scholarly journals Freestyle versus butterfly swimming performance – effects of age and sex

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Alexander Zingg ◽  
Mathias Wolfrum ◽  
Christoph Alexander Rüst ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Romuald Lepers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
National Level ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Age And Sex

AbstractPurpose. Recent studies have suggested that the age of peak freestyle swimming speed is reached earlier in life in women than in men. However, no study has investigated the age of peak swimming speed in other swimming styles such as butterfly. The aims of the present study were to investigate the age of peak swimming speed in elite male and female butterfly and freestyle swimmers at the national level (Switzerland) and the sex differences in both the age of peak swimming speed and swimming speed for both swimming styles. Methods. Results of the elite Swiss swimmers between 2006 and 2010 were analysed using one-way analysis of variance. Results. In butterfly, women achieved peak swimming speed at 20-21 years in the 50 m, 100 m and 200 m, whereas men reached their fastest swimming speed in the 50 m at 20-21 years and in both the 100 m and 200 m at 18-19 years. In freestyle, women achieved peak swimming speed at 20-21 years for all distances. Men were the fastest at 22-23 years for both the 100 m and 200 m and at 26-27 years for the 50 m. In the butterfly, the sex difference in swimming speed was highest in the 50 m and lowest in the 200 m (14.1% ± 0.2 in the 50 m, 12.6% ± 1.0 in the 100 m and 8.7% ± 1.8 in the 200 m). Additionally, the sex difference in freestyle swimming speed was highest in the 50 m and lowest in the 200 m (16.2% ± 0.5 in the 50 m, 15.9% ± 0.4 in 100 m and 14.9% ± 1.0 in 200 m). Conclusions. These findings suggest that peak swimming speed was achieved earlier in life in men compared with women for the 100 m and 200 m butterfly distances but not in the 50 m butterfly. In freestyle, peak swimming speed was achieved at younger ages in women compared with men. The sex difference in peak swimming speed was lower in the butterfly than in freestyle.

scholarly journals The Effect of Course Length on Individual Medley Swimming Performance in National and International Athletes

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Wolfrum ◽  
Christoph Alexander Rüst ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Romuald Lepers ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
National Level ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Short Course ◽  
Course Length ◽  
Long Course ◽  
Short Courses

Abstract Effects of course length (25 m versus 50 m) and advances in performance of individual medley swimming were examined for men and women in Swiss national competitions and FINA World Championships during 2000-2011. Linear regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyse 200 m and 400 m race results for 26,081 swims on the Swiss high score list and 382 FINA finalists. Swiss and FINA swimmers of both sexes were, on average, 4.3±3.2% faster on short courses for both race distances. Sex-related differences in swim speed were significantly greater for FINA swimmers competing in short-course events than in long-course events (10.3±0.2% versus 9.7±0.3%, p<0.01), but did not differ for Swiss swimmers (p>0.05). Sex-related differences in swimming speed decreased with increasing race distance for both short- and long-course events for Swiss athletes, and for FINA athletes in long-course events. Performance improved significantly (p<0.05) during 2000-2011 for FINA men competing in either course length and FINA females competing in short-course events, but not for Swiss swimmers. Overall, the results showed that men and women individual medley swimmers, competing at both national and international levels, have faster average swimming speeds on short courses than on long courses, for both 200 m and 400 m distances. FINA athletes demonstrate an improving performance in the vast majority of individual medley events, while performance at national level seems to have reached a plateau during 2000-2011

scholarly journals Examining sex differences in the completeness of Peruvian CRVS data and adult mortality estimates

Genus ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Cruz Castanheira ◽  
José Henrique Costa Monteiro da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Death Registration ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Mortality Estimates

AbstractThe production, compilation, and publication of death registration records is complex and usually involves many institutions. Assessing available data and the evolution of the completeness of the data compiled based on demographic techniques and other available data sources is of great importance for countries and for having timely and disaggregated mortality estimates. In this paper, we assess whether it is reasonable, based on the available data, to assume that there is a sex difference in the completeness of male and female death records in Peru in the last 30 years. In addition, we assess how the gap may have evolved with time by applying two-census death distribution methods on health-related registries and analyzing the information from the Demographic and Health Surveys and civil registries. Our findings suggest that there is no significant sex difference in the completeness of male and female health-related registries and, consequently, the sex gap currently observed in adult mortality estimates might be overestimated.

