scholarly journals Nanopore adaptive sampling for mitogenome sequencing and bloodmeal identification in hematophagous insects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan J. Kipp ◽  
Laramie L. Lindsey ◽  
Cristina M. Blanco ◽  
Julia Baker ◽  
Marissa S. Milstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Adaptive Sampling ◽  
One Health ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Molecular Systematic ◽  
Culex Restuans ◽  
Transmission Pathways ◽  
Bloodmeal Identification

Blood-feeding insects are important vectors for an array of zoonotic pathogens. Despite significant research focused on well-documented insect vectors of One Health importance, resources for molecular species identification of a large number of hematophagous arthropods are limited. Advancements in next-generation sequencing technologies provide opportunities for targeting mitochondrial genomes of blood-feeding insects, as well as their bloodmeal hosts. This dual approach holds great promise for elucidating complex disease transmission pathways and enhancing the molecular resources for the identification of cryptic insect species. To this end, we leveraged the newly developed Oxford Nanopore Adaptive Sampling (NAS) pipeline to dually sequence the mitogenomes of hematophagous insects and their bloodmeals. Using NAS, we sequenced the entire mitogenomes of Aedes vexans, Culex restuans, Culex territans, and Chrysops niger and successfully identified bloodmeal hosts of Chrysops niger, Culex restuans, and Aedes trivittatus. We show that NAS has the utility to simultaneously molecularly identify blood-feeding insects and characterize disease transmission pathways through bloodmeal host identification. Moreover, our data indicate NAS can facilitate a wide array of molecular systematic studies through novel 'phylogenetic capture' methods. We conclude the NAS approach has great potential for informing global One Health initiatives centered on the mitigation of vector-borne disease through dual vector and bloodmeal identification.

scholarly journals Haematophagous arthropod saliva and host defense system: a tale of tear and blood

2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno B. Andrade ◽  
Clarissa R. Teixeira ◽  
Aldina Barral ◽  
Manoel Barral-Netto
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Current Information ◽  
System A ◽  
Host Defense System

The saliva from blood-feeding arthropod vectors is enriched with molecules that display diverse functions that mediate a successful blood meal. They function not only as weapons against host's haemostatic, inflammatory and immune responses but also as important tools to pathogen establishment. Parasites, virus and bacteria taking advantage of vectors' armament have adapted to facilitate their entry in the host. Today, many salivary molecules have been identified and characterized as new targets to the development of future vaccines. Here we focus on current information on vector's saliva and the molecules responsible to modify host's hemostasis and immune response, also regarding their role in disease transmission.

scholarly journals Evolutionary transition from blood feeding to obligate nonbiting in a mosquito

2017 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 1009-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Bradshaw ◽  
Joshua Burkhart ◽  
John K. Colbourne ◽  
Rudyard Borowczak ◽  
Jacqueline Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Evolutionary Transition ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Wyeomyia Smithii ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Vector Borne

The spread of blood-borne pathogens by mosquitoes relies on their taking a blood meal; if there is no bite, there is no disease transmission. Although many species of mosquitoes never take a blood meal, identifying genes that distinguish blood feeding from obligate nonbiting is hampered by the fact that these different lifestyles occur in separate, genetically incompatible species. There is, however, one unique extant species with populations that share a common genetic background but blood feed in one region and are obligate nonbiters in the rest of their range: Wyeomyia smithii. Contemporary blood-feeding and obligate nonbiting populations represent end points of divergence between fully interfertile southern and northern populations. This divergence has undoubtedly resulted in genetic changes that are unrelated to blood feeding, and the challenge is to winnow out the unrelated genetic factors to identify those related specifically to the evolutionary transition from blood feeding to obligate nonbiting. Herein, we determine differential gene expression resulting from directional selection on blood feeding within a polymorphic population to isolate genetic differences between blood feeding and obligate nonbiting. We show that the evolution of nonbiting has resulted in a greatly reduced metabolic investment compared with biting populations, a greater reliance on opportunistic metabolic pathways, and greater reliance on visual rather than olfactory sensory input. W. smithii provides a unique starting point to determine if there are universal nonbiting genes in mosquitoes that could be manipulated as a means to control vector-borne disease.

scholarly journals Integration of Whole-Genome Sequencing into Infection Control Practices: the Potential and the Hurdles

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 1054-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Robilotti ◽  
Mini Kamboj
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Clinical Epidemiology ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Related Article ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Article Type ◽  
Transmission Pathways

