Cryptic local adaptation is pervasive across environmental and evolutionary gradients

AbstractCryptic local adaptation—where an environmental effect masks the magnitude of the genetic contribution to a phenotype—has long been a topic of interest in ecology and evolution. Here, we systematically document the magnitude and drivers of two common forms of cryptic local adaptation—counter- and cogradient variation. Using a hierarchical Bayesian meta-analysis, we calculated the overall effect size as 1.03 for countergradient variation and 0.90 for cogradient variation. This result indicates that the genetic effect of cryptic local adaptation is approximately equal to a one standard deviation change in trait value between the most disparate populations. We also found that the abiotic and biotic covariates with the largest mean effects were temperature (2.50) and gamete size (2.78), although there was substantial variance. Our results demonstrate the pervasiveness and large effect of cryptic local adaptation in wild populations and underscores the importance of accounting for these effects in future studies.

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Psychologically Based Productivity Improvement Programs: What Works and What Doesn't?

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/107118139704100206 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 753-757

Author(s):

Hope VonBorkenhagen ◽

Mark L. Lengnick-Hall

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Effect Size ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Worker Productivity ◽

Productivity Improvement ◽

Organizational Interventions ◽

What Works ◽

Improvement Programs

A meta-analysis of the effects of II types of psychologically based organizational interventions on worker productivity showed that such programs, on average, raised worker productivity by nearly one-half standard deviation. This study reviewed research reported between 1982 and 1996 and extends a previous study by Guzzo, Jette and Katzell (1985) which reviewed research reported between 1971 and 1981. While the same overall effect size for productivity improvement programs was discovered, differences were found between the two studies on the effectiveness of specific interventions.

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META-ANALYSIS EFFECTIVENESS OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING MODEL IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

JURNAL TATSQIF ◽

10.20414/jtq.v18i1.2447 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 22-35

Author(s):

Lubna Lubna

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Data Analysis ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Effect Size ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Gifted Students ◽

Problem Based Learning ◽

Quantitative Approach ◽

Learning Method ◽

Analysis Method

This research is intended to analyze the effectiveness of problem-based learning in social sciences settings. The study employed a quantitative approach using a meta-analysis method which is defined as the analysis of the same topic existing literature. This study referenced 4 out of 9 representative journals and was determined as the analysis unit. Subsequently, it is decided to make six sub-study out of four analysis unit. Glass’ effect size equation is employed as the data analysis. This study revealed, (1) the overall effect of the problem-based method on the students’ learning achievement standard deviation was 0,795, (2) the utilization of problem-based method showed significant result on the highly motivated and gifted students; (3) this learning method is relevant to all educational stage.

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Unconscious Visual Working Memory: a critical review and Bayesian meta-analysis

10.31234/osf.io/gt67h ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Filippo Gambarota ◽

Naotsugu Tsuchiya ◽

Massimiliano Pastore ◽

Nicola Di Polito ◽

Paola Sessa

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Effect Size ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Methodological Issues ◽

The Unconscious ◽

Future Studies ◽

Meta Regression ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Relationship

The relationship between consciousness and working memory (WM) has been recently debated both at the theoretical and methodological levels (Persuh et al., 2018; Velichkovsky, 2017). While there is behavioral and neural evidence that argues for the existence of unconscious WM, several methodological concerns have been raised, rendering this issue highly controversial. To address the robustness of the previous findings, here we adopt a meta-analytic approach to estimate the effect size and heterogeneity of the previously reported unconscious WM results, also including unpublished results. We used meta-regression to isolate relevant experimental variables, in particular, consciousness manipulation and WM paradigm to identify the source of the heterogeneity in the reported effect size of the unconscious WM. Our meta-analysis supports the existence of the unconscious WM effect and critically reveals several experimental variables that contribute to relevant heterogeneity. Our analysis clarifies several theoretical and methodological issues. We recommend that future studies explicitly operationalize the definition of consciousness, standardize the methodology and systematically explore the role of critical variables for the unconscious WM effect.

