scholarly journals Transgender Swimmer in College Athletics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathon Senefeld ◽  
Sandra Hunter ◽  
Doriane Lambelet Coleman ◽  
Michael J Joyner
Keyword(s):  
College Athletics ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Androgen Suppression

There is current scientific and legal controversy about sports competition eligibility regulations for transgender athletes. To better understand and contextualize the effect of androgen-suppression treatment on swimming performance, we compared the gender-related differences in performance of a transgender swimmer who competed in both the male and female NCAA (collegiate) categories to the sex-related differences in performance of world and national class swimmers. These data demonstrate that the gender-related differences in middle distance freestyle performances of a transgender woman are smaller than the observed sex-related differences in performance of top athletes. Our analysis may be useful as a framework for regulators considering participation guidelines which promote fair competition for all athletes, whether cisgender or transgender.

Paralympic Swimming Performance, Impairment, and the Functional Classification System

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng K. Wu ◽  
Trevor Williams
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Performance Impairment ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Performance Times ◽  
The Relationship

The aim was to analyze the relationship between performance and classes of swimmers and between types of physical impairments and medal winners. Participants were 374 swimmers at the 1996 Paralympic Games with six types of impairments: poliomyelitis, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, amputation, dysmelia, and les autres. Data included performance times, gender, classification, swimming stroke and distance, and type of impairment. ANOVA and Spearman rank correlation treatment of data revealed significant differences in swimmers’ mean speeds across classes and positive correlations in swimmers’ classes and swimming speeds in all male and female events; no type of impairment dominated the opportunity to participate, win medals, or advance to the finals. It was concluded that the current swimming classification system is effective with respect to generating fair competition for most swimmers.

scholarly journals Analysis of 50-, 100-, and 200-m Freestyle Swimmers at the 1992 Olympic Games

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Arellano ◽  
Peter Brown ◽  
Jane Cappaert ◽  
Richard C. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Average Velocity ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Final Time ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Starting Time

The performances of 335 male and female swimmers competing in 50-, 100-, and 200-m freestyle events at the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games were videotaped and analyzed to determine stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR), starting time (ST), turning times (TI = turn in, TO = turn out), finishing (end) time (ET), and average velocity (AV); relationships were then determined among these variables in addition to height, weight, age, and final time (FT). Differences were subsequently assessed within and among the events, and comparisons were made between male and female performances. ST, TI, TO, ET, and SL were identified as principal components of successful swimming performance at each distance. Results revealed statistically significant correlations between factors for all events. The men were older and taller; possessed longer stroke lengths; and started, turned, and swam faster than the women. As the race distance increased from 50 to 200 m, ST, TI, TO, SL, and ET increased for both men and women, while age, SR, and AV decreased.

scholarly journals Freestyle versus butterfly swimming performance – effects of age and sex

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Alexander Zingg ◽  
Mathias Wolfrum ◽  
Christoph Alexander Rüst ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Romuald Lepers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
National Level ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Age And Sex

AbstractPurpose. Recent studies have suggested that the age of peak freestyle swimming speed is reached earlier in life in women than in men. However, no study has investigated the age of peak swimming speed in other swimming styles such as butterfly. The aims of the present study were to investigate the age of peak swimming speed in elite male and female butterfly and freestyle swimmers at the national level (Switzerland) and the sex differences in both the age of peak swimming speed and swimming speed for both swimming styles. Methods. Results of the elite Swiss swimmers between 2006 and 2010 were analysed using one-way analysis of variance. Results. In butterfly, women achieved peak swimming speed at 20-21 years in the 50 m, 100 m and 200 m, whereas men reached their fastest swimming speed in the 50 m at 20-21 years and in both the 100 m and 200 m at 18-19 years. In freestyle, women achieved peak swimming speed at 20-21 years for all distances. Men were the fastest at 22-23 years for both the 100 m and 200 m and at 26-27 years for the 50 m. In the butterfly, the sex difference in swimming speed was highest in the 50 m and lowest in the 200 m (14.1% ± 0.2 in the 50 m, 12.6% ± 1.0 in the 100 m and 8.7% ± 1.8 in the 200 m). Additionally, the sex difference in freestyle swimming speed was highest in the 50 m and lowest in the 200 m (16.2% ± 0.5 in the 50 m, 15.9% ± 0.4 in 100 m and 14.9% ± 1.0 in 200 m). Conclusions. These findings suggest that peak swimming speed was achieved earlier in life in men compared with women for the 100 m and 200 m butterfly distances but not in the 50 m butterfly. In freestyle, peak swimming speed was achieved at younger ages in women compared with men. The sex difference in peak swimming speed was lower in the butterfly than in freestyle.

