scholarly journals Level and determinants of willingness to pay for rapid COVID-19 testing delivered through private retail pharmacies in Kenya.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Kazungu ◽  
Audrey Mumbi ◽  
Precious Kilimo ◽  
Jessica Vernon ◽  
Edwine Barasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Price Setting ◽  
Dichotomous Choice ◽  
Rapid Testing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Government Response ◽  
Price Differentiation ◽  
Contingent Valuation Survey ◽  
The Government

To support the government response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, accessible and sustainable testing approaches are needed. Private retail pharmacies are a key channel through which communities can access COVID-19 testing. We examined the level and determinants of the willingness to pay (WTP) for rapid COVID-19 testing delivered through private retail pharmacies in Kenya. Data was collected following a cross-sectional double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation survey across 341 clients visiting five private retail pharmacies in Nairobi, Kisumu and Siaya counties. Our findings indicate mean and median WTP levels of KES 611 (US$ 5.59) and KES 506 (US$ 4.63), respectively. Estimated WTP varied across counties and increased with household income and self-reported interest in pharmacy-based COVID-19 rapid testing. These findings can inform price setting, price differentiation, price subsidization and other program design features geared towards enhancing affordability, equity, and uptake.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional analysis of meteorological factors and SARS-CoV-2 transmission in 409 cities across 26 countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Sera ◽  
Ben Armstrong ◽  
Sam Abbott ◽  
Sophie Meakin ◽  
Kathleen O’Reilly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Government Interventions ◽  
Government Response ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
The Government ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

AbstractThere is conflicting evidence on the influence of weather on COVID-19 transmission. Our aim is to estimate weather-dependent signatures in the early phase of the pandemic, while controlling for socio-economic factors and non-pharmaceutical interventions. We identify a modest non-linear association between mean temperature and the effective reproduction number (Re) in 409 cities in 26 countries, with a decrease of 0.087 (95% CI: 0.025; 0.148) for a 10 °C increase. Early interventions have a greater effect on Re with a decrease of 0.285 (95% CI 0.223; 0.347) for a 5th - 95th percentile increase in the government response index. The variation in the effective reproduction number explained by government interventions is 6 times greater than for mean temperature. We find little evidence of meteorological conditions having influenced the early stages of local epidemics and conclude that population behaviour and government interventions are more important drivers of transmission.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF FINANCIAL PLANNING ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND LEVEL OF SAVING IN TANZANIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 622-634
Author(s):  
Warren Tibesigwa ◽  
◽  
Will Kaberuka ◽  
Joanina Ayebare ◽  
Ally Ndeshiuta Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Planning ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Government ◽  
Financial Awareness ◽  
The Relationship

There are many studies on the relationship between household income and saving though very little is known about the influence of financial planning on the relationship between household income and saving.This paper examined the moderating effect of financial planning on the relationship between household income and saving in Tanzania.Based on cross-sectional secondary data (Finscope data,2017) that was collected using multistage sampling from 9457 respondents, descriptive, correlation, regression and moderation effect were performed to analyze the data.The findings indicate that household income and interaction effects have a positive relationship with level of saving. Finally, regression results show that household income and financial planning have a positive significant effect on household saving levels and that financial planning has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between household income and level of saving. From these study results,it is recommended that the government of Tanzania through the ministry of community development, gender and children in should introduce financial awareness programs to the communities in order for the people to realize the need of financial planning and hence improve their saving.Further more the government throughthe ministry of education and vocational training should introduce financial awareness in the school curriculum so that citizens learn how to plan for financial matters at early stages.

scholarly journals ​Farmer’s Willingness-to-Pay for Animal Health and Livestock Insurance Services in Milking State of India: Empirical Findings from Rural Areas of Gujarat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pushpa Yadav ◽  
B.S. Chandel ◽  
Punit Agarwal ◽  
Smita Sirohi ◽  
Prem Chand
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Contingent Valuation Survey ◽  
Paper Work ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Government

This paper presents the results of a referendum-style contingent valuation survey conducted in one of the richest milking states of India. 200 households were surveyed to study the farmer’s preferences and choices for the health, breeding and insurance services. The objective of the survey was to assess the preference structure and the willingness of poor farmers to pay for veterinary health and insurance services. It is a comparative study between the existing situation and improved situation, that how the willingness to pay (WTP) will change if the quality of the health, breeding and insurance services will improve. The results show that farmers are willing to pay for assured access to veterinary services. Majority of the households value these services tremendously and are not looking for subsidies provided by the government institutions. It was noticed that farmer’s willingness to pay was much higher than the amount government institutions were presently charging for improved livestock support services, e.g. health and AI services. Though the coverage of Livestock insurance was low but it was found that farmers were ready to pay high amount of premium charges if the insurance services are easily available to the farmer’s door step with very less paper work and other formalities. Combining the findings of this survey with other closely related studies and the changing structure the input and output markets for livestock sector, the paper suggests specific policy measures to more effectively meet the expanding livestock services needs of poor livestock farmers.