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Biogeographic Ancestry and Socioeconomic Outcomes in the Americas: A Meta-Analysis

10.1101/055681 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Emil O. W. Kirkegaard ◽

Mingrui Wang ◽

John Fuerst

Keyword(s):

Effect Size ◽

American Studies ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Square Root ◽

Medical Outcomes ◽

Socioeconomic Outcomes ◽

Future Studies ◽

Moderator Analysis ◽

High Degree

Narrative reports suggest that socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with biogeographic ancestry (BGA) in the Americas. If so, SES potentially acts as a confound that needs to be taken into account when evaluating the relation between medical outcomes and BGA. To explore how systematic BGA-SES associations are, a meta-analysis of American studies was conducted. 40 studies were identified, yielding a total of 64 independent samples with directions of associations, including 48 independent samples with effect sizes. An analysis of association directions found a high degree of consistency. The square rootn-weighted directions were 0.83 (K=36), -0.81 (K= 41) and -0.82 (K= 39) for European, Amerindian and African BGA, respectively. An analysis of effect size magnitudes found that European BGA was positively associated with SES, with a meta-analytic effect size ofr= .18 [95% CI: .13 to .24,K= 28,n= 35,476.5], while both Amerindian and African BGA were negatively associated with SES, having meta-analytic effect sizes of -.14 [-.18 to -.10,K= 31,n= 28,937.5] and -.11 [-.15 to -.07,K= 28,n= 32,710.5], respectively. There was considerable cross-sample variation in effect sizes (mean I2= 92%), but the sample size was not enough for performing credible moderator analysis. Implications for future studies are discussed.

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Social Competence in Parents Increases Children’s Educational Attainment: Replicable Genetically-Mediated Effects of Parenting Revealed by Non-Transmitted DNA

Twin Research and Human Genetics ◽

10.1017/thg.2018.75 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 1-3 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Timothy C. Bates ◽

Brion S. Maher ◽

Lucía Colodro-Conde ◽

Sarah E. Medland ◽

Kerrie McAloney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Educational Attainment ◽

Effect Size ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Genetic Effect ◽

Risk Scores ◽

Polygenic Risk ◽

The Third ◽

Mediated Effects ◽

The Social ◽

Adolescent Twins

AbstractWe recently reported an association of offspring educational attainment with polygenic risk scores (PRS) computed on parent’s non-transmitted alleles for educational attainment using the second GWAS meta-analysis article on educational attainment published by the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium. Here we test the replication of these findings using a more powerful PRS from the third GWAS meta-analysis article by the Consortium. Each of the key findings of our previous paper is replicated using this improved PRS (N = 2335 adolescent twins and their genotyped parents). The association of children’s attainment with their own PRS increased substantially with the standardized effect size, moving from β = 0.134, 95% CI = 0.079, 0.188 for EA2, to β = 0.223, 95% CI = 0.169, 0.278, p < .001, for EA3. Parent’s PRS again predicted the socioeconomic status (SES) they provided to their offspring and increased from β = 0.201, 95% CI = 0.147, 0.256 to β = 0.286, 95% CI = 0.239, 0.333. Importantly, the PRS for alleles not transmitted to their offspring — therefore acting via the parenting environment — was increased in effect size from β = 0.058, 95% CI = 0.003, 0.114 to β = 0.067, 95% CI = 0.012, 0.122, p = .016. As previously found, this non-transmitted genetic effect was fully accounted for by parental SES. The findings reinforce the conclusion that genetic effects of parenting are substantial, explain approximately one-third the magnitude of an individual’s own genetic inheritance and are mediated by parental socioeconomic competence.

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Coğrafya Konuların Öğretiminde Materyal Kullanımının Öğrenci Başarısına Etkisi: Bir Meta Analiz Çalışması / The Effect of the Usage of Instructional Materials on Student Achievement in Teaching Geography: A Meta-analytic Study

Journal of History Culture and Art Research ◽

10.7596/taksad.v6i3.913 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 473

Author(s):

Yusuf İnel ◽

Adem Sezer

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Student Achievement ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Effect Size ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Instructional Materials ◽

