scholarly journals Comprehensive analysis of disease pathology in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hamster models of SARS-CoV-2 infection

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santhamani Ramasamy ◽  
Afsal Kolloli ◽  
Ranjeet Kumar ◽  
Seema Hussain ◽  
Patricia Soteropoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Golden Syrian Hamster ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Kinetics Of

The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in the context of a specific immunological niche is not fully understood. Here, we used a golden Syrian hamster model to systematically evaluate the kinetics of host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, following disease pathology, viral loads, antibody responses, and inflammatory cytokine expression in multiple organs. The kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and genomewide lung transcriptome was also compared between immunocompetent and immunocompromised hamsters. We observed that the body weight loss was proportional to the SARS-CoV-2 infectious dose and lasted for a short time only in immunocompetent hamsters. Body weight loss was more prominent and prolonged in infected immunocompromised hamsters. While the kinetics of viral replication and peak live viral loads were not significantly different at low and high infectious doses (LD and HD), the HD-infected immunocompetent animals developed severe lung disease pathology. The immunocompetent animals cleared the live virus in all tested tissues by 12 days post-infection and generated a robust serum antibody response. In contrast, immunocompromised hamsters mounted an inadequate SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody response, and the virus was detected in the pulmonary and multiple extrapulmonary organs until 16 days post-infection. These hamsters also had prolonged moderate inflammation with severe bronchiolar-alveolar hyperplasia/metaplasia. Consistent with the difference in disease presentation, distinct changes in the expression of inflammation and immune cell response pathways and network genes were seen in the lungs of infected immunocompetent and immunocompromised animals. This study highlights the interplay between the kinetics of viral replication and the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis at organ-level niches and maps how COVID-19 symptoms vary in different immune contexts. Together, our data suggest that the histopathological manifestations caused by progressive SARS-CoV-2 infection may be a better predictor of COVID-19 severity than individual measures of viral load, antibody response, and cytokine storm at the systemic or local (lungs) levels in the immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts.

scholarly journals Liraglutide, a GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, Which Decreases Hypothalamic 5-HT2A Receptor Expression, Reduces Appetite and Body Weight Independently of Serotonin Synthesis in Mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsunori Nonogaki ◽  
Takao Kaji
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Tryptophan Hydroxylase ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Receptor Expression

A recent report suggested that brain-derived serotonin (5-HT) is critical for maintaining weight loss induced by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor activation in rats and that 5-HT2A receptors mediate the feeding suppression and weight loss induced by GLP-1 receptor activation. Here, we show that changes in daily food intake and body weight induced by intraperitoneal administration of liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, over 4 days did not differ between mice treated with the tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph) inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) for 3 days and mice without PCPA treatment. Treatment with PCPA did not affect hypothalamic 5-HT2A receptor expression. Despite the anorexic effect of liraglutide disappearing after the first day of treatment, the body weight loss induced by liraglutide persisted for 4 days in mice treated with or without PCPA. Intraperitoneal administration of liraglutide significantly decreased the gene expression of hypothalamic 5-HT2A receptors 1 h after injection. Moreover, the acute anorexic effects of liraglutide were blunted in mice treated with the high-affinity 5-HT2A agonist (4-bromo-3,6-dimethoxybenzocyclobuten-1-yl) methylamine hydrobromide 14 h or 24 h before liraglutide injection. These findings suggest that liraglutide reduces appetite and body weight independently of 5-HT synthesis in mice, whereas GLP-1 receptor activation downregulates the gene expression of hypothalamic 5-HT2A receptors.

scholarly journals Some results of winter keeping of paddlefish young-of-the-year (Polyodon spathula (Walbaum, 1792)) in ponds of the Forest-Steppe and Polesye of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
B. Hankevych ◽  
◽  
O. Tretiak ◽  
O. Kolos ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Young Of The Year

Purpose. Assessing the results of winter keeping of paddlefish young-of-the-year in ponds of the Forest-steppe and Polesye of Ukraine. Methodology. The study was carried out using 0.05-1.0 ha ponds intended for winter keeping of carps. The stocking density of paddlefish young-of-the-year with an average weight of 94.2-147.2 g in wintering ponds was 4.10-16.63 thousand fish/ha. The study of the physicochemical parameters of the aquatic environment was carried out according to the methods generally accepted in hydrochemistry and fish farming. The main piscicultural-biological parameters during the wintering period of fish were assessed using methods commonly used in ichthyology and fish farming according to the level of survival and body weight loss of paddlefish. Findings. The environmental conditions in the ponds during most of the wintering period of fish met the biological requirements of the studied object of cultivation. The water temperature varied within 0.9-6.50C. The dissolved oxygen content in water did not fall below 3.6-3.8 mgO2/dm3 and was mainly at the level of 3.9-7.9 3.9-7.2 mgO2/dm3. Other hydrochemical parameters were within acceptable values ​​for wintering fish in pond conditions. As a result, the survival rate of paddlefish young-of-the-year during the wintering period was 81.5-89.7%. The body weight loss of fish during the winter keeping was on average in the range of 6.41-8.17%. A conclusion was made on the need to conduct additional studies of physiological and biochemical parameters of paddlefish during the wintering period. Originality. New data were obtained on the peculiarities of wintering of paddlefish seeds in ponds of the Forest-steppe and Polesye of Ukraine. Practical value. The study results are part of the database for the development of improved technologies for sturgeon breeding in Ukraine. Key words: paddlefish, fish seeds, pond aquaculture, fish wintering, environmental conditions, piscicultural parameters.

