scholarly journals Motion Sensing Superpixels (MOSES): A systematic framework to quantify and discover cellular motion phenotypes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Y. Zhou ◽  
Carlos Ruiz-Puig ◽  
Richard P. Owen ◽  
Michael J. White ◽  
Jens Rittscher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Motion ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Motion Sensing ◽  
Cell Sheets ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Boundary Formation ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Cellular Motion

AbstractCellular motion is fundamental in tissue development and homeostasis. There is strong interest in identifying factors that affect the interactions of cells in disease but analytical tools for robust and sensitive quantification in varying experimental conditions for large extended timelapse acquisitions is limited. We present Motion Sensing Superpixels (MOSES), a method to systematically capture diverse features of cellular dynamics. We quantify dynamic interactions between epithelial cell sheets using cell lines of the squamous and columnar epithelia in human normal esophagus, Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma and find unique boundary formation between squamous and columnar cells. MOSES also measured subtle changes in the boundary formation caused by external stimuli. The same conclusions of the 190 videos were arrived at unbiasedly with little prior knowledge using a visual motion map generated from unique MOSES motion ‘signatures’. MOSES is a versatile framework to measure, characterise and phenotype cellular interactions for high-content screens.

Correlated Studies of Cellular Interactions Using TEM, Freeze Etching, and SEM

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
J. P. Revel
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Cell Sheets ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Early Developmental

Movement of individual cells or of cell sheets and complex patterns of folding play a prominent role in the early developmental stages of the embryo. Our understanding of these processes is based on three- dimensional reconstructions laboriously prepared from serial sections, and from autoradiographic and other studies. Many concepts have also evolved from extrapolation of investigations of cell movement carried out in vitro. The scanning electron microscope now allows us to examine some of these events in situ. It is possible to prepare dissections of embryos and even of tissues of adult animals which reveal existing relationships between various structures more readily than used to be possible vithout an SEM.

scholarly journals INSECT INSPIRED VISUAL MOTION SENSING AND FLYING ROBOTS

2014 ◽  
pp. 565-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibaut Raharijaona ◽  
Lubin Kerhuel ◽  
Julien Serres ◽  
Frédéric Roubieu ◽  
Fabien Expert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Motion ◽  
Motion Sensing ◽  
Flying Robots

Abstract 353: Mechanical (or “Gravitational”) Unloading Reduces Inflammatory and Cell Adhesion Molecule Gene Expression in Human Endothelial Cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Marlene Grenon ◽  
Jesus Aguado-Zuniga ◽  
Michael Conte ◽  
Millie Hughes-Fulford
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Gravitational Unloading ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Adhesion Molecule Gene ◽  
The Impact

Objectives: Mechanical forces including gravity affect mechanotransduction and subsequent cell function. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of mechanical unloading (MU) and loading (ML) of endothelial cells (ECs) with microgravity and hypergravity respectively, with the hypothesis that MU alters expression of inflammatory and adhesion molecule gene expression and these changes are reversed by ML. Methods: Human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) grown to confluency were studied. A desktop random positioning machine and a gravitational cell-loading apparatus provided MU and ML conditions, respectively. The experimental conditions included: 1) controls exposed to 1-gravity environment for 24 h (CL), 2) MU for 24 hours, 3) MU for 24 hours with three 30-minutes periods of ML of 12-gravity (MU/ML). Gene expression was studied with reverse transcription followed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR). Results: MU led to a significant decrease in gene expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-Selectin, as well as TNF-α, IL-6 and VEGF. In contrast, NOS-3, Caveolin-1 and -2 were significantly increased with MU. The changes observed in gene expression with MU were reversed by gravitational mechanical loading (MU/ML). Conclusions: Gravitational MU decreases inflammatory and adhesion molecule gene expression and these changes are reversed by short periods of ML. This points towards the importance of gravitational loading in ECs function and cellular interactions.

scholarly journals Molecular Mapping of Hydrogen Sulfide Targets in Normal Human Keratinocytes

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4648
Author(s):  
Olivia Gross-Amat ◽  
Marine Guillen ◽  
Jean-Pascal Gimeno ◽  
Michel Salzet ◽  
Nicolas Lebonvallet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mapping ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Human Keratinocytes ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
Cell Sheets ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Normal Human Keratinocytes ◽  
Global Mapping ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Molecular Effects

Although sulfur-rich thermal waters have ancestrally been used in the context of dermatological conditions, a global mapping of the molecular effects exerted by H2S on human keratinocytes is still lacking. To fill this knowledge gap, we subjected cultured human keratinocytes to distinct amounts of the non-gaseous hydrogen sulfur donor NaHS. We first checked that H2S accumulated in the cytoplasm of keratinocytes under our experimental conditions andused a combination of proteomics, genomics and biochemical approaches to unravel functionally relevant H2S targets in human keratinocytes. We found that the identified targets fall into two main categories: (i) the oxidative stress response molecules superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) and culin 3 (CUL3) and (ii) the chemokines interleukin-8 (IL-8) and CXCL2. Interestingly, NaHS also stimulated the caspase-1 inflammasome pathway, leading to increased secretion of the pro-inflammatory molecule interleukin-18 (IL-18). Interestingly, the secretion of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) was only modestly impacted by NaHS exposure despite a significant accumulation of IL-1β pro-form. Finally, we observed that NaHS significantly hampered the growth of human keratinocyte progenitors and stem cells cultured under clonogenic conditions or as epidermal cell sheets. We conclude that H2S exerts specific molecular effects on normal human keratinocytes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the expression stability of reference genes in Apis mellifera under pyrethroid treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław Wieczorek ◽  
Patryk Frąckowiak ◽  
Aleksandra Obrępalska-Stęplowska
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
External Stimuli

