scholarly journals Interaction between parasite and vector for Malaria disease transmission-a review on Malaria

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
M Mala ◽  
M Imam ◽  
K Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium ◽  
Vector Mosquito ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts

The parasite, Plasmodium needs an insect vector (mosquito) and a vertebrate host (human) to successful malaria transmission. The parasite use the vertebrate hosts for their asexual reproduction and insect host for sexual multiplication. In order to know the mechanism of disease transmission, knowledge about the possible interactions causes by the three components, vector, parasite and host is important. The mosquito feeding behaviour greatly contributes in the rate of malaria transmission. To assist the rate of transmission of malaria, the parasite, Plasmodium completes a complex developmental stage in the mosquito. In the mosquito the parasite, passes complex developmental stages and ensuing changes into three important forms of their life cycle: ookinete, oocyst and sporozoites. This review study concludes that, the interactions among vector, parasite and host in terms of reproductive behaviour and blood-feeding behaviour helps in transmitting malaria to the vertebrate hosts mainly, human being.Progressive Agriculture 27 (2): 168-174, 2016

scholarly journals Targeted Disruption of the Plasmodium berghei Ctrp Gene Reveals Its Essential Role in Malaria Infection of the Vector Mosquito

1999 ◽  
Vol 190 (11) ◽  
pp. 1711-1716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masao Yuda ◽  
Hiroshi Sakaida ◽  
Yasuo Chinzei
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mosquito Midgut ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium ◽  
Vector Mosquito ◽  
Stage 1

CTRP (circumsporozoite protein and thrombospondin-related adhesive protein [TRAP]-related protein) of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei (PbCTRP) makes up a protein family together with other apicomplexan proteins that are specifically expressed in the host-invasive stage 1. PbCTRP is produced in the mosquito-invasive, or ookinete, stage and is a protein candidate for a role in ookinete adhesion and invasion of the mosquito midgut epithelium. To demonstrate involvement of PbCTRP in the infection of the vector, we performed targeting disruption experiments with this gene. PbCTRP disruptants showed normal exflagellation rates and development into ookinetes. However, no oocyst formation was observed in the midgut after ingestion of these parasites, suggesting complete loss of their invasion ability. On the other hand, when ingested together with wild-type parasites, disruptants were able to infect mosquitoes, indicating that the PbCTRP gene of the wild-type parasite rescued infectivity of disruptants when they heterologously mated in the mosquito midgut lumen. Our results show that PbCTRP plays a crucial role in malaria infection of the mosquito midgut and suggest that similar molecular mechanisms are used by malaria parasites to invade cells in the insect vector and the mammalian host.

Identification of Bloodmeals from Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) Collected in the Parque Nacional do Viruá, State of Roraima, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Leite Rodrigues ◽  
Glaucilene da Silva Costa ◽  
Paloma Helena Fernandes Shimabukuro
Keyword(s):  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Feeding Preferences ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Dasypus Novemcinctus ◽  
Search Tool ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Host Blood ◽  
Clustering Pattern ◽  
Species Being

Abstract The transmission of pathogens that cause leishmaniases occurs by the bite of female sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in their vertebrate hosts, which makes the identification of their bloodmeal sources an important step for the control and epidemiology of these diseases. In Brazil, the state of Roraima has a great diversity of sand flies, vertebrate hosts, and protozoan Leishmania, but little is known about the host blood-feeding preferences of sand flies. Thus, we evaluated the bloodmeal sources of sand flies collected from their sylvatic habitats in Parque Nacional do Viruá, Roraima. Fieldwork was carried-out between 13th and 18th August 2019 using CDC light traps. Sand flies were slide-mounted and morphologically identified using the head and last segments of the abdomen. Engorged females had their DNA extracted, followed by amplification and sequencing of the cytochrome b (cytb) molecular marker for vertebrates. Sequences were analyzed and compared with those from GenBank using the BLASTn search tool, in addition to the reconstruction of a phylogenetic tree to demonstrate the clustering pattern of these sequences. A total of 1,209 sand flies were identified, comprising 20 species, in which the most abundant were Psychodopygus ayrozai (Barretto and Coutinho) (42.10%) and Psychodopygus chagasi (Costa Lima) (26.22%). Bloodmeal source identification was successfully performed for 34 sand flies, that confirm four vertebrate species, being the most abundant the armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758 (Cingulata: Dasypodidae).