scholarly journals Therapy of obesity by sibutramin: polymorphisms of TPH2 and GNB3 genes and decrease of body weight

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Marina O. Galieva ◽  
Ekaterina A. Troshina ◽  
Nataliya V. Mazurina ◽  
Anna P. Volynkina ◽  
Andrey V. Artiushin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tph2 Gene

Aims. To study of the polymorphisms of the TPN2 and GNB3 genes in obese patients and their effect on weight loss in patients on sibutramine therapy. Materials and methods. The research study included 118 patients with exogenous-constitutional obesity who received Reduxin (sibutramine + CMC) at the dose of 10 mg. Term follow-up was 3 months. A genetic study was performed to assess ТРН2 and GNB3 gene polymorphisms. The response to the therapy was evaluated after 3 months by the dynamics of body weight. Results. In the study the G703T polymorphism of the GNB3 gene showed that during 3 months of observation, carriers of the TT genotype had a greater decrease in body weight in comparison with carriers of the allele C -8 kg (-12; -5) vs. -5 kg (-8; -3), p = 0.018. In carriers of different variants of the genotype of the TPH2 gene (polymorphism C825T), there was no difference in body weight dynamics with sibutramine therapy. There was no correlation between the foresaid polymorphisms of the TPH2 and GNB3 genes with the indices of blood pressure and heart rate. Conclusions. 1. The result of sibutramin therapy may depend on genetic factors: in carriers of the TT-genotype C825T of the GNB3 gene the body weight loss was higher than among the carriers of the C allele. 2. Changes in blood pressure and heart rate did not show any statistically significant relationship with polymorphisms of the TPH2 and GNB3 genes.

The Body Weight Loss And Core Temperature Regulation During And After Ultramarathon Running

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 491
Author(s):  
Fong Chou Kuo ◽  
Kai Yang Tseng ◽  
Jin Jong Chen ◽  
Shun Ping Lin ◽  
Wei Fong Kao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regulation ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
The Body

Some factors associated with the behaviour and survival of newly shorn sheep

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 513 ◽  
Author(s):  
KJ Hutchinson ◽  
BH McRae
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Mortality Level ◽  
Factors Associated

Sheep deaths in the 12-day period following shearing were related to a high rate of body weight loss during the 4 weeks before shearing. The body weight or body condition of sheep at shearing was unimportant. Mortality level was not influenced by the amount of herbage available after shearing although the grazing activities of the survivors increased. Mortality was associated with a massive infiltration of lipid into the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex.The shorn sheep spent more time standing and less time grazing during the night. These results are discussed in relation to possible management practices to reduce sheep losses.

Diet and body weight loss in the rat during calorie restriction

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
Peter B. Karch ◽  
John R. Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Isocaloric Diets

With adult male rats, experiments were carried out to ascertain the different effects, if any, of isocaloric diets high in carbohydrate, fat, or protein fed in restricted amounts of 9 g per rat per day on body weight loss and composition. It was observed that the nature of the diet did not alter rate, amount, or composition of body weight loss when fed in restricted amount for a period of 12 days. Further, the nature of the diet did not alter significantly the following parameters during restriction: water intake, urine volume, resting metabolic rate, spontaneous activity, urine and feces calorie values. In an experiment with hypothalamic-obese rats, the body weight loss and composition were not significantly different among the dietary-restricted groups. An important observation in this experiment was that as body fat decreased markedly owing to restricted feeding, body water increased markedly and counterbalanced approximately 60% of the potential weight loss due to the decrease in body fat. Our reported observations do not support the hypothesis that the composition of the diet may determine the rate and amount of body weight loss as a consequence of restricted food intake. They do support the hypothesis that the calorie intake, not the nature of the source of calories, determines the rate and amount of weight loss, at least for relatively short periods of food restriction.

scholarly journals Changes in skeletal muscle cellularity in starved and refed young rats

