scholarly journals Durability of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies from Natural Infection in Children and Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E Messiah ◽  
Frances A Brito ◽  
Harold W Kohl ◽  
Stacia M DeSantis ◽  
Melissa A Valerio-Shewmaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Blood Draw ◽  
True Incidence ◽  
Related Symptom ◽  
Symptom Status ◽  
Antibody Tests

Background. Recent data suggest the SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant is more transmissible among children compared to the Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant. The true incidence and longitudinal presence of antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is not known, however. We provided estimates of antibody response using Texas Coronavirus Antibody REsponse Survey (Texas CARES) data, a prospective population-based seroprevalence project designed to assess antibody status over time among the general population throughout the state. Methods. In October 2020 Texas CARES began enrolling adults (aged 20-80 years) and children (aged 5-19 years). Participants were offered a series of three SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests over 6-8 months, or every 2-3 months that includes the immunoassay for detection of antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (Roche N-test). Descriptive characteristics and COVID-19 infection-related symptom status was determined by questionnaire at the time of enrollment and prior to each successive blood draw. This analysis included participants ages 5-to-19 years old who have completed all three antibody assessments. Results. From our sample (n=159; mean age 12.5 years, SD 3.6), 96% of those with evidence of nucleocapsid antibodies at baseline assessment continued to have antibodies > six months later (mean 7.0 months, SD 0.97). There was no difference in the presence of antibodies by symptom status (asymptotic versus symptomatic) or severity (mild-moderate versus severe), sex, age group, or body mass index group (underweight, healthy weight, overweight, obesity) over the three antibody measurement timepoints. Conclusions. These results suggest that infection-induced antibodies persist and thus may provide some protection against future infection for at least half a year. 57.9% of the sample were negative for infection-induced antibodies at their third measurement point, suggesting a significant proportion of children have still not acquired natural infection.

Divergence in the epidemiological estimates of traumatic brain injury in the United States: comparison of two national databases

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Brittany M. Stopa ◽  
Maya Harary ◽  
Ray Jhun ◽  
Arun Job ◽  
Saef Izzy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Weighted Estimates ◽  
True Incidence ◽  
Ed Visits

OBJECTIVETraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the US, but the true incidence of TBI is unknown.METHODSThe National Trauma Data Bank National Sample Program (NTDB NSP) was queried for 2007 and 2013, and population-based weighted estimates of TBI-related emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and deaths were calculated. These data were compared to the 2017 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report on TBI, which used the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project’s National (“Nationwide” before 2012) Inpatient Sample and National Emergency Department Sample.RESULTSIn the NTDB NSP the incidence of TBI-related ED visits was 59/100,000 in 2007 and 62/100,000 in 2013. However, in the CDC report there were 534/100,000 in 2007 and 787/100,000 in 2013. The CDC estimate for ED visits was 805% higher in 2007 and 1169% higher in 2013. In the NTDB NSP, the incidence of TBI-related deaths was 5/100,000 in 2007 and 4/100,000 in 2013. In the CDC report, the incidence was 18/100,000 in both years. The CDC estimate for deaths was 260% higher in 2007 and 325% higher in 2013.CONCLUSIONSThe databases disagreed widely in their weighted estimates of TBI incidence: CDC estimates were consistently higher than NTDB NSP estimates, by an average of 448%. Although such a discrepancy may be intuitive, this is the first study to quantify the magnitude of disagreement between these databases. Given that research, funding, and policy decisions are made based on these estimates, there is a need for a more accurate estimate of the true national incidence of TBI.

scholarly journals From Multiplex Serology to Serolomics—A Novel Approach to the Antibody Response against the SARS-CoV-2 Proteome

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 749
Author(s):  
Julia Butt ◽  
Rajagopal Murugan ◽  
Theresa Hippchen ◽  
Sylvia Olberg ◽  
Monique van Straaten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Large Population ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Assay Performance ◽  
Multiplex Serology

