scholarly journals New mining concessions will severely decrease biodiversity and ecosystem services in Ecuador

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bitty Roy ◽  
Martin Zorrilla ◽  
Lorena Endara ◽  
Dan Thomas ◽  
Roo Vandegrift ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Literature Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Critically Endangered Species ◽  
Protected Forests ◽  
Mining Laws ◽  
Sustainable Income ◽  
Mining Exploration

AbstractEcuador has the world’s highest biodiversity, despite being a tiny fraction of the world’s land area. The threat of extinction for much of this biodiversity has dramatically increased since April 2016, during which time the Ecuadorian government has opened approximately 2.9 million hectares of land for mining exploration, with many of the concessions in previously protected forests. Herein, we describe the system of protected lands in Ecuador, their mining laws, and outline the scale of threat by comparing the mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and orchids from several now threatened protected areas, classed as “Bosques Protectores” (BPs), in the NW montane cloud forests. We examine two large (>5,000 ha) BPs, Los Cedros and El Chontal, and two medium BPs, Mashpi (1,178 ha) and Maquipucuna (2,474 ha). Since BP El Chontal is so poorly explored, we used several other small reserves (<500 hectares) in the Intag Valley to gain an idea of its biodiversity. Together, these BPs and reserves form a buffer and a southern corridor for the still-protected Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve, which is otherwise now surrounded by mining concessions. We gathered published literature, “gray literature”, information from reserve records and websites, and our previously unpublished observations to make comparative species tables for each reserve. Our results from these still incompletely known reserves reveal the astonishing losses that mining will incur: eight critically endangered species, including two primates (brown-headed spider monkey and white-fronted capuchin), 37 endangered species, 149 vulnerable and 85 near threatened and a large number of less threatened species Our data show that each of the reserves protects a unique subset of taxa in this land of highly localized endemics. Each of the reserves also generates sustainable income for the local people. The short-term national profits from mining will not compensate for the permanent biodiversity losses, and the long-term ecosystem service and economic losses at the local and regional level.

scholarly journals The development of climate security discourse in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-281
Author(s):  
Yasuko Kameyama ◽  
Keishi Ono
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Security Discourse ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Change Problem ◽  
Indirect Economic Losses

AbstractAs the level of understanding about climate change has increased, the term “climate security” has been increasingly used in the rapidly growing literature on this subject. Although Japan has officially acknowledged the importance of tackling climate change, discussion of climate security has been almost nonexistent among Japanese governmental officials, politicians, and academics. Our aim was to trace discourses related to climate security in Japan to determine why so little exists in Japan and whether or not such discourse could suggest new areas for consideration to more comprehensively respond to the climate change problem. Because of different interpretations and uses of the term “climate security” in the existing literature, we first categorized existing approaches to climate security into four types and used this categorization to examine Japan’s discourse from these perspectives. Two of the approaches, namely “long-term irreversible planetary changes” and “short-term abrupt risks to individuals”, had been considered in Japan previously but without specific reference to the term climate security. The other two, “cause of conflict and violence” and “impacts to military and defense organizations”, however, had not been used and need to be included in discussions of climate change in Japan. Some of the topics not discussed in Japan include indirect economic losses of Japanese industries via supply chains, loss of Japan’s exclusive economic zone due to sea-level rise, and the potential inflow of refugees resulting from extreme weather patterns outside of Japan.

scholarly journals Challenges in sustaining resilience in the coastal settlements of south-eastern Bangladesh: Achieving self-sustenance through architectural synthesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-17
Author(s):  
Anika Imraana Sohaana ◽  
Md Arifur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Mitigation Planning ◽  
Architectural Synthesis ◽  
Evacuation Management

Abstract The coastal settlements in Bangladesh experienced recurring tropical cyclones and tidal surges in recent history because of geographical influences and global climate change. Despite improved evacuation management and adequate cyclone shelters patronized by donors, lately resulting in a reduced mortality rate, the property and economic losses were still substantial due to vulnerability of the settlements. As the short-term adaptative approaches such as migrating to the closest cyclone shelters have failed to sustain resilience, comprehensive and inclusive mitigation planning should be implemented to achieve more resilience in the long term. The research aimed to revise the conventional culturally-void concept and propose a prolonged solution by planning a self-sustained model of the cyclone-resilient village for the south-western coastal communities of Bangladesh. Initially, it searched for the identification and analysis of socio-cultural, economic, and environmental challenges in sustaining community resilience and later synthesizing architectural interventions to achieve self-sustenance. The synthesis focused on reducing the vulnerability of the coastal communities by enhancing their preparedness, resistance, and recovery from the prolonged impacts of coastal disasters through designing structurally and environmentally resilient homesteads, defensive landscape plans, and socioeconomic-communal development. The ultimate proposal offers more flexibility in selecting homesteads according to suitable materials, affordability, and profession.

scholarly journals Does Emigration Hurt the Economy? Evidence from Lithuania

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 440-458
Author(s):  
Gindrute Kasnauskiene ◽  
Remigijus Kavalnis
Keyword(s):  
Economic Losses ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Lower Confidence ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Svar Model ◽  
Positive Shock ◽  
The Impact

This study explores the economic impact of population emigration with special reference to the case of Lithuania. For this reason, we developed a SVAR model and applied related IRF and FEVD tools using quarterly data for the period of 2001-2020. Our findings reveal that a positive shock in emigration is related to lower unemployment. It is also found that the increased emigration is linked to higher real wage growth but with a lower confidence interval. Moreover, our estimates suggest that international out-migration increases real GDP growth in the short term, with no significant effects in the long run perspective. Finally, we found that most of the emigrants-to-be were inactive for a long term prior to departure, which offers a new look into the consequences of Lithuanian emigration, suggesting that the economic losses of emigration could be overstated. This study contributes to the knowledge about the impact of emigration on the economy and specifies directions for further studies in the field.