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. J. Hegarty ◽  
K. O. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Stock Diet ◽  
Epididymal Fat ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
Fat Pads

1. All food was withdrawn from male weanling rats until a 40% loss of body-weight was attained. Another group of animals was treated similarly and then refed a stock diet until the original body-weight was attained.2. The body-weight loss caused a significant reduction in the weight of the heart, kidney, liver and epididymal fat pads. Refeeding produced a return to the control weight of the heart and kidney, an increase in the weight of the liver and a deficit in the weight of the epididymal fat pads.3. Body-weight loss caused a decrease in the weight of the three different muscles studied, and in the number and diameter of the fibres in each muscle. Refeeding restored the weight and cellularity of two of the three muscles to that of the control animals. The soleus muscle was heavier in the refed animals when compared to controls due to an increased fibre diameter.4. It is concluded that the decrease in the number and diameter of muscle fibres during starvation in the rat can be restored on refeeding a stock diet.

Randomized controlled trial comparing Billroth-I and Roux-en-Y reconstruction in distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 65-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Fujita ◽  
H. Imamura ◽  
S. Takiguchi ◽  
K. Fujitani ◽  
I. Miyashiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Postoperative Morbidity ◽  
Distal Gastrectomy ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Billroth I ◽  
Randomized Controlled

65 Background: In distal subtotal gastrectomy for gastric cancer, Billroth-I (B-I) reconstruction has been performed predominantly in Japan, while increasing number of surgeons chose Roux-en-Y (R-Y) reconstruction recently. To evaluate the safety and superiority of R-Y we conducted a multi-institutional prospective randomized controlled trial. Methods: Gastric cancer patients who underwent distal gastrectomy were randomized to B-I or R-Y intraoperatively. The primary endpoint was the ratio of body weight loss 1 year after surgery, the secondary endpoints were the incidence of delayed gastric emptying (DGE) and postoperative morbidity. Results: Between Aug 2005 and Dec 2008, a total of 332 patients were enrolled and 163 patients were assigned to B-I and 169 patients to R- Y. The patient's characteristics were well balanced between the two groups. The operation time was significantly longer in R-Y than B-I (median 180 min in B-I vs 214 min in R-Y, p < 0.0001). The postoperative morbidity was 14 patients (8.6%) in B-I and 23 (13.6%) in R-Y (p = 0.14), the incidence of DGE was 7 (4.3%) in B-I vs 16 (9.5%) in R-Y (p = 0.06), and the hospital stay after surgery was 14.1days in B-I vs 16.4 days in R-Y (p = 0.02). There was no hospital death in the two groups. The body weight loss at 1 year after surgery compared to preoperation was -5.4kg (-9.1%) in B-I vs -6.2kg (-9.8%) in R-Y (p = 0.11). Conclusions: The advantage of R- Y reconstruction compared to B-I was not proved in terms of postoperative morbidity either the body weight loss 1 year after surgery. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Could High Levels of Tissue Polypeptide Specific Antigen, a Marker of Apoptosis Detected in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis, Improve after Weight Loss?

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Tarantino ◽  
Claudia Mazzarella ◽  
Marianna Tarantino ◽  
Matteo Nicola Dario Di Minno ◽  
Paolo Conca
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Homeostasis Model Assessment

Background: Tissue Polypeptide Specific antigen has recently been proposed as diagnostic marker of apoptosis in NonAlcoholic SteatoHepatitis.The aim of this study was to validate in patients suffering from NonAlcoholic SteatoHepatitis the clinical utility of this marker after different programs of weight reduction.Methods: Overweight/obese patients with visceral adiposity and liver histology compatible were assigned to a Calorically-Restricted diet (n= 22), a Calorically-Restricted diet plus EXercise (n= 19) or No Healthy Life Style (control group,n= 21) for six months. The presence of Body-Weight loss was assessed by a Body Mass Index decrease of at least three points. Serum ALanine aminoTransferase, HOmeostasis Model Assessment method value and Tissue Polypeptide Specific antigen concentrations were determined at time 0, after 3 and 6 months in both the Intervention groups and in the controls’ one.Results: In NonAlcoholic SteatoHepatitis patients who obtained Body-Weight reduction, a significant decrease of the serum Tissue Polypeptide Specific antigen values was showed with a clear linear trend across time,P= 0.0001.Decrement of Tissue Polypeptide Specific antigen concentrations best differentiated the Body-Weight loss from the body-weight maintenance in respect to Tissue Polypeptide Specific antigen and HOmeostasis Model Assessment method values.Conclusion: This study support the clinical utility of serum Tissue Polypeptide Specific antigen antigen levels in the follow-up of overweight/obese patients with NonAlcoholic SteatoHepatitis on weight reduction programs.

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