scholarly journals Visual occipito-temporal sensitivity to digits through elementary school

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gorka Fraga-Gonzalez ◽  
Sarah V. Di Pietro ◽  
Georgette Pleisch ◽  
Jasmin Neuenschwander ◽  
Susanne Walitza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Number Processing ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Processing Abilities

Number processing abilities are important for academic and personal development. The course of initial specialization of ventral occipito-temporal cortex (vOTC) for visual number processing is crucial for the development of numeric and arithmetic skills. We examined the visual N1, the electrophysiological correlate of vOTC activations across five time points in kindergarten (T1), middle and end of first grade (T2, T3), second (T4) and fifth grade (T5). 62 children (35 female) performed a target detection task which included visual presentation of digits, false fonts, and letters. Arithmetic skills were measured at T4 and T5 with standardized math tests. Stronger N1 amplitudes for digits than false fonts were found across all 5 measurements. Arithmetic skills correlated negatively with visual N1 sensitivity to digits at T4 (2nd grade, mean age 8.3 yrs) over the left hemisphere, possibly reflecting allocation of more attentional or cognitive resources with poorer arithmetic skills. Our main result shows persistent visual N1 sensitivity to digits that is already present early on in pre-school and remains stable until fifth grade. This differs from the relatively sharp rise and fall of the visual N1 sensitivity to words or letters between kindergarten and middle of elementary school. The present study thus indicates different trajectories in the development of visual processing for written characters that are relevant to numeracy and literacy.

Are self-reported depressive symptoms in first-grade children developmentally transient phenomena? A further look

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Ialongo ◽  
Gail Edelsohn ◽  
Lisa Werthamer-Larsson ◽  
Lisa Crockett ◽  
Sheppard Kellam
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
First Graders ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Transient Phenomena ◽  
Self Reports

AbstractIn light of putative developmental constraints, some have argued that prior to the middle to late elementary school years children's reports of depressive symptoms represent nothing more than transient developmental phenomena. In an earlier study of an epidemiologically defined sample of first-grade children, self-reported depressive symptoms proved relatively stable and significantly related to adaptive functioning. In the present study, we follow that cohort of first graders longitudinally and assess the prognostic value of self-reports of depressive symptoms in first grade with respect to depressive symptoms and adaptive functioning in the late elementary school years. We also assess whether or not children's reports of depressive symptoms demonstrate greater stability and are more highly associated with adaptive functioning in the middle to late elementary school years. First-grade depressive symptoms were found to have significant prognostic value in terms of levels of depressive symptoms and adaptive functioning in fifth grade, with the strength of prediction varying by gender in the former. Although there was a moderate increase in short-term stability from first to fifth grade, it remained consistently strong across first, fourth, and fifth grades. The magnitude of the relationship between depressive symptoms and adaptive functioning also remained consistent over time. These findings on stability, caseness, and prognostic power attest to the significance of children's self-reports of depressive symptoms in the early as well as the middle to late elementary school years.

Complex Sentences in an Elementary Science Curriculum: A Research Note

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maura Curran
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
General Education ◽  
Science Learning ◽  
Science Curriculum ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
School Students ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Education Science

Purpose Elementary school students are expected to participate in science learning settings that place high demands on skill with certain types of grammatical structures, including complex sentences. This research note aims to clarify the types of complex sentences that are evident in a general education science curriculum across the elementary school years in order to assist clinicians and others in better understanding the specific language demands of science learning in the classroom. Method I analyzed all sentences within children's texts and suggested teacher scripting from the first-, third-, and fifth-grade science units of a commonly used general education curriculum aligned to the Next Generation Science Standards. We determined the frequency and type of complex sentences that were present for each type of material (text, teacher scripts) and grade level. Results Complex sentences are evident in both children's texts and suggested scripting provided to teachers at all grade levels. The rate of complex sentences in children's readings is higher in third- and fifth-grade texts than in first-grade texts. Complement clauses are common throughout, and adverbial and relative clauses are more frequent in third- and fifth-grade texts than in first-grade texts. Conclusions Children are expected to read and listen to complex sentences across the elementary school years. Speech-language pathologists should be aware of the language demands that general education science curricula may pose to students at different ages.

