scholarly journals Multi-scale mapping along the auditory hierarchy using high-resolution functional UltraSound in the awake ferret

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Célian Bimbard ◽  
Charlie Demené ◽  
Constantin Girard ◽  
Susanne Radtke-Schuller ◽  
Shihab Shamma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Blood Volume ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Auditory Pathway ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Sensory Response ◽  
Response Modulation ◽  
Sensory Responses

A major challenge in neuroscience is to longitudinally monitor whole brain activity across multiple spatial scales in the same animal. Functional UltraSound (fUS) is an emerging technology that offers images of cerebral blood volume over large brain portions. Here we show for the first time its capability to resolve the functional organization of sensory systems at multiple scales in awake animals, both within structures by precisely mapping sensory responses, and between structures by elucidating the connectivity scheme of top-down projections. We demonstrate that fUS provides stable (over days), yet rapid, highly-resolved 3D tonotopic maps in the auditory pathway of awake ferrets, with unprecedented sharp functional resolution (100μm). This was performed in four different brain regions, including small (1-2mm3 size), subcortical (8mm deep) and previously undescribed structures in the ferret. Furthermore, we used fUS to map longdistance projections from frontal cortex, a key source of sensory response modulation, to auditory cortex.

scholarly journals Multi-scale mapping along the auditory hierarchy using high-resolution functional UltraSound in the awake ferret

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Célian Bimbard ◽  
Charlie Demene ◽  
Constantin Girard ◽  
Susanne Radtke-Schuller ◽  
Shihab Shamma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Blood Volume ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Auditory Pathway ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Sensory Response ◽  
Response Modulation ◽  
Long Distance

A major challenge in neuroscience is to longitudinally monitor whole brain activity across multiple spatial scales in the same animal. Functional UltraSound (fUS) is an emerging technology that offers images of cerebral blood volume over large brain portions. Here we show for the first time its capability to resolve the functional organization of sensory systems at multiple scales in awake animals, both within small structures by precisely mapping and differentiating sensory responses, and between structures by elucidating the connectivity scheme of top-down projections. We demonstrate that fUS provides stable (over days), yet rapid, highly-resolved 3D tonotopic maps in the auditory pathway of awake ferrets, thus revealing its unprecedented functional resolution (100/300µm). This was performed in four different brain regions, including very small (1–2 mm3 size), deeply situated subcortical (8 mm deep) and previously undescribed structures in the ferret. Furthermore, we used fUS to map long-distance projections from frontal cortex, a key source of sensory response modulation, to auditory cortex.

scholarly journals The functional organization of human epileptic hippocampus

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 3140-3145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Klimes ◽  
Juliano J. Duque ◽  
Ben Brinkmann ◽  
Jamie Van Gompel ◽  
Matt Stead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Local Field ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Behavioral State

The function and connectivity of human brain is disrupted in epilepsy. We previously reported that the region of epileptic brain generating focal seizures, i.e., the seizure onset zone (SOZ), is functionally isolated from surrounding brain regions in focal neocortical epilepsy. The modulatory effect of behavioral state on the spatial and spectral scales over which the reduced functional connectivity occurs, however, is unclear. Here we use simultaneous sleep staging from scalp EEG with intracranial EEG recordings from medial temporal lobe to investigate how behavioral state modulates the spatial and spectral scales of local field potential synchrony in focal epileptic hippocampus. The local field spectral power and linear correlation between adjacent electrodes provide measures of neuronal population synchrony at different spatial scales, ∼1 and 10 mm, respectively. Our results show increased connectivity inside the SOZ and low connectivity between electrodes in SOZ and outside the SOZ. During slow-wave sleep, we observed decreased connectivity for ripple and fast ripple frequency bands within the SOZ at the 10 mm spatial scale, while the local synchrony remained high at the 1 mm spatial scale. Further study of these phenomena may prove useful for SOZ localization and help understand seizure generation, and the functional deficits seen in epileptic eloquent cortex.