scholarly journals Temporal Dynamics of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ Load in the Insect Vector Cacopsylla melanoneura

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 592
Author(s):  
Valentina Candian ◽  
Monia Monti ◽  
Rosemarie Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Candidatus Phytoplasma Mali ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Cacopsylla Melanoneura

The transmission of phytoplasmas is the result of an intricate interplay involving pathogens, insect vectors and host plants. Knowledge of the vector’s competence during its lifespan allows us to define more sustainable well-timed control strategies targeted towards the most worrisome life stages. We investigated the temporal dynamics of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ load in Cacopsylla melanoneura in the different developmental stages in Northwest Italy. The phytoplasma load in the vector was evaluated in overwintering adults, nymphs and newly emerged adults after different acquisition access periods. Moreover, we followed the multiplication of the phytoplasma during the aestivation and the overwintering period on conifers. Our results confirmed the ability of remigrants to retain the phytoplasma until the end of winter. We also highlighted the high acquisition efficiency and vector competence, based on phytoplasma load, of nymphs and newly emerged adults. Therefore, particular attention should be paid to the management of overwintered C. melanoneura as soon as they return to the orchards, but also to newly emerged adults, particularly in orchards with a high infection rate and when the migration to conifers is delayed.

scholarly journals Monoclonal Antibody MG96 Completely Blocks Plasmodium yoelii Developmentin Anophelesstephensi

2003 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 6995-7001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhoel R. Dinglasan ◽  
Iesha Fields ◽  
Mohammed Shahabuddin ◽  
Abdu F. Azad ◽  
John B. Sacci
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Plasmodium Yoelii ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Vaccine Strategy ◽  
Mosquito Midgut

ABSTRACT In spite of research efforts to develop vaccines against the causative agent of human malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, effective control remains elusive. The predominant vaccine strategy focuses on targeting parasite blood stages in the vertebrate host. An alternative approach has been the development of transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs). TBVs target antigens on parasite sexual stages that persist within the insect vector, anopheline mosquitoes, or target mosquito midgut proteins that are presumed to mediate parasite development. By blocking parasite development within the insect vector, TBVs effectively disrupt transmission and the resultant cascade of secondary infections. Using a mosquito midgut-specific mouse monoclonal antibody (MG96), we have partially characterized membrane-bound midgut glycoproteins in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi. These proteins are present on the microvilli of midgut epithelial cells in both blood-fed and unfed mosquitoes, suggesting that the expression of the protein is not induced as a result of blood feeding. MG96 exhibits a dose-dependent blocking effect against Plasmodium yoelii development in An. stephensi. We achieved 100% blocking of parasite development in the mosquito midgut. Preliminary deglycosylation assays indicate that the epitope recognized by MG96 is a complex oligosaccharide. Future investigation of the carbohydrate epitope as well as gene identification should provide valuable insight into the possible mechanisms of ookinete attachment and invasion of mosquito midgut epithelial cells.

Inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation by anopheline antiplatelet protein, a saliva protein from a malaria vector mosquito

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 2007-2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeto Yoshida ◽  
Toshiki Sudo ◽  
Masashi Niimi ◽  
Lian Tao ◽  
Bing Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Platelet Adhesion ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Adhesion Assay ◽  
Type I ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Glycoprotein Vi ◽  
Vector Mosquito