Microbial whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is poised to transform many of the currently used approaches in medical microbiology. Recent reports on the application of WGS to understand genetic evolution and reconstruct transmission pathways have provided valuable information that will influence infection control practices. While this technology holds great promise, obstacles to full implementation remain. Two articles in this issue of the Journal of Clinical Microbiology (S. Octavia, Q. Wang, M. M. Tanaka, S. Kaur, V. Sintchenko, and R. Lan, J Clin Microbiol 53:1063–1071, 2015, doi:10.1128/JCM.03235-14, andS. J. Salipante, D. J. SenGupta, L. A. Cummings, T. A. Land, D. R. Hoogestraat, and B. T. Cookson, J Clin Microbiol 53:1072–1079, 2015, doi:10.1128/JCM.03385-14) describe the breadth of application of WGS to the field of clinical epidemiology.

BLOOD-FEEDING IN OVERWINTERING CULEX TARSALIS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) FROM MANITOBA

1982 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Arntfield ◽  
W. J. Gallaway ◽  
R. A. Brust
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Culex Tarsalis ◽  
Culex Restuans ◽  
Diapause Development

Diapause development in Culex tarsalis Coquillett has been characterized by reduced blood-feeding to complete termination of ovariole development at or before stage IIa (Bennington et al. 1958; Schaefer and Washino 1970; Schaefer et al. 1971; Bellamy and Corbet 1973; Mitchell 1979). The role that diapausing Culex species have in overwintering arboviruses has been examined (Eldridge 1966, 1968; Eldridge et al. 1972; Reeves 1974; Eldridge and Bailey 1979; Mitchell 1979). Gonotrophic dissociation and its implications for survival of the vector and virus has been reviewed by Washino (1977). Eldridge (1966) indicated gonotrophic dissociation was possible in Culex pipiens L. incubated at low temperature and short daylength and later reported failure of ovarioles of prehibernating C. pipiens to mature following a blood meal (Eldridge and Bailey 1979). Eldridge et al. (1972) reported that Culex restuans Theobald exhibited gonotrophic dissociation in response to conditioning by short daylength and low temperature. Mitchell (1981) has reported blood-feeding and gonotrophic dissociation in a significant portion of diapausing Culex tarsalis from Colorado, when females were kept at 15°C and at short daylength conditions.

scholarly journals Evaluating the informativeness of deep learning annotations for human complex diseases

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kushal K. Dey ◽  
Bryce Van de Geijn ◽  
Samuel Sungil Kim ◽  
Farhad Hormozdiari ◽  
David R. Kelley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Complex Diseases ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Allelic Effect ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Human Complex

AbstractDeep learning models have shown great promise in predicting genome-wide regulatory effects from DNA sequence, but their informativeness for human complex diseases and traits is not fully understood. Here, we evaluate the disease informativeness of allelic-effect annotations (absolute value of the predicted difference between reference and variant alleles) constructed using two previously trained deep learning models, DeepSEA and Basenji. We apply stratified LD score regression (S-LDSC) to 41 independent diseases and complex traits (average N=320K) to evaluate each annotation’s informativeness for disease heritability conditional on a broad set of coding, conserved, regulatory and LD-related annotations from the baseline-LD model and other sources; as a secondary metric, we also evaluate the accuracy of models that incorporate deep learning annotations in predicting disease-associated or fine-mapped SNPs. We aggregated annotations across all tissues (resp. blood cell types or brain tissues) in meta-analyses across all 41 traits (resp. 11 blood-related traits or 8 brain-related traits). These allelic-effect annotations were highly enriched for disease heritability, but produced only limited conditionally significant results – only Basenji-H3K4me3 in meta-analyses across all 41 traits and brain-specific Basenji-H3K4me3 in meta-analyses across 8 brain-related traits. We conclude that deep learning models are yet to achieve their full potential to provide considerable amount of unique information for complex disease, and that the informativeness of deep learning models for disease beyond established functional annotations cannot be inferred from metrics based on their accuracy in predicting regulatory annotations.

scholarly journals Assessing the blood-host plasticity and dispersal rate of the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Orsborne ◽  
Luis Furuya-Kanamori ◽  
Claire L. Jeffries ◽  
Mojca Kristan ◽  
Abdul Rahim Mohammed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Host Choice ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Dispersal Rate ◽  
Blood Digestion ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Blood Meal Digestion ◽  
Blood Meals