scholarly journals MesoNet allows automated scaling and segmentation of mouse mesoscale cortical maps using machine learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongsheng Xiao ◽  
Brandon J. Forys ◽  
Matthieu P. Vanni ◽  
Timothy H. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Atlas ◽  
Convolutional Network ◽  
Segmentation Approach ◽  
Automated Machine Learning ◽  
User Friendly

AbstractUnderstanding the basis of brain function requires knowledge of cortical operations over wide spatial scales and the quantitative analysis of brain activity in well-defined brain regions. Matching an anatomical atlas to brain functional data requires substantial labor and expertise. Here, we developed an automated machine learning-based registration and segmentation approach for quantitative analysis of mouse mesoscale cortical images. A deep learning model identifies nine cortical landmarks using only a single raw fluorescent image. Another fully convolutional network was adapted to delimit brain boundaries. This anatomical alignment approach was extended by adding three functional alignment approaches that use sensory maps or spatial-temporal activity motifs. We present this methodology as MesoNet, a robust and user-friendly analysis pipeline using pre-trained models to segment brain regions as defined in the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas. This Python-based toolbox can also be combined with existing methods to facilitate high-throughput data analysis.

scholarly journals Brain activity mapping at multiple scales with silicon microprobes containing 1,024 electrodes

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 2043-2052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin L. Shobe ◽  
Leslie D. Claar ◽  
Sepideh Parhami ◽  
Konstantin I. Bakhurin ◽  
Sotiris C. Masmanidis
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Neural Ensembles ◽  
Potential Activity

The coordinated activity of neural ensembles across multiple interconnected regions has been challenging to study in the mammalian brain with cellular resolution using conventional recording tools. For instance, neural systems regulating learned behaviors often encompass multiple distinct structures that span the brain. To address this challenge we developed a three-dimensional (3D) silicon microprobe capable of simultaneously measuring extracellular spike and local field potential activity from 1,024 electrodes. The microprobe geometry can be precisely configured during assembly to target virtually any combination of four spatially distinct neuroanatomical planes. Here we report on the operation of such a device built for high-throughput monitoring of neural signals in the orbitofrontal cortex and several nuclei in the basal ganglia. We perform analysis on systems-level dynamics and correlations during periods of conditioned behavioral responding and rest, demonstrating the technology's ability to reveal functional organization at multiple scales in parallel in the mouse brain.

scholarly journals Functional MRI of large scale activity in behaving mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madalena S. Fonseca ◽  
Mattia G. Bergomi ◽  
Zachary F. Mainen ◽  
Noam Shemesh
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Distributed Processing ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Complex Behaviour ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Circuit Techniques

ABSTRACTBehaviour involves complex dynamic interactions across many brain regions. Detecting whole-brain activity in mice performing sophisticated behavioural tasks could facilitate insights into distributed processing underlying behaviour, guide local targeting, and help bridge the disparate spatial scales between rodent and human studies. Here, we present a comprehensive approach for recording brain-wide activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) compatible with a wide range of behavioural paradigms and neuroscience questions. We introduce hardware and procedural advances to allow multi-sensory, multi-action behavioural paradigms in the scanner. We identify signal artifacts arising from task-related body movements and propose novel strategies to suppress them. We validate and explore our approach in a 4-odour classical conditioning and a visually-guided operant task, illustrating how it can be used to extract information insofar intangible to rodent behaviour studies. Our work paves the way for future studies combining fMRI and local circuit techniques during complex behaviour to tackle multi-scale behavioural neuroscience questions.

scholarly journals The Neural Architecture of Executive Functions Is Established by Middle Childhood

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E. Engelhardt ◽  
K. Paige Harden ◽  
Elliot M. Tucker-Drob ◽  
Jessica A. Church
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Task Effects ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Functional Brain Activity