scholarly journals Willingness to Pay for Community Health Financing: An Approach to Financing and Sustainability of Integrated Community Case Management of Childhood Illness in Rural Communities in Niger State

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-92
Author(s):  
I. M. Sheshi ◽  
A. Ahmed ◽  
M. D. Sani ◽  
Y. F. Issa ◽  
B. E. Agbana
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Case Management ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
State Government ◽  
Community Intervention ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
Community Case Management ◽  
Integrated Community Case Management ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Government

Introduction: Community based health financing mechanism is referred to as a process whereby household in a community finance or co finance the recurrent and capital cost associated with a given set of health services thereby also include management of financial scheme and organization of health services. Iccm as a strategy to providing integrated case management services for two or more illness including diarrhea, malaria, pneumonia among children from two to upto five years. It is a community approach where lay persons are trained on management of the three diseases. This approach is being funded by foreign donor. However, there was stipulated period in which this support would elapsed and the support from the state Government may not be feasible. In an attempt to source for financing of iccm, this study aim at determining the willingness of the caregiver to use Community financing approach through payment of Premium to finance this community intervention (iccm). The concept of willingness to pay is maximum price a consumer is willing to pay for a given product or services. Materials and Methodology: A descriptive Cross sectional study was carried out among four hundred respondents that were selected using Multi stage sampling technique. Data was collected, coded and entered into a computer. Analysis was carried out using SPSS. Chi Square and logistic regression was used as a test of significance. Level of significance was set at Pvalue less than 0.05. Results: Twenty two percent of the respondents had good knowledge of iccm activities. Less than half of the respondents 41.3% were satisfied with iccm activities. Majority of the respondents 93.3% were willing to pay. Out of this, half of them 50.0% said they could only afford to pay less than 1000 naira per annum and 72.8% said the convenient time to pay was during the harvesting time. Factors influencing willingness to pay include Age, marital status and income level ( Pvalue <0.05). Knowledge and level of satisfaction were not influencing factors. The predictor of willingness to pay are aged 38-47 years and income of less than 5000 naira. Conclusion and Recommendation: There was willingness of the respondents to contribute for financing and sustainability of iccm in Niger State but the amount the majority of them were willing to pay was less than 1000 naira which might not able to sustain the iccm activities. There may be need for further research to determine amount needed for the annual activities and hence sustainability of iccm. The Government should show much responsibilities toward financing of iccm. Bi-apartite arrangement could be made between State Government and the Communities with iccm in place on how to share some responsibilities of iccm activities.

Using Double-Bounded Dichotomous-Choice to Estimate Households’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Quality in Bac Ninh Province of Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Van Song ◽  
Vu Ngoc Huyen ◽  
Le Thi Phuong Dung
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Dichotomous Choice ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Industrial Parks ◽  
The Government

This study used double-bounded dichotomous-choice to estimate and analyze the factors affecting households&rsquo; willingness to pay (WTP) for water quality improvement. This study notes that households with higher income, living near polluted water source, using tap water instead of natural water, who are handicraft producers, and who have more members are willing to pay more. However, households who rarely hear about environmental pollution issues and who are offered a higher bid are more likely to refuse to pay. Solutions to improve water quality are suggested such as to raise people's awareness through communication channels and social organizations; to increase income associated with environmental protection policies; to construct of wastewater treatment plants; to encourage the relocation of production establishments to industrial parks and industrial complexes; to put regulations on collection, payment and sanctions in case of not declaring and paying fees into village conventions; to promulgate circulars, and bylaws to concretize and simplify regulations and policies of the Government, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.

scholarly journals Econometric Analyses of Adoption and Household-Level Impacts of Improved Rice Varieties in the Uplands of Yunnan, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 6873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaiyu Wang ◽  
Sushil Pandey ◽  
Lu Feng
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Improved Varieties ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The Government ◽  
Econometric Analyses ◽  
The Impact

Higher-yielding rice varieties adapted to the upland conditions of Yunnan were developed and disseminated during the late 1990s. Using cross-sectional farm-level data of 448 households collected from five prefectures in Southern Yunnan, this paper carries out an econometric analysis of the determinants of variations in the adoption of improved varieties among households and assesses the impact of adoption on rice income and total household income. The two major determinants of adoption were found to be the government programs for extension of improved upland rice varieties and for terracing of sloping fields. The presence of government programs for extension and for terracing contributed to increased adoption of improved varieties. Household-specific factors such as land and labor endowments were less important as these variables had a statistically insignificant impact on adoption. The adoption of improved rice varieties increased both rice income and the average household income. About half of the household income difference observed between the full adopters and non-adopters of improved rice varieties with comparable household characteristics can be attributed directly to the adoption. The results imply that increased investments in promoting improved rice varieties and terracing will generate additional income growth in the uplands of Yunnan.

scholarly journals Using Double-Bounded Dichotomous-Choice to Estimate Households’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Quality in Bac Ninh Province of Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Van Song ◽  
Vu Ngoc Huyen ◽  
Le Thi Phuong Dung
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Dichotomous Choice ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Industrial Parks ◽  
The Government