PENERAPAN MODEL NUMBERED HEAD TOGETHER UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL PADA SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Tustiyana Windiyani
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Action Research ◽  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Fifth Grade Students ◽  
Behavior Observation

ABSTRACTThe research is an action research aiming at improving the learning output of social science using cooperative learning model of Numbered Head Together. The subjects of the research are the fifth grade students of Sekolah Dasar Negeri Batu Kembar in the even semester, the year of 2015/ 2016 with the number of students of 21 consisting of 12 boys and 9 girls. The research used cycling procedure containing four steps of planning, doing, observing, and reflecting. The action research is done in two cycles. Each cycle is conducted in one meeting. After the implementation of Numbered Head Together, the learning output of students social science improves from the first to the second cycle. The result shows that the average score in the first cycle is 65, and the learning completion is 50.00%, while in the second cycle, the average score is 74 and the learning completion is 85.00%. The learning process score in the first cycle is 75.75%, and it improves in the second cycle to be 90.00%. The result of students behavior observation shows improvement of students discipline, cooperation, bravery which in the first cycle is 80.50% and it improves in the second cycle to be 85.50%. Therefore it can be inferred that the implementation of the cooperative learning model of Numbered Head Together is able to improve the learning output of the fifth grade students social science in an elementary school. Keywords: Learning Output, Social Science, Numbered Head Together.ABSTRAKPenelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial melalui penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif Numbered Head Together. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri Batu Kembar kelas V semester genap tahun pelajaran 2015/ 2016 dengan jumlah siswa sebanyak 21 siswa, terdiri dari 12 siswa laki-laki dan 9 siswi perempuan. Prosedur penelitian dilaksanakan bersiklus yang terdiri dari empat tahap, yaitu: perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi, dan refleksi. Pelaksanaan tindakan kelas ini dilakukan dalam dua siklus. Setiap siklus dilaksanakan satu kali pertemuan, setelah diterapkan model pembelajaran Numbered Head Together hasil belajar Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial siswa meningkat dari siklus pertama ke siklus kedua. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata hasil belajar pada siklus I memperoleh nilai 65, dengan ketuntasan hasil belajar sebesar 50,00%, sedangkan siklus II memperoleh nilai rata-rata 74 dengan ketuntasan belajar 85,00%. Begitu pula dengan penilaian pelaksanaan pembelajaran pada siklus I sebesar 75,75%, meningkat pada siklus II sebesar 90,00%. Sedangkan hasil observasi perilaku siswa menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pada sikap berupa disiplin, kerja sama dan keberanian yang diperoleh pada siklus I dengan persentase sebesar 80,50% dan meningkat pada siklus II sebesar 85,50%. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Numbered Head Together dapat Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Pada Mata Pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial di kelas V Sekolah Dasar.Kata Kunci: Hasil Belajar, Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, Numbered Head Together.

UPAYA PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR IPS MELALUI APLIKASI MODEL BELAJAR MIND MAPPING

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Sumarno Sumarno
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Elementary School Teachers ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Mind Mapping

The scope of learning material for social sciences (IPS) at Elementary School is very wide, while the time available is very limited. This has been an obstacle for elementary school teachers in achieving the learning objectives. This study aimed to determine whether the application of Mind Mapping learning model on the activities of students learning and the mastery of students learning of IPS. This action research was conducted with three cycles involving 30 students of the fifth grade of elementary school in Kabupaten Kudus. The findings were analyzed using the descriptive qualitative study. The data were collected by using a questionnaires, observation sheets, pretest, and posttest. The results showed that the Learning Model of Mind Mapping can improve the students activity. This indicated an increase in the average score of the class activity to 48.2% in the first cycle, to 56.1% in the second cycle, and to 62.2% in cycle III. The average of the student learning outcomes for IPS also increased from 64 in the first cycle, to 67 in the second cycle, and to 75 in cycles III.   Materi IPS di Sekolah Dasar memiliki cakupan materi yang sangat luas, sedangkan waktu yang tersedia sangat terbatas. Hal ini menjadi kendala bagi guru-guru Sekolah Dasar dalam mencapai tujuan pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah dengan penerapan model pembelajaran Mind Mapping dapat meningkatkan aktifitas siswa dalam belajar. Penelitian tindakan kelas yang terdiri atas 3 siklus dan sampelnya adalah siswa kelas V SD Kabupaten Kudus yang berjumlah 30 siswa. Hasil penelitian dianalisa secara deskriptif kualitatif. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan cara menggunakan angket, lembar observasi, pre-tes dan posttes. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Model Pembelajaran Mind Mapping dapat meningkatkan aktifitas siswa. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan adanya peningkatan skor rata-rata aktifitas kelas yaitu dari 48,2% pada siklus I, 56,1% pada siklus II, dan 62,2% pada siklus yang ke III. Rata-rata hasil belajar siswa untuk mata pelajaran IPS juga meningkat dari 64 pada siklus I, menjadi 67 pada siklus II, dan 75 pada siklus ke III.