scholarly journals Analysis of 10 km swimming performance of elite male and female open-water swimmers

SpringerPlus ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Vogt ◽  
Christoph Rüst ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Romuald Lepers ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Male And Female

scholarly journals Bayesian approach to quantify morphological impact on performance in international elite freestyle swimming

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e000543
Author(s):  
Robin Pla ◽  
Arthur Leroy ◽  
Romain Massal ◽  
Maxime Bellami ◽  
Fatima Kaillani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Probability ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Monte Carlo Algorithms ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to quantify the impact of morphological characteristics on freestyle swimming performance by event and gender.DesignHeight, mass, body mass index (BMI) and speed data were collected for the top 100 international male and female swimmers from 50 to 1500 m freestyle events for the 2000–2014 seasons.MethodsSeveral Bayesian hierarchical regressions were performed on race speed with height, mass and BMI as predictors. Posterior probability distributions were computed using Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms.ResultsRegression results exhibited relationships between morphology and performance for both genders and all race distances. Height was always positively correlated with speed with a 95% probability. Conversely, mass plays a different role according to the context. Heavier profiles seem favourable on sprint distances, whereas mass becomes a handicap as distance increases. Male and female swimmers present several differences on the influence of morphology on speed, particularly about the mass. Best morphological profiles are associated with a gain of speed of 0.7%–3.0% for men and 1%–6% for women, depending on race distance. BMI has been investigated as a predictor of race speed but appears as weakly informative in this context.ConclusionMorphological indicators such as height and mass strongly contribute to swimming performance from sprint to distance events, and this contribution is quantified for each race distance. These profiles may help swimming federations to detect athletes and drive them to compete in specific distances according to their morphology.

Social factors influencing female swimming performance

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Physiological Constraints ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Performance Differences ◽  
Female Performance ◽  
World Records

The differences between male and female performance in free style swimming events are compared. It is found that the differences between male and female performance, as measured by world records, is declining in all events and declining most rapidly in those events in which the differences at the present time are largest. Analysis of national records for these events shows important differences between different countries in average male/female differentials.A different set of physical and physiological constraints operate on swimming compared to track performance, but they would seem to be less important in influencing male/female differences. Social factors also seem to be less important in swimming than in track athletics in perpetuating performance differences but are nevertheless still operative.

Analysis of Male and Female Olympic Swimmers in the 100-Meter Events

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Kennedy ◽  
Peter Brown ◽  
Somadeepti N. Chengalur ◽  
Richard C. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Final Time ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Performance ◽  
Dominant Feature

The performance of male and female swimmers (N = 397) competing in the preliminary heats of the four 100-meter swimming events during the Seoul Olympic Games was videotaped and later analyzed to determine stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL). These data were combined with age, height, and final time (FT) values for statistical analyses which included the relationships among these variables, comparison of male and female performance, and assessment of differences in the four events. The results revealed the following ranges of correlations between SR and SL (rs from −0.65 to −0.90), SL and FT (rs from −0.32 to −0.80), height and SL (0.19 to 0.58), and age and FT (-0.16 to −.051). The factor of SL was identified as the dominant feature of successful swimming performance. The men were older and taller, had longer stroke lengths and higher stroke rates (two of four events), and swam faster than the women. The differences in final times across the four events (freestyle fastest, breaststroke slowest) were due to specific combinations of SR and SL, with neither parameter being consistently dominant.

scholarly journals Assessment of post-competition peak blood lactate in male and female master swimmers aged 40–79 years and its relationship with swimming performance

2007 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 685-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piero Benelli ◽  
Massimiliano Ditroilo ◽  
Roberta Forte ◽  
Giuseppe De Vito ◽  
Vilberto Stocchi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Peak Blood ◽  
Peak Blood Lactate

scholarly journals Características antropométricas, composición corporal y somatotipo en deportistas de élite de salvamento (Anthropometric characteristics, body composition and somatotype in elite lifesaver)

