scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology of Animal African Trypanosomosis in southwest Burkina Faso

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Eustache Hounyèmè ◽  
Jacques Kaboré ◽  
Geoffrey Gimonneau ◽  
Martin Bienvenu Somda ◽  
Ernest Salou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Sizable Proportion ◽  
Socio Economic Impact ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Trypanosoma Species

Background: Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT) is a parasitic disease of livestock that has a major socio-economic impact in the affected areas. It is caused by several species of uniflagellate extracellular protists of the genus Trypanosoma mainly transmitted by tsetse flies: T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei brucei . In Burkina Faso, AAT hampers the proper economic development of the southwestern part of the country, which is yet the best watered area particularly conducive to agriculture and animal production. It was therefore important to investigate the extend of the infection in order to better control the disease. The objective of the present study was to assess the prevalence of trypanosome infections and collect data on the presence of tsetse flies. Methods: Buffy coat, Trypanosoma species-specific PCR, Indirect ELISA Trypanosoma sp and trypanolysis techniques were used on 1898 samples collected. An entomological survey was also carried out. Results: The parasitological prevalence of AAT was 1.1%, and all observed parasites were T. vivax . In contrast, the molecular prevalence was 23%, of which T. vivax was predominant (89%) followed by T. congolense (12%) and T. brucei s.l. (7.3%) with a sizable proportion as mixed infections (9.1%). T. brucei gambiense, responsible of sleeping sickness in humans, was not detected. The serological prevalence reached 49%. Once again T. vivax predominated (86.2%), but followed by T. brucei (9.6%) and T. congolense (4.2%), while 34.6% of positive samples tested positive for at least two trypanosome species. Seven samples, from six cattle and one pig, were found positive by trypanolysis. The density per trap of Glossina tachinoides and G. palpalis gambiensis was about three flies. Conclusions/Significance: Overall, our study showed a high prevalence of trypanosome infection in the area, pointing out an ongoing inadequacy of control measures.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Brachyspira spp. from Dogs in the Czech Republic

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-442
Author(s):  
Daniel Šperling ◽  
František Čada ◽  
Alois Čížek
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Biochemical Activity ◽  
Animal Shelters ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Species Specific

The objectives of this study were to establish the prevalence of intestinal Spirochetes of the genusBrachyspirain Czech dogs and to determine the susceptibility of obtainedB. pilosicoliisolates to selected antibacterial substances. Spirochetes were diagnosed microscopically in 23 out of 1139 samples of dogs’ excrements, primarily intended for a parasitological testing. The cultivation of positive samples provided 10 brachyspira isolates, which were, on the basis of their biochemical activity and the results of the species-specific PCR, identified asB. pilosicoli(9 isolates) andB. hyodysenteriae(1 isolate). These dogs came from households. All the 7 tested isolatesB. pilosicoliwere sensitive to metronidazole and doxycycline, uniformly resistant to erythromycin, partly sensitive to cefazoline, lincomicine and ampicilline except for one isolate ofB. pilosicoli, which was resistant to ampicilline. The second part of study was focused on dogs with diarrhoea that came from animal shelters, where a high prevalence of 58% (10/17) ofB. pilosicoliwas found.

scholarly journals Prevalence of mixed Trypanosoma congolense infections in livestock and tsetse in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

2010 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Gillingwater ◽  
M.V. Mamabolo ◽  
P.O.A. Majiwa
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Disease Manifestation ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Commercial Farm ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Trypanosoma congolense causes the most economically important animal trypanosomosis in Africa. In South Africa, a rinderpest pandemic of the 1890s removed many host animals, resulting in the near-eradication of most tsetse species. Further suppression was achieved through spraying with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT); however, residual populations of Glossina austeni and G. brevipalpis remained in isolated pockets. A total of 506 of these tsetse flies were captured in the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, the St Lucia Wetland Park and Boomerang commercial farm. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the infection rate and frequency of mixed infections of these flies. Additionally, 473 blood samples were collected from cattle at communal diptanks and a commercial farm in the area and each one examined by the haematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT). Furthermore, buffy coats from these blood samples were spotted onto FTA Elute cards and the DNA extracted from each one tested using 3 separate PCRs. The HCT revealed the presence of trypanosomes in only 6.6 % of the blood samples; by contrast, species-specific PCR detected trypanosome DNA in 50 % of the samples. The species-specific PCR detected trypanosome DNA in 17 % of the tsetse flies, compared with the nested PCR targeting rDNA which detected trypanosome DNA in only 14 % of the samples. Over time, the transmission of Savannah-type T. congolense and Kilifi-type T. congolense as mixed infections could have an impact on disease manifestation in different hosts in the area.