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PROBING PROMPTING BERBANTUAN MULTIMEDIA TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR IPA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Ni Pt Rasni Karwati ◽  
Km Ngurah Wiyasa ◽  
I Kt Ardana
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Science Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fifth Grade Students ◽  
School Year ◽  
Significant Difference

This research aims to determine the significance of the difference in science learning results between the group of fifth-grade students in Gugus I Elementary Schools, North Kuta District, in the school year of 2017/2018, that take lessons with the multimedia-assisted probing-prompting learning model and the group of students that take lessons with the conventional learning. The design of this research is a quasi-experimental research with the nonequivalent control group design. The population of this research are all the fifth-grade students of Gugus I Elementary Schools in North Kuta District that still implement the KTSP, which consists of 10 classes with a total of 339 students. The sampling is conducted using the random sampling technique. The sample in this research are the students of class VB in SD (Elementary School) No.7 Dalung, with 36 students as the experiment group and the students of class VB in SD No.4 Dalung with 28 students as the control group. The data collection is conducted using the test method in the form of the multiple choice objective test. The science learning results are analyzed using the t-test. Based on the average the experiment groups =80,89 > the control group =72,85, which means that the multimedia-assisted probing-prompting learning model has an influence on the science learning result. Based on the hypothesis test, tvalues =4,517> ttable =2,000, with dk=62 and a significance level of 5%. Based on the test criteria, H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. Thus, it can be interpreted there is a significant difference the science learning result between the group of students that were taught using the multimedia-assisted probing-prompting learning model and the students that were taught using the conventional learning. It can be concluded that the the multimedia-assisted probing-prompting learning model has an influence on the science learning result of the fifth-grade students in Gugus I Elementary School, North Kuta District, in the school year of 2017/2018. Keywords : probing prompting, multimedia, science learning result

scholarly journals The Role of Aggressive Peer Norms in Elementary School Children’s Perceptions of Classroom Peer Climate and School Adjustment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Laninga-Wijnen ◽  
Yvonne H. M. van den Berg ◽  
Tim Mainhard ◽  
Antonius H. N. Cillessen
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Elementary Education ◽  
Classroom Climate ◽  
School Adjustment ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Peer Norms ◽  
Descriptive Norms ◽  
Climate Perceptions ◽  
School Maladjustment

AbstractAlthough prior research has indicated that peer norms for aggression enhance the spread of aggression in classrooms, it is unclear to date how these norms relate to students’ classroom climate perceptions and school adjustment. Aggressive descriptive norms reflect the average aggression of all students in classrooms, whereas aggressive popularity norms represent the extent to which aggressive behavior relates to popularity among peers. This study examined the role of aggressive descriptive and popularity norms in the classroom climate perceptions (cooperation, conflict, cohesion, isolation) and school adjustment (feelings of belonging; social, academic, and general self-esteem) of popular, well-liked, and victimized children. Self-reported and peer-nominated data were obtained from 1511 children (Mage = 10.60 years, SD = 0.50; 47.2% girls) from 58 fifth-grade classrooms. The results indicated that aggressive descriptive and popularity norms both matter in elementary school, but in diverging ways. Specifically, aggressive descriptive norms—rather than popularity norms—contributed to negative classroom climate perceptions irrespective of students’ social position. In addition, whereas descriptive norms contributed to between-classroom variations in some aspects of school adjustment, aggressive popularity norms related to increased school maladjustment for popular and victimized children specifically. Thus, aggressive descriptive norms and popularity norms matter in complementary ways for children’s classroom climate perceptions and adjustment in elementary education.

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