A new feedback control scheme for the lattice hydrodynamic model with drivers’ sensory memory

2020 ◽  
pp. 2150022
Author(s):  
Zhang Yicai ◽  
Zhao Min ◽  
Sun Dihua ◽  
Zhou Zhaomin ◽  
Chen Dong
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Control ◽  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Hydrodynamic Model ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Sensory Memory ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
The Stability

With development of economy, the problem of traffic congestion is becoming more and more serious, which has caused economic losses and environmental pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to put forward reasonable solutions through the study of traffic flow theory. This paper proposes a new hydrodynamic model of traffic flow considering the drivers’ sensory memory and a new corresponding feedback control scheme. Through the stability analysis of the model, the stability conditions are derived. The obtained phase-plot shows that the sensory memory of drivers can affect the instability region, and the new feedback control term will reduce the unstable region. The numerical simulations by analyzing the short-term, long-term behaviors and hysteresis loop of traffic flow verify the impacts of the drivers’ sensory memory and the control sign.

scholarly journals The State Wildlife Grant Program: Measuring the Public Value of a Proactive Conservation Program

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-368
Author(s):  
Betsy Riley ◽  
Paul Van Ryzin ◽  
Matthew Fuller ◽  
Ronesha Strozier
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Endangered Species Act ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Public Value ◽  
Conservation Program ◽  
Species Being ◽  
The U.S

Abstract The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's State Wildlife Grant (SWG) Program was designed as a proactive species conservation program to aid state fish and wildlife agencies in preventing nonplant species from becoming listed as threatened or endangered (T&E) under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. In this paper, we use four criteria to evaluate whether the SWG Program can be considered successful: 1) value is created (increased) in the short term; 2) value is created (increased) in the long term; 3) the value created is public; and 4) the value created is the value that was intended per the original goals of the program. Our analysis indicates the SWG Program has added US $3 billion in short-term value to local economies and supported the creation of about 18,000 jobs between 2001 until 2015. We use the example of the whooping crane Grus americana to calculate the long-term value of this single T&E species as US $103.5 million annually and argue that the SWG Program helps to maintain this value through supported species-conservation activities. Next, we look at two instances of species receiving proactive SWG Program conservation dollars: the oblong rock snail Leptoxis compacta and several North American bat species (Chiroptera spp.). These species and the conservation actions that benefit them demonstrate how public value is created or maintained through services these species naturally provide that benefit human health and economic well-being. Finally, we evaluate whether the SWG Program is creating the value it was designed to create by showing that T&E spending (expenditure) growth rates decreased after the SWG Program began. We find that the decrease in spending does not correlate with fewer species being removed from consideration as a T&E candidate for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, nor does spending correlate with fewer species being delisted (taken off the list) after being listed as T&E species. Allowing for a 5-y time lag, we are also able to show that the SWG Program has been used in 55% of T&E-listed species that were later delisted under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and 24% of candidate species later removed from consideration for T&E listing as a result of recovery or better information. We argue that these results demonstrate that the SWG Program meets or is potentially meeting all four criteria for an effective public program.

scholarly journals Control strategies for bovine dermatophilosis with particular reference to Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-228
Author(s):  
M. A. Oyekunle ◽  
A. O. Talabi
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Recent Time ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Aluminium Sulphate ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Adequate Nutrition ◽  
Important Disease

Dermatophilosis is an economically important disease prevalent in Nigeria. It is a skin disease that affects mainly cattle, sheep and horses, but also goats, dogs and cats, many wild mammals, reptiles and, occasionally, humans. The disease is caused by the bacterium Dermatophilus congolensis, which is a member of the order Actinomycetales with a great potential for causing severe economic losses in cattle. In recent time, there have been cases of ineffective treatment to this disease in Nigeria. The various control strategies for Dermatophilosis are discussed in this paper. Recommendations for control of Dermatophilosis in Nigeria on short term include ecto-parasite control by regular use of insecticide/acaricide in dips with added 0.03% copper sulphate or 1% solution of alum (potassium aluminium sulphate) spray. Infected animals should be isolated and treated with effective antibiotics or culled, while use of barb wire in the construction of cattle paddocks should be discouraged. Adequate nutrition should be provided for the animals all year round. Long term measures include gradual genetic upgrading of susceptible breeds with fairly resistant ones such as N’dama, Muturu and Keteku.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-727
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽  
Alexander V. Sergeev ◽  
Natalie J. Benafield
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607

Contactless Semi-Implantable Electromagnetic Middle Ear Device for the Treatment of Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Short-Term and Long-Term Animal Experiments

1995 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Maniglia ◽  
Wen H. Ko ◽  
Mary Rosenbaum ◽  
Ted Falk ◽  
Wei-Lin Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing Loss ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing ◽  
Short Term
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