AbstractExecutive functions (EFs) are regulatory cognitive processes that support goal-directed thoughts and behaviors and that involve two primary networks of functional brain activity in adulthood. The current study assessed whether the same networks identified in adulthood underlie child EFs. Using task-based fMRI data from a diverse sample of N = 117 children and early adolescents (M age = 10.17 years), we assessed the extent to which neural activity was shared across three EF domains and whether these patterns reflected quantitative or qualitative differences relative to previously reported adult findings. Brain regions that were consistently engaged across switching, updating, and inhibition tasks closely corresponded to the cingulo-opercular and fronto-parietal networks identified in studies of adults. Isolating brain activity during more demanding task periods highlighted contributions of the dACC and anterior insular regions of the cingulo-opercular network. Results were independent of age and time-on-task effects. These results indicate that the two core brain networks that support EFs are in place by middle childhood. Improvement in EFs from middle childhood to adulthood, therefore, are likely due to quantitative changes in activity within these networks, rather than qualitative changes in the organization of the networks themselves. Improved knowledge of how the brain’s functional organization supports EF in childhood has critical implications for understanding the maturation of cognitive abilities.

scholarly journals Why not record from every electrode with a CMOS scanning probe?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Dimitriadis ◽  
Joana P. Neto ◽  
Arno Aarts ◽  
Andrei Alexandru ◽  
Marco Ballini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Neural Firing ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIt is an uninformative truism to state that the brain operates at multiple spatial and temporal scales, each with each own set of emergent phenomena. More worthy of attention is the point that our current understanding of it cannot clearly indicate which of these phenomenological scales are the significant contributors to the brain’s function and primary output (i.e. behaviour). Apart from the sheer complexity of the problem, a major contributing factor to this state of affairs is the lack of instrumentation that can simultaneously address these multiple scales without causing function altering damages to the underlying tissue. One important facet of this problem is that standard neural recording devices normally require one output connection per electrode. This limits the number of electrodes that can fit along the thin shafts of implantable probes generating a limiting balance between density and spread. Sharing a single output connection between multiple electrodes relaxes this constraint and permits designs of ultra-high density probes.Here we report the design and in-vivo validation of such a device, a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) scanning probe with 1344 electrodes; the outcome of the European research project NeuroSeeker. We show that this design targets both local and global spatial scales by allowing the simultaneous recording of more than 1000 neurons spanning 7 functional regions with a single shaft. The neurons show similar recording longevity and signal to noise ratio to passive probes of comparable size and no adverse effects in awake or anesthetized animals. Addressing the data management of this device we also present novel visualization and monitoring methods. Using the probe with freely moving animals we show how accessing a number of cortical and subcortical brain regions offers a novel perspective on how the brain operates around salient behavioural events. Finally, we compare this probe with lower density, non CMOS designs (which have to adhere to the one electrode per output line rule). We show that an increase in density results in capturing neural firing patterns, undetectable by lower density devices, which correlate to self-similar structures inherent in complex naturalistic behaviour.To help design electrode configurations for future, even higher density, CMOS probes, recordings from many different brain regions were obtained with an ultra-dense passive probe.

Food-Evoked Changes in Humans

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Walla ◽  
Maria Richter ◽  
Stella Färber ◽  
Ulrich Leodolter ◽  
Herbert Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Startle Response ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Soft Drink ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
Response Amplitude ◽  
Response Modulation ◽  
Motivational States ◽  
Localization Analysis ◽  
Study Participants

Two experiments investigate effects related to food intake in humans. In Experiment 1, we measured startle response modulation while study participants ate ice cream, yoghurt, and chocolate. Statistical analysis revealed that ice cream intake resulted in the most robust startle inhibition compared to no food. Contrasting females and males, we found significant differences related to the conditions yoghurt and chocolate. In females, chocolate elicited the lowest response amplitude followed by yoghurt and ice cream. In males, chocolate produced the highest startle response amplitude even higher than eating nothing, whereas ice cream produced the lowest. Assuming that high response amplitudes reflect aversive motivation while low response amplitudes reflect appetitive motivational states, it is interpreted that eating ice cream is associated with the most appetitive state given the alternatives of chocolate and yoghurt across gender. However, in females alone eating chocolate, and in males alone eating ice cream, led to the most appetitive state. Experiment 2 was conducted to describe food intake-related brain activity by means of source localization analysis applied to electroencephalography data (EEG). Ice cream, yoghurt, a soft drink, and water were compared. Brain activity in rostral portions of the superior frontal gyrus was found in all conditions. No localization differences between conditions occurred. While EEG was found to be insensitive, startle response modulation seems to be a reliable method to objectively quantify motivational states related to the intake of different foods.

