identification of larva of this invasive pest at species level. Two different regions of COI gene (COI-5′ and COI-3′) were used as molecular markers for the identification of this species. DNA sequence similarity searches of the obtained COI gene sequences (NCBI GenBank Accession Nos. MW241537, MW241538, MW349515, MW349516, MW349493 and MW349494) revealed that genetically it is more than 99% identical to S. frugiperda. The phylogenetic analysis indicated it as the rice-strain (R-strain). Both 3′- and 5′-fragment tree topologies showed that the collected samples of the FAW species belong to the R-strain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report providing molecular evidence for the existence of R-strain of S. frugiperda that was found feeding on maize crop in Sindh, Pakistan, using COI gene sequences as a marker.

scholarly journals The Population Growth of Spodoptera frugiperda on Six Cash Crop Species and Implications for Its Occurrence and Damage Potential in China

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 639
Author(s):  
Wenwen Wang ◽  
Pengyang He ◽  
Yiyang Zhang ◽  
Tongxian Liu ◽  
Xiangfeng Jing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Damage Potential ◽  
Net Reproductive Rate ◽  
Preoviposition Period ◽  
Cash Crops ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Spodoptera frugiperda is a significant migratory invasive pest, identified as a serious threat to agricultural production and food security in China. However, to our knowledge, the effects of most host plants on the biological characteristics of S. frugiperda have not been well studied. To develop effective management strategies for S. frugiperda in its new invasive habitat, basic biological and ecological knowledge of this pest are crucial requirements. Here, we examined the effects of six cash crops maize, wheat, soybean, tomato, cotton and Chinese cabbage on the development, survival, fecundity of S. frugiperda by using the age-stage, two-sex life table. The preadult stage, adult preoviposition period and total preoviposition period of S. frugiperda were shortest on maize and wheat but were longest on tomato. Fecundity was greatest on maize and wheat but smallest on tomato. The highest intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, net reproductive rate and the shortest mean generation time were recorded on maize. This present study showed that S. frugiperda could cause great economic losses to these cash crops, which should attract the attention of agricultural management departments. Our findings provide useful information in predicting population dynamics and understanding the potential damage that could be incurred by S. frugiperda invasion.

scholarly journals Bioactivity of Common Pesticidal Plants on Fall Armyworm Larvae (Spodoptera frugiperda)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelita Phambala ◽  
Yolice Tembo ◽  
Trust Kasambala ◽  
Vernon H. Kabambe ◽  
Philip C. Stevenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Contact Toxicity ◽  
Foliar Damage

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a recent invasive pest species that has successfully established across sub-Saharan Africa where it continues to disrupt agriculture, particularly smallholder cereal production. Management of FAW in its native range in the Americas has led to the development of resistance to many commercial pesticides before its arrival in Africa. Pesticide use may therefore be ineffective for FAW control in Africa, so new and more sustainable approaches to pest management are required that can help reduce the impact of this exotic pest. Pesticidal plants provide an effective and established approach to pest management in African smallholder farming and recent research has shown that their use can be cost-beneficial and sustainable. In order to optimize the use of botanical extracts for FAW control, we initially screened ten commonly used plant species. In laboratory trials, contact toxicity and feeding bioassays showed differential effects. Some plant species had little to no effect when compared to untreated controls; thus, only the five most promising plant species were selected for more detailed study. In contact toxicity tests, the highest larval mortality was obtained from Nicotiana tabacum (66%) and Lippia javanica (66%). Similarly, in a feeding bioassay L. javanica (62%) and N. tabacum (60%) exhibited high larval mortality at the highest concentration evaluated (10% w/v). Feeding deterrence was evaluated using glass-fibre discs treated with plant extracts, which showed that Cymbopogon citratus (36%) and Azadirachta indica (20%) were the most potent feeding deterrents among the pesticidal plants evaluated. In a screenhouse experiment where living maize plants infested with fall armyworm larvae were treated with plant extracts, N. tabacum and L. javanica were the most potent species at reducing foliar damage compared to the untreated control whilst the synthetic pesticide chlorpyrifos was the most effective in reducing fall armyworm foliar damage. Further field trial evaluation is recommended, particularly involving smallholder maize fields to assess effectiveness across a range of contexts.

Suppression of intestinal microbiota-dependent production of pro-atherogenic trimethylamine N-oxide by shifting L-carnitine microbial degradation

Life Sciences ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janis Kuka ◽  
Edgars Liepinsh ◽  
Marina Makrecka-Kuka ◽  
Janis Liepins ◽  
Helena Cirule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Degradation

MARINE THIOBACILLI: II. CULTURE AND ULTRASTRUCTURE

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1529-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Tilton ◽  
G. J. Stewart ◽  
G. E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Nuclear Material ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Mineral Sulfides ◽  
Sulfur Containing ◽  
Sole Energy

Gram-negative, polar-flagellated bacteria isolated from the Atlantic Ocean using thiosulfate or elemental sulfur as the sole energy source are considered members of the genus Thiobacillus. These cultures require seawater in the medium although they grow optimally when the salinity is reduced to a range of 6.4 to 25.8 p.p.t. There is no growth at 0 salinity and a 25–30% reduction of thiosulfate oxidation in 3 weeks is observed at 18 °C in a salinity of 32.3 p.p.t. The pH of the medium decreased from 7.2 or 5.6 to a final pH of 2–3. One culture decreased the pH to only 5.0 while oxidizing 80% of the thiosulfate. One representative culture, WH-2, was able to oxidize only thiosulfate and elemental sulfur from a series of substrates including tetrathionate, sulfite, sulfur-containing amino acids, and mineral sulfides. This culture is a strict aerobe and did not grow in the presence of 0.01% yeast extract, 2216E, or nutrient broth.The ultrastructure of culture WH-2 indicates that it is very similar to that of Thiobacillus thioosidans. The cells indicate a substantial cell envelope, cytomembranes, electron-dense fibrillar nuclear material, unknown granules, and distinct polyphosphate granules.

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