This study used double-bounded dichotomous-choice to estimate and analyze the factors affecting households&rsquo; willingness to pay (WTP) for water quality improvement. This study notes that households with higher income, living near polluted water source, using tap water instead of natural water, who are handicraft producers, and who have more members are willing to pay more. However, households who rarely hear about environmental pollution issues and who are offered a higher bid are more likely to refuse to pay. Solutions to improve water quality are suggested such as to raise people's awareness through communication channels and social organizations; to increase income associated with environmental protection policies; to construct wastewater treatment plants; to encourage the relocation of production establishments to industrial parks and industrial complexes; to put regulations on collection, payment and sanctions in case of not declaring and paying fees into village conventions; to promulgate circulars, and bylaws to concretize and simplify regulations and policies of the Government, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.

scholarly journals Determinant Factors for Cattle Insurance as a Risk Management Strategy

Agriekonomika ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
Amelia Dwi Nugrahaini ◽  
Mashyuri Masyhuri ◽  
Any Suryantini
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Risk Management Strategy ◽  
Natural Logarithm ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
Cattle Diseases ◽  
Downer Cow Syndrome ◽  
The Government

Cattle farmers in Gunungkidul Regency face several cattle diseases such as Helminthiasis, Anthrax, Downer Cow Syndrome, and Intoxication in which these diseases mostly attack female cows. To prevent financial loss for the farmers, the government facilitates them with cattle insurance. This study aims to determine the reasons and the cattle farmers’ willingness-to-pay for the cattle insurance by conducting a survey addressed to 100 cattle farmers and identifying the factors related to it. This study used a Contingent Valuation Method in estimating the cattle farmer's WTP. The various factors that influence the farmer's WTP were analyzed by using natural logarithm regression models. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the willingness-to-pay for cattle farmers who did not participate in cattle insurance are 22,600 IDR and farmers who participate in cattle insurance are 36,320 IDR. Education, household income, and farmers’ interest in the insurance were positively effecting toward the farmers' willingness-to-pay. However, age and the number of families showed the negative ones toward the farmers’ willingness-to-pay.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Willingness to Pay for Outpatient Services at RSU Tangerang Selatan

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Farah Elena Astrilia ◽  
Yanti Harjono Hadiwiardjo ◽  
Gatot Soeryo
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Outpatient Services ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Treatment Experience ◽  
Ability To Pay ◽  
The Government ◽  
Information Treatment

Background: The government established a national health insurance program (NHI) to increase access to health services but the program is still not optimal, it affects the number of hospital visits and income. Therefore it required an analysis of patient’s willingness to pay out of pocket for outpatient services. The purpose of this study was to determine factors affecting patient’s willingness to pay. Method: This research is a cross sectional study involving 124 internal medicine outpatients at General Hospital (RSU) South Tangerang City in November 2019. Data were obtained from a questionnaire. Patient’s income, information, treatment experience, health insurance, distance to hospital, health service, ability to pay, and willingness to pay was investigated using chi square and logistic regression analysis. Results: The results outcomes showed that the level of willingness to pay of respondents is quite high and is influenced by patient’s income (p = 0.001), information (p = 0.045), treatment experience (p = 0.010), and ability to pay (ATP) (p = 0.001).  Factors that have the most significant associations were patient’s ability to pay (OR = 14,502). Conclusion: Patient’s income, information, treatment experience, and ATP affect the willingness to pay of patients.

scholarly journals Renewable Minigrid Electrification in Off-Grid Rural Ghana: Exploring Households Willingness to Pay

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 11711
Author(s):  
Artem Korzhenevych ◽  
Charles Kofi Owusu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Rural Electrification ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Contingent Valuation Survey ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Starting Point Bias

Renewable energy minigrids hold significant prospects for Africa’s energy sector and its economic development in general. The government of Ghana has established pilot renewable minigrids in five off-grid communities as a testing ground for the electrification of over 600 existing rural communities that cannot be electrified via the national grid. Although there is evidence on willingness to pay (WTP) values for renewable-generated electricity in some developing countries, little is known about households’ WTP for renewable-based electricity in Ghana and, in particular, about renewable minigrids for rural electrification. This paper provides one of the first WTP estimates for renewable-based electricity for rural electrification in a developing economy context such as Ghana. Using data from a contingent valuation survey undertaken in all five pilot renewable minigrid project communities, we found that rural households are willing to pay an average of 30 GHC/month (≈5 USD/month) for high-quality renewable-powered electricity services, which is twice the amount they are currently paying based on the Uniform National Tariffs. The hypothetical bias is addressed by conducting a survey among active users of the minigrids. The starting point bias is reduced by employing random starting bids. The respondents are willing to pay between 9 and 11% of their discretionary incomes to cover the cost of accessing reliable renewable-powered electricity in the rural, off-grid communities in Ghana. The paper concludes by discussing the policy implications of these findings regarding the development of tariff regulations and business models for renewable minigrids in the rural, off-grid sector.

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