Abstract Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.), which unquestionably play an economically important role in pollination and agricultural production, are at risk of decline. To study changes in gene expression in insects upon exposure to pesticides or other external stimuli, appropriate reference genes are required for data normalization. Since there is no such gene that is absolutely invariable under all experimental conditions, the aim of this study was to identify the most stable targets suitable for subsequent normalization in quantitative experiments based on real-time polymerase chain reaction in honeybee research. Here, we evaluated the expression of fifteen candidate housekeeping genes from three breeding lines of honeybees treated with pyrethroids to identify the most stable genes. The tested insects were exposed to deltamethrin or lambda-cyhalothrin, and then, changes in the accumulation of selected transcripts were assessed, followed by statistical analyses. We concluded that AmRPL32, AmACT and AmRPL13a were the commonly recorded most stable genes in honeybees treated with the selected pyrethroids.

Residual Brain Processing in the Vegetative State

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Riganello ◽  
Walter G. Sannita
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative State ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Prolonged Observation ◽  
Brain Processing ◽  
Mother’S Voice ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Vegetative state (VS) is a clinical condition in the severely brain damaged, characterized by wakefulness but unaccompanied by any evidence of awareness of self or environment, voluntary or purposeful behavioral responses to external stimuli, and communication. A metabolic dysfunction of the frontal-parietal network is thought to be responsible for the “functional disconnection” underlying it. Most subjects recover with or without residual disabilities depending on the extent of brain damage. However, VS persists for over 1 year in about 15% of all cases, with exceptional later recovery; prolonged observation has thus become possible and our perspectives have expanded substantially. In recent years, brain activation in response to painful or emotional stimuli (e.g., the mother’s voice or presence) or under stimulus conditions implying processing at varying levels of functional complexity (including learning and semantic functions) has been documented in unambiguously diagnosed VS subjects by advanced electrophysiological and neuroimaging techniques. Methods, experimental conditions, and the results of studies published in years 2002–2008 are summarized. The extent to which brain activation concomitant to external events reflect brain function remains to be investigated. Today, VS nevertheless appears neither static nor homogeneous. An updated characterization also taking the evidence of residual brain responsiveness into account is due. Research with advanced technologies and sophisticated paradigms of brain activation in VS may help us to understand the basic neural processes underlying human consciousness.

scholarly journals A combinatorial code of transcription factors specifies subtypes of visual motion-sensing neurons in Drosophila

Development ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (9) ◽  
pp. dev186296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolai Hörmann ◽  
Tabea Schilling ◽  
Aicha Haji Ali ◽  
Etienne Serbe ◽  
Christian Mayer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Motion Sensing ◽  
Combinatorial Code

Cortical Dynamics of Anticipatory Mechanisms in Interception: A Neuromagnetic Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1827-1838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Senot ◽  
Sylvain Baillet ◽  
Bernard Renault ◽  
Alain Berthoz
Keyword(s):  
Visual Motion ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Visuomotor Task ◽  
Visual Motion Processing ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Ball Trajectory ◽  
Free Falling

Humans demonstrate an amazing ability for intercepting and catching moving targets, most noticeably in fast-speed ball games. However, the few studies exploring the neural bases of interception in humans and the classical studies on visual motion processing and visuomotor interactions have reported rather long latencies of cortical activations that cannot explain the performances observed in most natural interceptive actions. The aim of our experiment was twofold: (1) describe the spatio-temporal unfolding of cortical activations involved in catching a moving target and (2) provide evidence that fast cortical responses can be elicited by a visuomotor task with high temporal constraints and decide if these responses are task or stimulus dependent. Neuromagnetic brain activity was recorded with whole-head coverage while subjects were asked to catch a free-falling ball or simply pay attention to the ball trajectory. A fast, likely stimulus-dependent, propagation of neural activity was observed along the dorsal visual pathway in both tasks. Evaluation of latencies of activations in the main cortical regions involved in the tasks revealed that this entire network of regions was activated within 40 msec. Moreover, comparison of experimental conditions revealed similar patterns of activation except in contralateral sensorimotor regions where common and catch-specific activations were differentiated.

Model of human visual-motion sensing

1985 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Watson ◽  
Albert J. Ahumada
Keyword(s):  
Visual Motion ◽  
Motion Sensing

scholarly journals Complementary mechanisms create direction selectivity in the fly

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juergen Haag ◽  
Alexander Arenz ◽  
Etienne Serbe ◽  
Fabrizio Gabbiani ◽  
Alexander Borst
Keyword(s):  
Motion Detection ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Neural Computation ◽  
Directional Selectivity ◽  
Motion Sensing ◽  
Null Direction ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
High Degree

How neurons become sensitive to the direction of visual motion represents a classic example of neural computation. Two alternative mechanisms have been discussed in the literature so far: preferred direction enhancement, by which responses are amplified when stimuli move along the preferred direction of the cell, and null direction suppression, where one signal inhibits the response to the subsequent one when stimuli move along the opposite, i.e. null direction. Along the processing chain in the Drosophila optic lobe, directional responses first appear in T4 and T5 cells. Visually stimulating sequences of individual columns in the optic lobe with a telescope while recording from single T4 neurons, we find both mechanisms at work implemented in different sub-regions of the receptive field. This finding explains the high degree of directional selectivity found already in the fly’s primary motion-sensing neurons and marks an important step in our understanding of elementary motion detection.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document