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
J. Arturo Abraldes ◽  
Nuria Rodríguez Suárez ◽  
Carmen Ferragut Fiol ◽  
María Helena Vila Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Arm Span ◽  
Anthropometric Characteristics ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Anthropometric Profile

El objetivo de este trabajo es triple: 1) Describir la estructura antropométrica, composición corporal y somatotipo de los mejores deportistas de salvamento. 2) Describir y comparar las características antropométricas de los deportistas de salvamento en función de sus especialidades, y 3) Comparar a los mejores deportistas de salvamento de Galicia con respecto a los especialistas de salvamento acuático del panorama nacional. La muestra empleada en este estudio fueron 85 deportistas de élite salvamento deportivo, de ellos 51 fueron hombres y 34 fueron mujeres. Los hombres presentaron una media de edad de 20.8±3.0 años, 74.9±8.4kg, 179.8±7.1cm de altura y 185.2±9.8cm de envergadura. Las mujeres presentaron una media de edad de 19.8±2.8 años, 60.4±7.4kg, 164.9±6.4cm de altura y 166.4±9.9cm de envergadura. Para el estudio se valoró el peso, la altura, la envergadura, cinco diámetros y cinco perímetros, calculándose el porcentaje graso, muscular y el somatotipo. Se aplicó un análisis de la varianza (ANOVA), con un post hoc de Tukey para analizar las diferencias entre categorías. Los deportistas de salvamento presentan un somatotipo mesomorfo balanceado en los varones y meso-endomórfico para las mujeres, siendo la mesomorfia el valor predominante en ambos casos. Existen diferencias entre la especialidad de playa y la de piscina. Los deportistas de selección gallega presentan un perfil antropométrico diferente al de los especialistas de piscina del panorama nacional.Palabras clave: deporte, playa, piscina, natación, rendimiento, perfil deportivo.Abstrac: The aim of the study was threefold: 1) To describe the anthropometric profile, body composition and somatotype of the best sport lifesaving athletes 2) To describe and compare physical characteristics of the sport lifesaving athletes by discipline and 3) To compare the best Galician sport lifesaving athletes with the rest of Spanish sport lifesaving athletes. 85 elite sport lifesavers were recruited for the study, 51 men and 34 women. Physical characteristics of the sample were 20.8±3.0 years; 74.9±8.4kg and 179.8±7.1cm height and 185.2±9.8cm of arm span for male and 19.8±2.8 years, 60.4±7.4kg of weight, 164.9±6.4cm of height and 166.4±9.9cm of arm span for female. Additionally, 5 body girths and 5 skeletal breadths, somatotype, fat and muscle percentage were analysed. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a Tukey post hoc test were used to determine if significant differences existed in the anthropometric profile among disciplines. Male sport lifesavers athletes show a balanced mesomorph and female sport lifesavers show a mesomorphic endomorph somatotype Male and female show predominance in mesomorph component. Our data suggest that there are differences between beach discipline and pool discipline. Galician sport lifesavers show differences in anthropometric profile with national pool specialist.Key words: sport, beach, pool, swimming, performance, sport profile.

The Clinical, Roentgenological and Morphological Effects of an Acute Exposure of Phosgene on the Lungs of Dogs

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
R. F. Bils ◽  
W. F. Diller ◽  
F. Huth
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Lung Edema ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Electron Microscopes

Phosgene still plays an important role as a toxic substance in the chemical industry. Thiess (1968) recently reported observations on numerous cases of phosgene poisoning. A serious difficulty in the clinical handling of phosgene poisoning cases is a relatively long latent period, up to 12 hours, with no obvious signs of severity. At about 12 hours heavy lung edema appears suddenly, however changes can be seen in routine X-rays taken after only a few hours' exposure (Diller et al., 1969). This study was undertaken to correlate these early changes seen by the roengenologist with morphological alterations in the lungs seen in the'light and electron microscopes.Forty-two adult male and female Beagle dogs were selected for these exposure experiments. Treated animals were exposed to 94.5-107-5 ppm phosgene for 10 min. in a 15 m3 chamber. Roentgenograms were made of the thorax of each animal before and after exposure, up to 24 hrs.

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