scholarly journals Metabolic analysis of a bacterial synthetic community from maize roots provides new mechanistic insights into microbiome stability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Krumbach ◽  
Patrizia Kroll ◽  
Vera Wewer ◽  
Sabine Metzger ◽  
Till Ischebeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Diversity ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Community Stability ◽  
Maize Roots ◽  
Carbon Substrates ◽  
Poor Understanding ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual ◽  
B Vitamin

Stability is a desirable property for agricultural microbiomes, but there is a poor understanding of the mechanisms that mediate microbial community stability. Recently, a representative bacterial synthetic community from maize roots has been proposed as a model system to study microbiome stability (Niu 2017, PNAS, 114:E2450). This SynCom assembles stably when all seven members are present, but community diversity collapses without the keystone E. cloacae strain. The aim of this study was to assess the role of metabolites for the stability of this SynCom, by defining the metabolic niches occupied by each strain, as well as their cross-feeding phenotypes and B-vitamin dependencies. We show that the individual member strains occupy complementary metabolic niches, measured by the depletion of distinct metabolites in exometabolomic experiments, as well as contrasting growth phenotypes on diverse carbon substrates. Minimal medium experiments show that the established seven-member community comprises a mixture of prototrophic and auxotrophic strains. Correspondingly, experimental cross-feeding phenotypes showed that spent media harvested from the prototrophic strains can sustain growth of two auxotrophs. We suggest that the metabolic mechanisms exhibited by this SynCom could serve as design principles to inform the rational assembly of stable plant-associated microbial communities.

scholarly journals The role of the asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of the alpha subunit in the secretion and assembly of human chorionic gonadotrophin.

1988 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 1049-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
M M Matzuk ◽  
I Boime
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Alpha Subunit ◽  
Expression Vectors ◽  
Ovary Cells ◽  
Glycosylation Sites ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a member of a family of heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones that have a common alpha subunit but differ in their hormone-specific beta subunit. Site-directed mutagenesis of the two asparagine-linked glycosylation sites of hCG alpha was used to study the function of the individual oligosaccharide chains in secretion and subunit assembly. Expression vectors for the alpha genes (wild-type and mutant) and the hCG beta gene were constructed and transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells. Loss of the oligosaccharide at position 78 causes the mutant subunit to be degraded quickly and less than 20% is secreted. However, the presence of hCG beta stabilizes this mutant and allows approximately 45% of the subunit in the form of a dimer to exit the cell. Absence of carbohydrate at asparagine 52 does not perturb the stability or transport of the alpha subunit but does affect dimer secretion; under conditions where this mutant or hCG beta was in excess, less than 30% is secreted in the form of a dimer. Mutagenesis of both glycosylation sites affects monomer and dimer secretion but at levels intermediate between the single-site mutants. We conclude that there are site-specific functions of the hCG alpha asparagine-linked oligosaccharides with respect to the stability and assembly of hCG.

scholarly journals Water Stress and Disruption of Mycorrhizae Induce Parallel Shifts in Phyllosphere Microbiome Composition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reena Debray ◽  
Yvonne Socolar ◽  
Griffin Kaulbach ◽  
Aidee Guzman ◽  
Catherine A. Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Additional Mechanism ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Striking Parallelism

ABSTRACTWater and nutrient limitation are key stressors that affect plant health and ecosystem function. These environmental factors impact both soil- and root-associated microbial communities, and systemically alter plant physiology, but it is less clear how they affect aboveground plant-microbe interactions. Through experimental manipulations in the field and growth chamber, we examined the interacting effects of irrigation, soil fertility, and root mycorrhizal associations on bacterial and fungal communities of the tomato phyllosphere (Solanum lycopersicum). Both water stress and mycorrhizal disruption reduced bacterial richness within plants, homogenized bacterial community diversity among plants, and reduced the relative abundance of dominant fungal taxa. We observed striking parallelism in the individual microbial taxa affected by irrigation and mycorrhizal associations. Given the increasingly understood role of the phyllosphere in shaping plant health and pathogen susceptibility, these results offer an additional mechanism by which belowground conditions shape plant fitness.

scholarly journals Sub-Lethal Doses of Clothianidin Inhibit the Conditioning and Biosensory Abilities of the Western Honeybee Apis mellifera

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartling ◽  
Vilcinskas ◽  
Lee
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sufficient Detail ◽  
Significant Movement ◽  
Neonicotinoid Insecticide ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Lethal Doses