Belief in Supernatural Phenomena and Locus of Control

1973 ◽  
Vol 32 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1159-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick J. Scheidt
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Attitude Questionnaire ◽  
Religion And Science ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Superstitious Beliefs

It is hypothesized that Rotter's I-E variable mediates individual differences in supernatural and superstitious beliefs, with externals exhibiting more positive attitudes toward such phenomena. An approximately equal number of male and female introductory psychology students were selected as externals ( N = 20) and internals ( N = 23) from upper and lower quartiles of the Rotter I-E scale. All Ss were administered an attitude questionnaire assessing beliefs toward several paranormal, occult, and pseudoscientific phenomena. Analysis via a 2 × 2 (I-E Control × Sex) analysis of variance strongly confirmed the hypothesis ( p < .01). Although not predicted, females, regardless of I-E status, were much more favorably disposed toward such phenomena than males ( p < .01). Differences in more general attitudes toward both religion and science are suggested as mediating the over-all I-E and sex differences.

scholarly journals The mating system affects the temperature sensitivity of male and female fertility

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Baur ◽  
Dorian Jagusch ◽  
Piotr Michalak ◽  
Mareike Koppik ◽  
David Berger
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Mating System ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Female Fertility ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Natural And Sexual Selection

1. To mitigate effects of climate change it is important to understand species responses to increasing temperatures. This has often been done by studying survival or activity at temperature extremes. Before such extremes are reached, however, effects on fertility may already be apparent. 2. Sex differences in the thermal sensitivity of fertility (TSF) could impact species persistence under climate warming because female fertility is typically more limiting to population growth than male fertility. However, little is known about sex differences in TSF. 3. Here we first demonstrate that the mating system can strongly influence TSF using the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. We exposed populations carrying artificially induced mutations to two generations of short-term experimental evolution under alternative mating systems, manipulating the opportunity for natural and sexual selection on the mutations. We then measured TSF in males and females subjected to juvenile or adult heat stress. 4. Populations kept under natural and sexual selection had higher fitness, but similar TSF, compared to control populations kept under relaxed selection. However, females had higher TSF than males, and strikingly, this sex difference had increased over only two generations in populations evolving under sexual selection. 5. We hypothesized that an increase in male-induced harm to females during mating had played a central role in driving this evolved sex difference, and indeed, remating under conditions limiting male harassment of females reduced both male and female TSF. Moreover, we show that manipulation of mating system parameters in C. maculatus generates intraspecific variation in the sex difference in TSF equal to that found among a diverse set of studies on insects. 6. Our study provides a causal link between the mating system and TSF. Sexual conflict, (re)mating rates, and genetic responses to sexual selection differ among ecological settings, mating systems and species. Our study therefore also provides mechanistic understanding for the variability in previously reported TSFs which can inform future experimental assays and predictions of species responses to climate warming.

scholarly journals A sex difference in the cortisol response to tail docking and ACTH develops between 1 and 8 weeks of age in lambs

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
A I Turner ◽  
B J Hosking ◽  
R A Parr ◽  
A J Tilbrook
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Tail Docking ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Cortisol Responses

It is important to understand factors that may influence responses to stress, as these factors may also influence vulnerability to pathologies that can develop when stress responses are excessive or prolonged. It is clear that, in adults, the sex of an individual can influence the cortisol response to stress in a stressor specific manner. Nevertheless, the stage of development at which these sex differences emerge is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that there are sex differences in the cortisol response to tail docking and ACTH in lambs of 1 and 8 weeks of age. We also established cortisol responses in males when tail docking was imposed alone and in combination with castration at these ages. In experiment 1, 1 and 8 week old male and female lambs were subjected to sham handling, tail docking or, in males, a combination of tail docking and castration. In experiment 2, we administered ACTH (1.0 IU/kg) to male and female lambs at 1 and 8 weeks of age. There were significant cortisol responses to all treatments at both ages. Sex differences in the cortisol responses to tail docking and ACTH developed between 1 and 8 weeks of age, with females having greater responses than males. The data suggest that the mechanism for the sex difference in response to tail docking may involve the adrenal glands. At both ages, in males, the cortisol response to the combined treatment of tail docking and castration was significantly greater than that for tail docking alone.

SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE CONCENTRATIONS OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS IN RAT LIVER AND THYMUS

1979 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. ENDRES ◽  
R. J. MILHOLLAND ◽  
F. ROSEN
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

The effects in rats of adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy, ovariectomy or combinations of these operations on the concentrations of glucocorticoid receptors in the cytosol of liver and thymus were measured. The concentrations of glucocorticoid receptors were lower in cytosols from liver and thymus of female than of male rats. After adrenalectomy, there was a significant increase in the concentrations of receptors measured in the cytoplasm from the liver and thymus of female rats and from the liver of male rats. After adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy, there was no sex difference in the concentrations of glucocorticoid receptors in cytosols of liver or thymus. After ovariectomy, the concentration of receptors in cytosols from the thymus, but not from the liver, increased. Ovariectomized rats responded to adrenalectomy in the same way as intact male rats. The different responses shown by male and female rats to endocrine manipulation probably depend upon associated changes in plasma corticosterone concentrations which are influenced by the ovary. Differences in response between the liver and thymus probably reflect a preferential distribution of corticosterone to the liver rather than to the thymus.