During blood feeding, mosquitoes inject saliva containing a mixture of molecules that inactivate or inhibit various components of the hemostatic response to the bite injury as well as the inflammatory reactions produced by the bite, to facilitate the ingestion of blood. However, the molecular functions of the individual saliva components remain largely unknown. Here, we describe anopheline antiplatelet protein (AAPP) isolated from the saliva of Anopheles stephensi, a human malaria vector mosquito. AAPP exhibited a strong and specific inhibitory activity toward collagen-induced platelet aggregation. The inhibitory mechanism involves direct binding of AAPP to collagen, which blocks platelet adhesion to collagen and inhibits the subsequent increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The binding of AAPP to collagen effectively blocked platelet adhesion via glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and integrin α2β1. Cell adhesion assay showed that AAPP inhibited the binding of GPVI to collagen type I and III without direct effect on GPVI. Moreover, intravenously administered recombinant AAPP strongly inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation ex vivo in rats. In summary, AAPP is a malaria vector mosquito-derived specific antagonist of receptors that mediate the adhesion of platelets to collagen. Our study may provide important insights for elucidating the effects of mosquito blood feeding against host hemostasis.

Purification and cloning of the salivary nitrophorin from the hemipteran Cimex lectularius.

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (18) ◽  
pp. 2659-2664 ◽  
Author(s):  
J G Valenzuela ◽  
J M Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mass ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Protein Sequencing ◽  
Cimex Lectularius ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Clone Sequence ◽  
Internal Peptide ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Inositol Phosphatases

Cimex lectularius and Rhodnius prolixus contain salivary nitric oxide (NO) that may help them to feed on their vertebrate hosts by promoting vasodilation and inhibiting platelet aggregation. Salivary NO is associated with heme proteins (nitrophorins) that store and transport NO from the insect salivary glands to the skin of the host. In this study, the salivary nitrophorin of Cimex lectularius was purified by DEAE chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The purified nitrophorin had a molecular mass of 32.9 kDa. The DEAE-purified hemoprotein was able to bind NO, and this binding shifted the absorption maximum from 388 nm to 438 nm. The ratio of heme to apoprotein was estimated to be of 1:1. A cDNA clone of 1079 base pairs was sequenced and was found to code for a protein with a molecular mass of 31.7 kDa. The clone sequence was in agreement with the internal peptide sequences obtained from the purified protein. Sequencing of the isolated clone indicates high similarity to several inositol phosphatases; however, no significant similarities emerged when the sequence of C. lectularius nitrophorin was compared with that of R. prolixus nitrophorin, the only other nitrophorin known in insect saliva. Because C. lectularius and R. prolixus belong to two different families of Hemiptera that evolved independently to blood feeding, a case is made for the convergent evolution of these two insect nitrophorins.

scholarly journals Novel Method for the Separation of Male and Female Gametocytes of the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum That Enables Biological and Drug Discovery

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie C. Ridgway ◽  
Kwong Sum Shea ◽  
Daniela Cihalova ◽  
Alexander G. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Female Bias

ABSTRACT We developed a flow-cytometry-based method to separate and collect cocultured male and female Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes responsible for malaria transmission. The purity of the collected cells was estimated at >97% using flow cytometry, and sorted cells were observed by Giemsa-stained thin-smear and live-cell fluorescence microscopy. The expression of validated sex-specific markers corroborated the sorting strategy. Collected male and female gametocytes were used to confirm three novel sex-specific markers by quantitative real-time PCR that were more enriched in sorted male and female gametocyte populations than existing sex-specific markers. We also applied the method as a proof-of-principle drug screen that allows the identification of drugs that kill gametocytes in a sex-specific manner. Since the developed method allowed for the separation of male and female parasites from the same culture, we observed for the first time a difference in development time between the sexes: females developed faster than males. Hence, the ability to separate male and female gametocytes opens the door to a new field of sex-specific P. falciparum gametocyte biology to further our understanding of malaria transmission. IMPORTANCE The protozoan Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of human malaria. The development of sexual forms (so-called gametocytes) is crucial for disease transmission. However, knowledge of these forms is severely hampered by the paucity of sex-specific markers and the inability to extract single sex gametocytes in high purity. Moreover, the identification of compounds that specifically affect one sex is difficult due to the female bias of the gametocytes. We have developed a system that allows for the separation of male and female gametocytes from the same population. Applying our system, we show that male and female parasites mature at different rates, which might have implications for transmission. We also identified new sex-specific genes that can be used as sex markers or to unravel sex-specific functions. Our system will not only aid in the discovery of much needed gametocidal compounds, but it also represents a valuable tool for exploring malaria transmission biology.

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