AbstractDifficulties with observing the dispersal of insect vectors in the field have hampered understanding of several aspects of their behaviour linked to disease transmission. Here, a novel method based on detection of blood-meal sources is introduced to inform two critical and understudied mosquito behaviours: plasticity in the malaria vector’s blood-host choice and vector dispersal. Strategically located collections of Anopheles coluzzii from a malaria-endemic village of southern Ghana showed statistically significant variation in host species composition of mosquito blood-meals. Trialling a new sampling approach gave the first estimates for the remarkably local spatial scale across which host choice is plastic. Using quantitative PCR, the blood-meal digestion was then quantified for field-caught mosquitoes and calibrated according to timed blood digestion in colony mosquitoes. We demonstrate how this new ‘molecular Sella score’ approach can be used to estimate the dispersal rate of blood-feeding vectors caught in the field.

scholarly journals Comparing transmission potential networks based on social network surveys, close contacts and environmental overlap in rural Madagascar

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (186) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla Kauffman ◽  
Courtney S. Werner ◽  
Georgia Titcomb ◽  
Michelle Pender ◽  
Jean Yves Rabezara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Centrality Measures ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Spatial Network Analysis ◽  
Transmission Pathways

Social and spatial network analysis is an important approach for investigating infectious disease transmission, especially for pathogens transmitted directly between individuals or via environmental reservoirs. Given the diversity of ways to construct networks, however, it remains unclear how well networks constructed from different data types effectively capture transmission potential. We used empirical networks from a population in rural Madagascar to compare social network survey and spatial data-based networks of the same individuals. Close contact and environmental pathogen transmission pathways were modelled with the spatial data. We found that naming social partners during the surveys predicted higher close-contact rates and the proportion of environmental overlap on the spatial data-based networks. The spatial networks captured many strong and weak connections that were missed using social network surveys alone. Across networks, we found weak correlations among centrality measures (a proxy for superspreading potential). We conclude that social network surveys provide important scaffolding for understanding disease transmission pathways but miss contact-specific heterogeneities revealed by spatial data. Our analyses also highlight that the superspreading potential of individuals may vary across transmission modes. We provide detailed methods to construct networks for close-contact transmission pathogens when not all individuals simultaneously wear GPS trackers.

MODELING CHOLERA TRANSMISSION UNDER DISEASE CONTROL MEASURES

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
MARGARET BROWN ◽  
MIKO JIANG ◽  
CHAYU YANG ◽  
JIN WANG
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Threshold Dynamics ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Multiple Control ◽  
Indirect Transmission ◽  
Transmission Pathways ◽  
The Impact

We present a new mathematical model to investigate the transmission dynamics of cholera under disease control measures that include education programs and water sanitation. The model incorporates the impact of education programs into the disease transmission rates and that of water sanitation into the environmental pathogen dynamics. We conduct a detailed analysis to the autonomous system of the model and establish the local and global stabilities of its equilibria that characterize the threshold dynamics of cholera. We then perform an optimal control study on the general model with time-dependent controls and explore effective approaches to implement the education programs and water sanitation while balancing their costs. Our analysis and simulation highlight the complex interaction among the direct and indirect transmission pathways of the disease, the intrinsic growth of the environmental pathogen and the impact of multiple control measures, and their roles in collectively shaping the transmission dynamics of cholera.

scholarly journals Interaction between parasite and vector for Malaria disease transmission-a review on Malaria

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
M Mala ◽  
M Imam ◽  
K Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium ◽  
Vector Mosquito ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts

The parasite, Plasmodium needs an insect vector (mosquito) and a vertebrate host (human) to successful malaria transmission. The parasite use the vertebrate hosts for their asexual reproduction and insect host for sexual multiplication. In order to know the mechanism of disease transmission, knowledge about the possible interactions causes by the three components, vector, parasite and host is important. The mosquito feeding behaviour greatly contributes in the rate of malaria transmission. To assist the rate of transmission of malaria, the parasite, Plasmodium completes a complex developmental stage in the mosquito. In the mosquito the parasite, passes complex developmental stages and ensuing changes into three important forms of their life cycle: ookinete, oocyst and sporozoites. This review study concludes that, the interactions among vector, parasite and host in terms of reproductive behaviour and blood-feeding behaviour helps in transmitting malaria to the vertebrate hosts mainly, human being.Progressive Agriculture 27 (2): 168-174, 2016

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