Arithmetic Average ◽

Material Type ◽

The Impact ◽

Research Type

AbstractThis study aims to combine the results of independent studies in order to reveal the impact of the usage of instructional materials in teaching geography subjects on students’ achievement. We have tried to answer the question “Do the instructional materials in teaching geography subjects impact on students’ achievement?”. The study is performed via meta-analysis. The total sampling size obtained from 31 studies included in analysis. The data were analyzed using STATA 13. and CMA 3 programs. When analyzing the data, the values of standard deviation, arithmetic average and sampling size of postest measures of control and experimental groups in each study were used. The results of this study indicate that the usage of instructional materials in the teaching geography subjects impacts positively on students’ achievementat at wider effect size. They also show that there is no any statistically difference among effect size by sampling stage (high school), the material type used, research type, and publication years of studies. ÖzBu çalışmada, coğrafya konuların öğretilmesinde kullanılan materyallerin öğrenci başarısı üzerindeki etkisinin tespit edilmesine yönelik yapılmış birbirinden bağımsız çalışmalardan elde edilen sonuçların birleştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç dâhilinde, “Coğrafya Konuların Öğretiminde Kullanılan Materyaller, öğrencilerin akademik başarılarını etkilemekte midir?” sorusuna cevap aranmıştır. Çalışma, meta analiz yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analize dahil edilen 31 çalışmadan elde edilen toplam örneklem büyüklüğü 2138 dir. Verilerin analizinde STATA 13 ve CMA 3 programları kullanılmıştır. Verileri analiz ederken her bir çalışmanın kontrol ve deney grubunun sontest ölçümlerinden standart sapma, aritmetik ve örneklem büyüklüğü değerleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, coğrafya konuların öğretiminde kullanılan materyallerin öğrencilerin akademik başarılarına pozitif yönde geniş düzeyde etki ettiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca, araştırmanın karakteristiğini oluşturan öğrenim düzeyi, materyal türü, çalışma türü ve çalışmaların yayınlandığı yıl değişkenlerine göre etki büyüklükleri açısından istatistikî olarak bir farkın olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.

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Personal Goals of Older Female Twins

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027/1016-9040.14.2.160 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 160-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Katariina Salmela-Aro ◽

Sanna Read ◽

Jari-Erik Nurmi ◽

Markku Koskenvuo ◽

Jaakko Kaprio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Exercise ◽

Independent Living ◽

Environmental Effect ◽

Close Relationships ◽

Environmental Influence ◽

Genetic Effect ◽

Additive Genetic Effect ◽

Personal Goals ◽

Cultural Activities ◽

The Individual

This study examined genetic and environmental influences on older women’s personal goals by using data from the Finnish Twin Study on Aging. The interview for the personal goals was completed by 67 monozygotic (MZ) pairs and 75 dizygotic (DZ) pairs. The tetrachoric correlations for personal goals related to health and functioning, close relationships, and independent living were higher in MZ than DZ twins, indicating possible genetic influence. The pattern of tetrachoric correlations for personal goals related to cultural activities, care of others, and physical exercise indicated environmental influence. For goals concerning health and functioning, independent living, and close relationships, additive genetic effect accounted for about half of the individual variation. The rest was the result of a unique environmental effect. Goals concerning physical exercise and care of others showed moderate common environmental effect, while the rest of the variance was the result of a unique environmental effect. Personal goals concerning cultural activities showed unique environmental effects only.

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The Relationship Between Immorality and Cleansing

Social Psychology ◽

10.1027/1864-9335/a000349 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 303-309 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jedidiah Siev ◽

Shelby E. Zuckerman ◽

Joseph J. Siev

Keyword(s):

Effect Size ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Weighted Mean ◽

The Relationship

Abstract. In a widely publicized set of studies, participants who were primed to consider unethical events preferred cleansing products more than did those primed with ethical events ( Zhong & Liljenquist, 2006 ). This tendency to respond to moral threat with physical cleansing is known as the Macbeth Effect. Several subsequent efforts, however, did not replicate this relationship. The present manuscript reports the results of a meta-analysis of 15 studies testing this relationship. The weighted mean effect size was small across all studies (g = 0.17, 95% CI [0.04, 0.31]), and nonsignificant across studies conducted in independent laboratories (g = 0.07, 95% CI [−0.04, 0.19]). We conclude that there is little evidence for an overall Macbeth Effect; however, there may be a Macbeth Effect under certain conditions.

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