PCR-based Methods for Identification and Detection of Phytophthora infestans in Infected Leaves of Tomato

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Haya Khalid ◽  
Atul Grover ◽  
Sanjai K Dwivedi
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assays ◽  
Species Specific

Every year there is a huge amount of loss of tomato crop due to infection of late blight caused by P. infestans. To minimise this loss, it is important to visualise disease infection, so as the control measures can be taken up rapidly. The aim of this study was to develop a schematic protocol in order to examine the disease outbreak. P. infestans were isolated and identified based on morphological characteristics, serological and species-specific PCR assays. Ten samples were processed and examined morphologically and serologically (dipstick). However, on molecular examination only three isolates were confirmed as P. infestans. Four sets of PCR primers i.e., AE-7, O-8, INF, ITS 3 and ITS 4 were validated for accurate detection of P. infestans infection. All the sets of primers gave positive result by giving amplicons of expected size.

scholarly journals Survey on Perkinsus Species in Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum in Korean Waters Using Species-Specific PCR

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Sil Kang ◽  
Hyun-Sung Yang ◽  
Kimberly S. Reece ◽  
Young-Ghan Cho ◽  
Hye-Mi Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ruditapes Philippinarum ◽  
Manila Clam ◽  
Korean Waters ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Species Specific

scholarly journals Constraints to Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) Production and Farmers’ Approaches to Striga hermonthica Management in Burkina Faso

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8460
Author(s):  
Armel Rouamba ◽  
Hussein Shimelis ◽  
Inoussa Drabo ◽  
Mark Laing ◽  
Prakash Gangashetty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Striga Hermonthica ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Central Plateau ◽  
South Central

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is a staple food crop in Burkina Faso that is widely grown in the Sahelian and Sudano-Sahelian zones, characterised by poor soil conditions and erratic rainfall, and high temperatures. The objective of this study was to document farmers’ perceptions of the prevailing constraints affecting pearl millet production and related approaches to manage the parasitic weeds S. hermonthica. The study was conducted in the Sahel, Sudano-Sahelian zones in the North, North Central, West Central, Central Plateau, and South Central of Burkina Faso. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and focus group discussions involving 492 participant farmers. Recurrent drought, S. hermonthica infestation, shortage of labour, lack of fertilisers, lack of cash, and the use of low-yielding varieties were the main challenges hindering pearl millet production in the study areas. The majority of the respondents (40%) ranked S. hermonthica infestation as the primary constraint affecting pearl millet production. Respondent farmers reported yield losses of up to 80% due to S. hermonthica infestation. 61.4% of the respondents in the study areas had achieved a mean pearl millet yields of <1 t/ha. Poor access and the high cost of introduced seed, and a lack of farmers preferred traits in the existing introduced pearl millet varieties were the main reasons for their low adoption, as reported by 32% of respondents. S. hermonthica management options in pearl millet production fields included moisture conservation using terraces, manual hoeing, hand weeding, use of microplots locally referred to as ‘zaï’, crop rotation and mulching. These management techniques were ineffective because they do not suppress the below ground S. hermonthica seed, and they are difficult to implement. Integrated management practices employing breeding for S. hermonthica resistant varieties with the aforementioned control measures could offer a sustainable solution for S. hermonthica management and improved pearl millet productivity in Burkina Faso.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of a Nested-PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Method for Taxonomic Characterization of Bifidobacterial Communities

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 6380-6385 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Temmerman ◽  
L. Masco ◽  
T. Vanhoutte ◽  
G. Huys ◽  
J. Swings
Keyword(s):  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Taxonomic Characterization

ABSTRACT The taxonomic characterization of a bacterial community is difficult to combine with the monitoring of its temporal changes. None of the currently available identification techniques are able to visualize a “complete” community, whereas techniques designed for analyzing bacterial ecosystems generally display limited or labor-intensive identification potential. This paper describes the optimization and validation of a nested-PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) approach for the species-specific analysis of bifidobacterial communities from any ecosystem. The method comprises a Bifidobacterium-specific PCR step, followed by purification of the amplicons that serve as template DNA in a second PCR step that amplifies the V3 and V6-V8 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. A mix of both amplicons is analyzed on a DGGE gel, after which the band positions are compared with a previously constructed database of reference strains. The method was validated through the analysis of four artificial mixtures, mimicking the possible bifidobacterial microbiota of the human and chicken intestine, a rumen, and the environment, and of two fecal samples. Except for the species Bifidobacterium coryneforme and B. indicum, all currently known bifidobacteria originating from various ecosystems can be identified in a highly reproducible manner. Because no further cloning and sequencing of the DGGE bands is necessary, this nested-PCR-DGGE technique can be completed within a 24-h span, allowing the species-specific monitoring of temporal changes in the bifidobacterial community.

scholarly journals First Report of Orange Rust of Sugarcane Caused by Puccinia kuehnii in Colombia

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cadavid ◽  
J. C. Ángel ◽  
J. I. Victoria
Keyword(s):  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
First Report ◽  
5.8S Rdna ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Plant Pathol ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
New Cultivars