Inefficient Encoding as an Explanation for Age-Related Deficits in Recollection-Based Processing

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Friedman ◽  
Ray Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Semantic Retrieval ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Face ◽  
Episodic Memories

A cardinal feature of aging is a decline in episodic memory (EM). Nevertheless, there is evidence that some older adults may be able to “compensate” for failures in recollection-based processing by recruiting brain regions and cognitive processes not normally recruited by the young. We review the evidence suggesting that age-related declines in EM performance and recollection-related brain activity (left-parietal EM effect; LPEM) are due to altered processing at encoding. We describe results from our laboratory on differences in encoding- and retrieval-related activity between young and older adults. We then show that, relative to the young, in older adults brain activity at encoding is reduced over a brain region believed to be crucial for successful semantic elaboration in a 400–1,400-ms interval (left inferior prefrontal cortex, LIPFC; Johnson, Nessler, & Friedman, 2013 ; Nessler, Friedman, Johnson, & Bersick, 2007 ; Nessler, Johnson, Bersick, & Friedman, 2006 ). This reduced brain activity is associated with diminished subsequent recognition-memory performance and the LPEM at retrieval. We provide evidence for this premise by demonstrating that disrupting encoding-related processes during this 400–1,400-ms interval in young adults affords causal support for the hypothesis that the reduction over LIPFC during encoding produces the hallmarks of an age-related EM deficit: normal semantic retrieval at encoding, reduced subsequent episodic recognition accuracy, free recall, and the LPEM. Finally, we show that the reduced LPEM in young adults is associated with “additional” brain activity over similar brain areas as those activated when older adults show deficient retrieval. Hence, rather than supporting the compensation hypothesis, these data are more consistent with the scaffolding hypothesis, in which the recruitment of additional cognitive processes is an adaptive response across the life span in the face of momentary increases in task demand due to poorly-encoded episodic memories.

Comparative analysis of changes of bioelectrical activity of the brain during the neutral touch and during the performance of the myofascial release technique

2018 ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
A. F. Belyaev ◽  
G. E. Piskunova
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Therapeutic Touch ◽  
Bioelectrical Activity ◽  
Therapeutic Action ◽  
Osteopathic Treatment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Multiparameter Analysis

Introduction. One of the main tools of an osteopath are soft tissue techniques, which have a number of particular qualities such as minimization of force and duration of indirect techniques with an emphasis on muscle and ligamentous structures; combination of gestures, tendency to maximal relaxation and exclusion of direct action on pathological symptoms such as tension, overtone and pain. Minimization of the force applied during the performance of soft tissue techniques often invites a question whether there are differences between the usual touch and the therapeutic touch of an osteopath.Goal of research - to reveal the changes in the bioelectrical activity of the cerebral cortex arising in the process of osteopathic treatment in order to prove its specifi city in comparison with nonspecifi c tactile stimulation (neutral touch).Materials and methods. 75 people were examined with the use of multiparameter analysis of multichannel EEG in different times. 25 patients were clinically healthy adults, whereas 50 patients had signs of somatic dysfunctions.Results. Computer encephalography permits to perceive the difference between the neutral touch and the therapeutic action. An identifi cation reaction is a response to the neutral touch (changes in brain bioelectrical activity with an increase in statistically signifi cant connections in the temporal lobes), whereas the therapeutic action provokes the state of purposeful brain activity during still point (intensifi cation of frontooccipital interactions).Conclusions. Osteopathic action causes additional tension in the processing of incoming information, which requires participation of different brain regions, including interhemispheric mechanisms associated with analysis, maintenance of attention and regulation of targeted activities.

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