The emerging SARS-CoV-2 pandemic entails an urgent need for specific and sensitive high-throughput serological assays to assess SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology. We, therefore, aimed at developing a fluorescent-bead based SARS-CoV-2 multiplex serology assay for detection of antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 proteome. Proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome and protein N of SARS-CoV-1 and common cold Coronaviruses (ccCoVs) were recombinantly expressed in E. coli or HEK293 cells. Assay performance was assessed in a COVID-19 case cohort (n = 48 hospitalized patients from Heidelberg) as well as n = 85 age- and sex-matched pre-pandemic controls from the ESTHER study. Assay validation included comparison with home-made immunofluorescence and commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays. A sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 86–100%) was achieved in COVID-19 patients 14 days post symptom onset with dual sero-positivity to SARS-CoV-2 N and the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein. The specificity obtained with this algorithm was 100% (95% CI: 96–100%). Antibody responses to ccCoVs N were abundantly high and did not correlate with those to SARS-CoV-2 N. Inclusion of additional SARS-CoV-2 proteins as well as separate assessment of immunoglobulin (Ig) classes M, A, and G allowed for explorative analyses regarding disease progression and course of antibody response. This newly developed SARS-CoV-2 multiplex serology assay achieved high sensitivity and specificity to determine SARS-CoV-2 sero-positivity. Its high throughput ability allows epidemiologic SARS-CoV-2 research in large population-based studies. Inclusion of additional pathogens into the panel as well as separate assessment of Ig isotypes will furthermore allow addressing research questions beyond SARS-CoV-2 sero-prevalence.

scholarly journals Primary Care Consultations after Hospitalisation for Pneumonia: A Large Population-based Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
pp. BJGP.2020.0890
Author(s):  
Vadsala Baskaran ◽  
Fiona Pearce ◽  
Rowan H Harwood ◽  
Tricia McKeever ◽  
Wei Shen Lim
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Practice Research ◽  
Clinical Practice Research Datalink ◽  
Respiratory Disorder ◽  
The Impact

Background: Up to 70% of patients report ongoing symptoms four weeks after hospitalisation for pneumonia, and the impact on primary care is poorly understood. Aim: To investigate the frequency of primary care consultations after hospitalisation for pneumonia, and the reasons for consultation. Design: Population-based cohort study. Setting: UK primary care database of anonymised medical records (Clinical Practice Research Datalink, CPRD) linked to Hospital Episode Statistics (HES), England. Methods: Adults with the first ICD-10 code for pneumonia (J12-J18) recorded in HES between July 2002-June 2017 were included. Primary care consultation within 30 days of discharge was identified as the recording of any medical Read code (excluding administration-related codes) in CPRD. Competing-risks regression analyses were conducted to determine the predictors of consultation and antibiotic use at consultation; death and readmission were competing events. Reasons for consultation were examined. Results: Of 56,396 adults, 55.9% (n=31,542) consulted primary care within 30 days of discharge. The rate of consultation was highest within 7 days (4.7 per 100 person-days). The strongest predictor for consultation was a higher number of primary care consultations in the year prior to index admission (adjusted sHR 8.98, 95% CI 6.42-12.55). The commonest reason for consultation was for a respiratory disorder (40.7%, n=12,840), 12% for pneumonia specifically. At consultation, 31.1% (n=9,823) received further antibiotics. Penicillins (41.6%, n=5,753) and macrolides (21.9%, n=3,029) were the commonest antibiotics prescribed. Conclusion: Following hospitalisation for pneumonia, a significant proportion of patients consulted primary care within 30 days, highlighting the morbidity experienced by patients during recovery from pneumonia.

scholarly journals Development of a health literacy scale for preconception care: a study of the reproductive age population in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maiko Suto ◽  
Haruhiko Mitsunaga ◽  
Yuka Honda ◽  
Eri Maeda ◽  
Erika Ota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Preconception Care ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Behavioral Skills

Abstract Background Preconception care aims to improve both maternal and child health in the short as well as long term, along with providing health benefits to adolescents, women, and men, whether or not they plan to become parents. However, there is limited evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions for improving preconception health in population-based settings. To accumulate evidence in this field, this study focused on the concept of health literacy, and aimed to develop a self-report health literacy scale in Japanese, focusing on preconception care. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional online survey. Participants were recruited from December 2019 to February 2020 from the registered members of a web-based research company. Participants were Japanese men and women aged 16–49 (n = 2000). A factor analysis was conducted to select both factors and items for health-related behavior and skills (33 initial items were generated), along with an item response theory analysis to examine how the 16 items were related to people’s knowledge of preconception care. Results We developed a 6-factor (including “appropriate medical examinations,” “appropriate diet,” “stress coping,” “healthy weight,” “safe living environment,” and “vaccinations”), 25-item behavior and skills scale, as well as a 13-item knowledge scale, to evaluate participants’ health literacy around preconception care. A shortened version, consisting of 17 items, was also prepared from the 25 items. The reliability coefficients of total scores and each factor of the behavior and skills scale were comparatively high, with weak-to-moderate correlation between behavior and skills and knowledge. Conclusions The new scale will, ideally, provide information on the current state of preconception care health literacy of the general population. In addition, this scale, which consists of both behavioral/skills and knowledge dimensions, should help support the effective implementation of risk assessment programs and interventions aimed at promoting behavioral changes using a population-based approach. Future studies using different question/administration formats for diverse populations, and considering respondents’ opinions on health literacy scales should be effective in improving this scale.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Field Utility of a Rapid Point-of-Care Test for SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in a Household Cohort