Symptoms of sugarcane orange rust were first observed in July 2010 on sugarcane (interspecific hybrid of Saccharum L. species) cv. CC 01-1884 planted in the La Cabaña Sugar Mill, Puerto Tejada, Colombia. Morphological features of uredinial lesions and urediniospores inspected with an optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy were distinct from common rust of sugarcane caused by Puccinia melanocephala Syd. & P. Syd., revealing spores identical morphologically to those described for the fungus P. kuehnii (Kruger) E. Butler, causal agent of sugarcane orange rust (1,3). Uredinial lesions were orange and distinctly lighter in color than pustules of P. melanocephala. Urediniospores were orange to light cinnamon brown, mostly ovoid to pyriform, variable in size (27.3 to 39.2 × 16.7 to 21.2 μm), with pronounced apical wall and moderately echinulate with spines evenly distributed. Paraphyses, telia, and teliospores were not observed. Species-specific PCR primers designed from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1, ITS2, and 5.8S rDNA regions of P. melanocephala and P. kuehnii were used to differentiate the two species (2). The primers Pm1-F and Pm1-R amplified a 480-bp product from P. melanocepahala DNA in leaf samples with symptoms of common rust. By contrast, the primers Pk1-F and Pk1-R generated a 527-bp product from presumed P. kuehnii DNA in leaf samples with signs of orange rust, confirming the identity as P. kuehnii. The Centro de Investigación de la Caña de Azúcar de Colombia (Cenicaña) started a survey of different cultivars in nurseries and experimental and commercial fields in the Cauca River Valley and collected leaf samples for additional analyses. Experimental cvs. CC 01-1884, CC 01-1866, and CC 01-1305 were found to be highly susceptible to orange rust and were eliminated from regional trials, whereas commercial cvs. CC 85-92 and CC 84-75, the most widely grown cultivars, were resistant. With the discovery of orange rust of sugarcane in Colombia, Cenicaña has incorporated orange rust resistance in the selection and development of new cultivars. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. kuehnii on sugarcane in Colombia. Orange rust has also been reported from the United States, Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, and Brazil. References: (1) J. C. Comstock et al. Plant Dis. 92:175, 2008. (2) N. C. Glynn et al. Plant Pathol. 59:703, 2010. (3) E. V. Virtudazo et al. Mycoscience 42:167, 2001.

scholarly journals Risk of Plasmodium falciparum infection in south-west Burkina Faso - potential impact of expanding eligibility for seasonal malaria chemoprevention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne L Wilson ◽  
Steve W Lindsay ◽  
Alfred Tiono ◽  
Jean Baptiste Yaro ◽  
Hilary Ranson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
South West ◽  
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Burkina Faso has one of the highest malaria burdens in sub-Saharan Africa despite the mass deployment of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and use of seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) in children aged up to 5 years. Identification of risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum infection in rural Burkina Faso could help to identify and target malaria control measures. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 1,199 children and adults was conducted during the peak malaria transmission season in south-west Burkina Faso in 2017. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for microscopically confirmed P. falciparum infection. A malaria transmission dynamic model was used to determine the impact on malaria cases averted of administering SMC to children aged 5–15 year old. Results P. falciparum prevalence was 32.8% in the study population. Children aged 5 to < 10 years old were at 3.74 times the odds (95% CI = 2.68–5.22, p < 0.001) and children aged 10 to 15 years old at 3.14 times the odds (95% CI = 1.20–8.21, p = 0.02) of P. falciparum infection compared to children aged less than 5 years old. Administration of SMC to children aged up to 10 years is predicted to avert an additional 57 malaria cases per 1000 population per year (9.4% reduction) and administration to children aged up to 15 years would avert an additional 89 malaria cases per 1000 population per year (14.6% reduction) in the Cascades Region, assuming coverage of pyrethroid-piperonyl butoxide ITNs. Conclusion Malaria infections were high in all age strata, although highest in children aged 5 to 15 years, despite roll out of core malaria control interventions. Given the burden of infection in school-age children, extension of the eligibility criteria for SMC could help reduce the burden of malaria in Burkina Faso and other countries in the region.

scholarly journals Serological Investigations of Brucellosis in Cattle, Farmers and Veterinarians in the Kars District of Turkey

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Otlu ◽  
M. Sahin ◽  
H. I. Atabay ◽  
A. Unver
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

The prevalence of brucellosis was investigated in cattle, farmers and veterinarians in the Kars district of Turkey between 2004 - 2006. In order to achieve this, a total of 407 serum samples of cattle from 27 herds having history of abortions were examined for Brucella antibodies by RBPT and SAT. In addition, the sera collected from 246 farmers (130 males and 116 females) and 28 veterinarians in the same district were analysed serologically by RBPT, SAT and ELISA. Of the cattle sera analysed, 134 (32.92%) and 141 (34.64%) were determined as positive by RBPT and SAT, respectively. Thirty-two (13%), 35 (14.22%) and 44 (17.88%) of the farmers' sera were found positive for brucellosis by RBPT, SAT and ELISA, respectively. There was no significant difference between sexes for Brucella seropositivity. Of the 28 sera from veterinarians, 13 (46.42%) were positive by the three serological tests. The high prevalence of brucellosis both in cattle and humans suggests that brucellosis is common in this area. Preventive and control measures should be implemented and pursued more strictly to reduce and/or eradicate brucellosis from the area.

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