Insects play an important role in the stability of ecosystems by fulfilling key functions such as pollination and nutrient cycling, as well as acting as prey for amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The global decline of insects is therefore a cause for concern, and the role of chemical pesticides must be examined carefully. The lethal effects of insecticides are well understood, but sub-lethal concentrations have not been studied in sufficient detail. We therefore used the western honeybee Apis mellifera as a model to test the effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide clothianidin on the movement, biosensory abilities and odor-dependent conditioning of insects, titrating from lethal to sub-lethal doses. Bees treated with sub-lethal doses showed no significant movement impairment compared to untreated control bees, but their ability to react to an aversive stimulus was inhibited. These results show that clothianidin is not only highly toxic to honeybees, but can, at lower doses, also disrupt the biosensory capabilities of survivors, probably reducing fitness at the individual level. In our study, sub-lethal doses of clothianidin altered the biosensory abilities of the honeybee; possible consequences at the colony level are discussed.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE CORPORATE CULTURE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 298 (5 Part 1) ◽  
pp. 150-154
Author(s):  
HALYNA IVANCHENKO ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Corporate Values ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Culture Formation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual

The article analyzes the importance of corporate culture in the company. The main structural elements of corporate culture are identified. It is established what features are situational factors on the organizational culture implemented in the company. Corporate culture is formed under the influence of natural and directed factors. The first are the external environment in which the organization operates, including social norms, market and economic situation, the place of organization in society. The second group of factors that produce the company’s culture are purposeful actions of management and employees. Situational factors under the influence of which the corporate culture in business currently operates influence the behavior of both the individual employee and the team as a whole. In the most effective organizations, culture supports and promotes the goals and strategies of the company. Standards and expectations help employees work to achieve company success. It is also noted that for the maintenance and development of corporate culture in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, such components as corporate values, the role of leader and the brand of the employer are important. Corporate values, which are spelled out in internal documents and transmitted to employees on a periodic basis, form the company’s reputation. Leadership serves as a behavioral guideline in the activities of the company’s employees, allows to increase their productivity. The brand of the employer is an important factor that determines the external and internal image of the organization in the long run. It is suggested that in order to improve the existing or form a new corporate culture, the company should conduct a detailed analysis of changes in the organization, eliminate outdated practices that have lost their meaning and get feedback from employees on the main key elements of a new or improved corporate culture. Corporate culture management is an important element in the life of the company. Diagnosis of corporate culture allows you to determine the strength of the company’s culture, which, in turn, makes it possible to predict the stability of the company under the influence of external and internal destructive factors.

scholarly journals CONSUMER CREDITING: CORELATION OF PRIVATE AND PUBLIC BASIS OF LEGAL REGULATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 170-177
Author(s):  
V. V. Bogdan ◽  
A. A. Kalinovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Method Of Abstraction

In this article, the authors consider the modern legislation system on consumer crediting. The authors dwell on the problems of the correlation of certain legal acts in this sphere and focus on the Federal Law "On Consumer Credit (Loan)". Also they note the role of departmental and local acts regulating consumer crediting. The authors state the idea that the special mechanism for the implementation of the rights of borrowers, laid by the legislator, contains additional duties and restrictions for banks and other credit organizations that sell credit products to citizens, as much as is necessary to protect public interests. Such regulation of the legal status of borrowers correlates with the general ideas about the convergence of private and public law. Establishing a special legal status of the consumer citizen, the legislator reflects the interests of citizens, the interests of their counterparties, as well as public interests related to the need to ensure balanced interests of the individual, society and the state. In the process of research, the authors used analytical, formal-legal methods, the method of abstraction, which allowed to formulate conclusions on the conducted research. The authors come to the conclusion that the legislation on consumer crediting is designed not only to protect the rights of a particular borrower, but also to ensure the stability of banking relations, avoiding abuses both on the part of borrowers and banks. At the same time, the legislation on consumer creditng is oriented not only to perform protective functions, but also regulatory.

scholarly journals Interaction strength and extinction risk in a metacommunity

2005 ◽  
Vol 272 (1572) ◽  
pp. 1571-1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Guichard
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Interaction Strength ◽  
Community Stability ◽  
Scale Invariant ◽  
Regional Stability ◽  
Regional Community ◽  
The Stability

Species interactions and connectivity are both central to explaining the stability of ecological communities and the problem of species extinction. Yet, the role of species interactions for the stability of spatially subdivided communities still eludes ecologists. Ecological models currently address the problem of stability by exploring the role of interaction strength in well mixed habitats, or of connectivity in subdivided communities. Here I propose a unification of interaction strength and connectivity as mechanisms explaining regional community stability. I introduce a metacommunity model based on succession dynamics in coastal ecosystems, incorporating limited dispersal and facilitative interactions. I report a sharp transition in regional stability and extinction probability at intermediate interaction strength, shown to correspond to a phase transition that generates scale-invariant distribution and high regional stability. In contrast with previous studies, stability results from intermediate interaction strength only in subdivided communities, and is associated with large-scale (scale-invariant) synchrony. These results can be generalized to other systems exhibiting phase transitions to show how local interaction strength can be used to resolve the link between regional community stability and pattern formation.