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehal Churiwal ◽  
Kelly D. Lin ◽  
Salman Khan ◽  
Srijana Chhetri ◽  
Meredith S. Muller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Point Of Care Test ◽  
Antibody Tests ◽  
Rapid Antibody

Point-of-care (POC) tests to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies offer quick assessment of serostatus after natural infection or vaccination. We compared the field performance of the BioMedomics COVID-19 IgM/IgG Rapid Antibody Test against an ELISA in 303 participants enrolled in a SARS-CoV-2 household cohort study. The rapid antibody test was easily implemented with consistent interpretation across 14 users in a variety of field settings. Compared with ELISA, detection of seroconversion lagged by 5 to 10 days. However, it retained a sensitivity of 90% (160/177, 95% confidence interval [CI] 85–94%) and specificity of 100% (43/43, 95% CI 92–100%) for those tested 3 to 5 weeks after symptom onset. Sensitivity was diminished among those with asymptomatic infection (74% [14/19], 95% CI 49–91%) and early in infection (45% [29/64], 95% CI 33–58%). When used appropriately, rapid antibody tests offer a convenient way to detect symptomatic infections during convalescence.

scholarly journals Mucosal versus systemic antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens in COVID-19 patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baweleta Isho ◽  
Kento T Abe ◽  
Michelle Zuo ◽  
Alainna J Jamal ◽  
Bhavisha Rathod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Blood Draw ◽  
Neutralization Activity ◽  
Surrogate Measure ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Negative Controls

While the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 has been extensively studied in blood, relatively little is known about the mucosal immune response and its relationship to systemic antibody levels. Since SARS-CoV-2 initially replicates in the upper airway, the antibody response in the oral cavity is likely an important parameter that influences the course of infection, but how it correlates to the antibody response in serum is not known. Here, we profile by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) IgG, IgA and IgM responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (full length trimer) and its receptor binding domain (RBD) in serum (n=496) and saliva (n=90) of acute and convalescent patients with laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 ranging from 3-115 days post-symptom onset (PSO), compared to negative controls. Anti-CoV-2 antibody responses were readily detected in serum and saliva, with peak IgG levels attained by 16-30 days PSO. Whereas anti-CoV-2 IgA and IgM antibodies rapidly decayed, IgG antibodies remained relatively stable up to 105 days PSO in both biofluids. In a surrogate neutralization ELISA (snELISA), neutralization activity peaks by 31-45 days PSO and slowly declines, though a clear drop is detected at the last blood draw (105-115 days PSO). Lastly, IgG, IgM and to a lesser extent IgA responses to spike and RBD in the serum positively correlated with matched saliva samples. This study confirms that systemic and mucosal humoral IgG antibodies are maintained in the majority of COVID-19 patients for at least 3 months PSO. Based on their correlation with each other, IgG responses in saliva may serve as a surrogate measure of systemic immunity.

scholarly journals COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors: impact of vaccination on antibody levels, breakthrough infections and reinfection rate.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo La Raja ◽  
Monia Pacenti ◽  
Ileana Grimaldi ◽  
Caterina Boldrin ◽  
Margherita Cattai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Antibody Level ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Reinfection Rate ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
The One ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
The Impact