Swimming Speed Of The Albino Rat: I. Age And Sex Differences

1958 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Birren ◽  
H. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Age And Sex

scholarly journals Examining Sex Differences in Conditioned Place Preference or Aversion to Methamphetamine in Adolescent and Adult Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen R. Cullity ◽  
Alexandre A. Guerin ◽  
Christina J. Perry ◽  
Jee Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Conditioned Place Preference ◽  
Place Preference ◽  
Individual Data ◽  
Female Resistance ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Baseline Preference ◽  
Age And Sex

Adolescence marks a particularly vulnerable period to developing substance use disorders. Human and rodent studies suggest that hypersensitivity to reward may contribute towards such vulnerability when adolescents are exposed to casual drug use. Methamphetamine is a popular illicit substance used by male and female youths. However, age- and sex-specific research in methamphetamine is scarce. The present study therefore aimed to examine potential sex differences in methamphetamine-conditioned place preference in adolescent and adult mice. Mice (n = 16–24/group) were conditioned to methamphetamine (0.1 mg/kg). We observed that regardless of age, females were more hyperactive compared to males. Individually normalized score against baseline preference indicated that on average, adolescents formed stronger preference compared to adults in both sexes. This suggests that adolescents are more sensitive to the rewarding effects of methamphetamine compared to adults. Surprisingly, individual data showed that some mice formed a conditioned place aversion instead of preference, with females less likely to form an aversion compared to males. These results suggest that adolescents may be hypersensitive to methamphetamine’s rewarding effects. In addition, female resistance to the aversive effects of methamphetamine may relate to the sex-specific findings in humans, including quicker transition to regular methamphetamine use observed in females compared to males.

scholarly journals Características antropométricas, composición corporal y somatotipo en deportistas de élite de salvamento (Anthropometric characteristics, body composition and somatotype in elite lifesaver)

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
J. Arturo Abraldes ◽  
Nuria Rodríguez Suárez ◽  
Carmen Ferragut Fiol ◽  
María Helena Vila Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Arm Span ◽  
Anthropometric Characteristics ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Anthropometric Profile

El objetivo de este trabajo es triple: 1) Describir la estructura antropométrica, composición corporal y somatotipo de los mejores deportistas de salvamento. 2) Describir y comparar las características antropométricas de los deportistas de salvamento en función de sus especialidades, y 3) Comparar a los mejores deportistas de salvamento de Galicia con respecto a los especialistas de salvamento acuático del panorama nacional. La muestra empleada en este estudio fueron 85 deportistas de élite salvamento deportivo, de ellos 51 fueron hombres y 34 fueron mujeres. Los hombres presentaron una media de edad de 20.8±3.0 años, 74.9±8.4kg, 179.8±7.1cm de altura y 185.2±9.8cm de envergadura. Las mujeres presentaron una media de edad de 19.8±2.8 años, 60.4±7.4kg, 164.9±6.4cm de altura y 166.4±9.9cm de envergadura. Para el estudio se valoró el peso, la altura, la envergadura, cinco diámetros y cinco perímetros, calculándose el porcentaje graso, muscular y el somatotipo. Se aplicó un análisis de la varianza (ANOVA), con un post hoc de Tukey para analizar las diferencias entre categorías. Los deportistas de salvamento presentan un somatotipo mesomorfo balanceado en los varones y meso-endomórfico para las mujeres, siendo la mesomorfia el valor predominante en ambos casos. Existen diferencias entre la especialidad de playa y la de piscina. Los deportistas de selección gallega presentan un perfil antropométrico diferente al de los especialistas de piscina del panorama nacional.Palabras clave: deporte, playa, piscina, natación, rendimiento, perfil deportivo.Abstrac: The aim of the study was threefold: 1) To describe the anthropometric profile, body composition and somatotype of the best sport lifesaving athletes 2) To describe and compare physical characteristics of the sport lifesaving athletes by discipline and 3) To compare the best Galician sport lifesaving athletes with the rest of Spanish sport lifesaving athletes. 85 elite sport lifesavers were recruited for the study, 51 men and 34 women. Physical characteristics of the sample were 20.8±3.0 years; 74.9±8.4kg and 179.8±7.1cm height and 185.2±9.8cm of arm span for male and 19.8±2.8 years, 60.4±7.4kg of weight, 164.9±6.4cm of height and 166.4±9.9cm of arm span for female. Additionally, 5 body girths and 5 skeletal breadths, somatotype, fat and muscle percentage were analysed. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a Tukey post hoc test were used to determine if significant differences existed in the anthropometric profile among disciplines. Male sport lifesavers athletes show a balanced mesomorph and female sport lifesavers show a mesomorphic endomorph somatotype Male and female show predominance in mesomorph component. Our data suggest that there are differences between beach discipline and pool discipline. Galician sport lifesavers show differences in anthropometric profile with national pool specialist.Key words: sport, beach, pool, swimming, performance, sport profile.

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