scholarly journals SEA TRANSPORT INDUSTRY AND SYSTEM ECONOMIC SECURITY

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
Nicholas Primachev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Institutions ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Maritime Transport ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Sea Transport ◽  
Transport Industry ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual

Modern economic priorities, which predetermine the sustainability of the development of international trade are also predetermining the increase in the role of maritime transport in both business activities, ‒ social and environmental spheres. It should be borne in mind that the costs of ensuring these results are concentrated in the system of the sea conveyor industry and are used to be strictly relevant. Their effectiveness is largely displayed in the form of an emergency effect, which highly affects the demand of the consumers, which is, in its turn forms the amount of the provided services within the sea transport industries. At the same time, the subsystems of the maritime transport industry, in contrast to other activities, are governed by the international institutions which are also affecting the total results of their productions or transportation processes. Concerning the other part of the system, the investors of the merchant fleet and seaports should be focused not only on the entrepreneurial purposes, but on the external restrictions on their competitive implementation as well. Thus, one of the main problems is based on the balance of economic security and the system-wide security of the activities of enterprises of the maritime transport. It should be borne it mind that these particulars of the maritime transport, such as its port industry, the transportation system, the logistics operations and other necessary parts and spheres are highly connected and are very dependent on the maritime industry. The mentioned above information requires the choice of the management methods and maintaining the subsystems of the maritime transport industry from the system security. In turn, it is necessary to clarify the essence of this category with the provision of the above, which will subsequently strengthen the stability and reliability of the maritime industry both by the individual components and internationally. As far as known, the maritime transport is built on many different certain parts and organizations most of which cannot exist without each other.

scholarly journals The role of family upbringing in finding one's place in society

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 125-127
Author(s):  
Mardiyeva Shaxnoza Amirovna
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Healthy Family ◽  
Self Discovery ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual

This article describes the role of family upbringing in the individual, his maturity and self-discovery in society, the factors that ensure the stability of society in a healthy family environment.

scholarly journals Developmental Psychology (Social)

Psychology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip C. Rodkin ◽  
Glenn I. Roisman
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Prevention Education ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Material History ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

The central questions of child social development bear upon the essential nature of human existence, including the lasting importance of the infant’s first social relationships, the stability of human personality, nature-nurture, the way to properly socialize children to be moral and successful, and the importance of family and friends. Social development research has broad relevance to issues in education, public policy, prevention, social work, and the life sciences. In this overview, we begin with some basic information on source material, history, and common journals in the field. Then comes coverage of critical issues in the child’s early social development: attachment to a loving adult, the importance of temperament, the study of genetic and other biological factors in development, and the relationship between ontogeny (the development of the individual) and phylogeny (the development of the species). Next comes a focus on some key behaviors that are seen as essential for successful socialization: moral and prosocial behavior, the motivation to achieve, and (the lack of) aggressive and antisocial behavior. We consider classic and recent research on the role of gender, ethnicity, and intergroup relations on children’s development as children learn to be part of a larger society. Finally comes research on two critical domains of influence in children’s social development: families and peers. The field of children’s social development is vibrant, exciting, and increasingly interconnected with other areas in prevention, education, and the biological and social sciences.

School Success and School Engagement of Immigrant Children and Adolescents

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frosso Motti-Stefanidi ◽  
Ann S. Masten
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Academic Success ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
School Engagement ◽  
School Success ◽  
Immigrant Children ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
The Individual

Academic achievement in immigrant children and adolescents is an indicator of current and future adaptive success. Since the future of immigrant youths is inextricably linked to that of the receiving society, the success of their trajectory through school becomes a high stakes issue both for the individual and society. The present article focuses on school success in immigrant children and adolescents, and the role of school engagement in accounting for individual and group differences in academic achievement from the perspective of a multilevel integrative model of immigrant youths’ adaptation ( Motti-Stefanidi, Berry, Chryssochoou, Sam, & Phinney, 2012 ). Drawing on this conceptual framework, school success is examined in developmental and acculturative context, taking into account multiple levels of analysis. Findings suggest that for both immigrant and nonimmigrant youths the relationship between school engagement and school success is bidirectional, each influencing over time the other. Evidence regarding potential moderating and mediating roles of school engagement for the academic success of immigrant youths also is evaluated.

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