From April 2020 through May 2021 in Padova Province 3395 COVID-19 recovered patients were recruited as potential convalescent plasma donors and tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Since January 2021 COVID-19 vaccination campaign began in Italy, the impact of vaccination on antibody levels and suspect vaccine breakthrough infections in these subjects were investigated. Post-vaccination anti-Sars-Cov-2 antibody level in 54 previously infected subjects had an exponential increase compared to pre-vaccination level regardless of the number of vaccine doses. However after 100 days from vaccination SARS-CoV-2 antibody level tends to decline. Post-vaccination primary infections were detected in 15 cases, with 3 possible breakthrough infections after a full vaccination course. In these cases, antibody response after infection was present but weaker than the one of subjects vaccinated after natural infection. A trend toward stronger antibody response was observed with increasing distance between natural infection and vaccination. Additionally, 2 cases of asymptomatic reinfections are also discussed.

scholarly journals Anti-factor VIII antibodies of hemophiliac patients are frequently directed towards nonfunctional determinants and do not exhibit isotypic restriction

Blood ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 2452-2461 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Gilles ◽  
J Arnout ◽  
J Vermylen ◽  
JM Saint-Remy
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Hemophilia A ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Functional Method ◽  
Specific Antibody Response ◽  
Functional Assays ◽  
Epitope Specificity ◽  
Chromogenic Assay

Abstract A significant proportion of hemophilia A patients receiving transfusions of factor VIII (FVIII) develop a specific antibody response towards FVIII. These antibodies are usually detected by assays in which they inhibit the function of the molecule, such as the Bethesda clotting test. We have prepared anti-FVIII antibodies by specific immunoadsorption from the plasma of four hemophiliacs with stable inhibitor levels. The isotypic distribution of such antibodies was determined and their capacity to bind to insolubilized FVIII was compared with their inhibitory activity in two functional assays, namely, the Bethesda assay and a chromogenic assay. In addition, the FVIII epitope specificity was determined by competition with monoclonal antibodies for the binding to insolubilized FVIII. We show here that (1) anti-FVIII antibodies are not isotypically restricted; thus, a significant proportion of specific IgG2 was found; (2) antibodies are frequently directed towards epitopes of FVIII that are not directly involved in the function of the molecule and therefore escape detection in the Bethesda method or chromogenic assay; and (3) each patient shows a unique pattern of FVIII epitope recognition. We conclude that evaluation of anti-FVIII antibodies by a functional method does not provide an accurate evaluation of the specific antibody response. These findings have important implications for the comparison of the immunogenicity of FVIII molecules produced by different technologies and for the development of methods to control anti-FVIII antibody production.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Hariri ◽  
Matthew T. McKenna
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
True Incidence ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Fundamental Shift

SUMMARY The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic emerged in the early 1980s with HIV infection as a highly lethal disease among men who have sex with men and among frequent recipients of blood product transfusions. Advances in the treatment of HIV infection have resulted in a fundamental shift in its epidemiology, to a potentially chronic and manageable condition. However, challenges in the prevention of this infection remain. In particular, increasing evidence suggests that transmission of drug-resistant virus is becoming more common and that the epidemic is having a profound impact on morbidity and mortality in ethnic and racial minority subgroups in the United States. New population-based data collection systems designed to describe trends in behaviors associated with HIV transmission and better methods for measuring the true incidence of transmission will better elucidate the characteristics of HIV infection in the United States and inform future public health policies.

scholarly journals Nature and Specificity of the Required Protective Immune Response That Develops Postchallenge in Mice Vaccinated with the 19-Kilodalton Fragment of Plasmodium yoelii Merozoite Surface Protein 1

2002 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 6013-6020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiraprapa Wipasa ◽  
Huji Xu ◽  
Morris Makobongo ◽  
Michelle Gatton ◽  
Anthony Stowers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Merozoite Surface Protein ◽  
Plasmodium Yoelii ◽  
Specific Antibody Response ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Merozoite Surface Protein 1

ABSTRACT Immunity induced by the 19-kDa fragment of Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP119) is dependent on high titers of specific antibodies present at the time of challenge and a continuing active immune response postinfection. However, the specificity of the active immune response postinfection has not been defined. In particular, it is not known whether anti-MSP119 antibodies that arise following infection alone are sufficient for protection. We developed systems to investigate whether an MSP119-specific antibody response alone both prechallenge and postchallenge is sufficient for protection. We were able to exclude antibodies with other specificities, as well as any contribution of MSP119-specific CD4+ T cells acting independent of antibody, and we concluded that an immune response focused solely on MSP119-specific antibodies is sufficient for protection. The data imply that the ability of natural infection to boost an MSP119-specific antibody response should greatly improve vaccine efficacy.

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