scholarly journals Intragenomic Conflict over Bet-Hedging

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon F Wilkins ◽  
Tanmoy Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parental Origin ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
Bet Hedging ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Intragenomic Conflict ◽  
Evolutionary Conflict ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
Reproductive Variance

AbstractGenomic imprinting, where an allele’s expression pattern depends on its parental origin, is thought to result primarily from an intragenomic evolutionary conflict. Imprinted genes are widely expressed in the brain and have been linked to various phenotypes, including behaviors related to risk tolerance. In this paper, we analyze a model of evolutionary bet-hedging in a system with imprinted gene expression. Previous analyses of bet-hedging have shown that natural selection may favor alleles and traits that reduce reproductive variance, even at the expense of reducing mean reproductive success, with the trade-off between mean and variance depending on the population size. In species where the sexes have different reproductive variances, this bet-hedging trade-off differs between maternally and paternally inherited alleles. Where males have the higher reproductive variance, alleles are more strongly selected to reduce variance when paternally inherited than when maternally inherited. We connect this result to phenotypes connected with specific imprinted genes, including delay discounting and social dominance. The empirical patterns are consistent with paternally expressed imprinted genes promoting risk-averse behaviors that reduce reproductive variance. Conversely, maternally expressed imprinted genes promote risk-tolerant, variance-increasing behaviors. We indicate how future research might further test the hypotheses suggested by our analysis.

scholarly journals Intragenomic conflict over bet-hedging

2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (1766) ◽  
pp. 20180142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon F. Wilkins ◽  
Tanmoy Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parental Origin ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
Bet Hedging ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Intragenomic Conflict ◽  
Evolutionary Conflict ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Reproductive Variance

Genomic imprinting, where an allele’s expression pattern depends on its parental origin, is thought to result primarily from an intragenomic evolutionary conflict. Imprinted genes are widely expressed in the brain and have been linked to various phenotypes, including behaviours related to risk tolerance. In this paper, we analyse a model of evolutionary bet-hedging in a system with imprinted gene expression. Previous analyses of bet-hedging have shown that natural selection may favour alleles and traits that reduce reproductive variance, even at the expense of reducing mean reproductive success, with the trade-off between mean and variance depending on the population size. In species where the sexes have different reproductive variances, this bet-hedging trade-off differs between maternally and paternally inherited alleles. Where males have the higher reproductive variance, alleles are more strongly selected to reduce variance when paternally inherited than when maternally inherited. We connect this result to phenotypes connected with specific imprinted genes, including delay discounting and social dominance. The empirical patterns are consistent with paternally expressed imprinted genes promoting risk-averse behaviours that reduce reproductive variance. Conversely, maternally expressed imprinted genes promote risk-tolerant, variance-increasing behaviours. We indicate how future research might further test the hypotheses suggested by our analysis. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications’.

120 The Experience of Housing Need Amongst Families Caring for Children with Medical Complexity: A Qualitative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. e85-e88
Author(s):  
Clara Moore ◽  
Kara Grace Hounsell ◽  
Arielle Zahavi ◽  
Danielle Arje ◽  
Natalie Weiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Complex Care ◽  
Housing Situation ◽  
Children With Medical Complexity ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Housing Preferences ◽  
Medical Needs ◽  
Medical Complexity ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Primary Subject area Complex Care Background Caregivers of children with medical complexity (CMC) face many financial, social and emotional stressors related to their child’s medical condition(s). Previous research has demonstrated that financial stress among this population can have an impact on their housing situation. Families of CMC may face other unique housing challenges such as disability accommodations in the home and housing space and layout. Objectives The primary aim of this study was to explore families’ perspectives and experiences of housing need, and its relationship to their child’s health status as it pertains to CMC. Design/Methods We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews to identify themes surrounding families of CMC’s experiences of housing need. Parents of CMC were recruited through purposive sampling from the Complex Care Program at a tertiary pediatric health sciences centre. Recruitment ceased when thematic saturation was reached, as determined by consensus of the research team. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Twenty parents completed the interview, of whom 89% were mothers and 42% identified a non-English language as their first language. Two major themes and five subthemes (in parentheses) were identified: 1) the impact of health on housing (housing preferences, housing possibilities, housing outcome as a trade-off) and 2) the impact of housing on health (health of the caregiver, health of the child). Some parents reported that their child’s medical needs resulted in specific preferences regarding the location and layout of their home. Parents also indicated that their caregiving role often affected their income and home ownership status, which in turn, affected their housing possibilities. Thus, the housing situation (location and layout of the home) was often the result of a trade-off between the parent’s housing preferences and possibilities. Conclusion Housing is a recognized social determinant of health. We found that among CMC, health also appears to be a significant determinant of housing as families reported that the health of their child impacted their housing preferences and the options available to them (possibilities). To support the health of CMC and their families, policies targeting improved access to subsidized housing, improved sources of funding and regulations allowing families who rent to make accessibility changes are vital. Future research should investigate the impact of household income on housing need and identify interventions to support appropriate housing for CMC.

Do “rising stars” avoid risk?: status-based labels and decision making

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Kotlyar ◽  
Leonard Karakowsky ◽  
Mary Jo Ducharme ◽  
Janet A. Boekhorst
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Corporate Strategy ◽  
Business Students ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Status ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Content Type

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine how status-based labels, based on future capabilities, can impact people's risk tolerance in decision making. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper the authors developed and tested theoretical arguments using a set of three studies employing a scenario-based approach and a total of 449 undergraduate business students. Findings – The findings suggest that labeling people in terms of future capabilities can trigger perceptions of public scrutiny and influence their risk preferences. Specifically, the results reveal that individuals who are recipients of high-status labels tend to choose lower risk decision options compared to their peers. Research limitations/implications – The study employed scenarios to examine the issue of employee labeling. The extent to which these scenarios have truly captured the dynamics of labeling is questionable, and future research should employ a field-based study to examine whether the reported effect can be observed in a “real” work context. Practical implications – Organizations are concerned about their future leadership capacity and often attempt to grow leadership talent by identifying high-potential employees early on. The results of this study suggest that such practice may have an unintentional negative effect of reducing high-potentials’ tolerance toward risky decision making, thus potentially impacting these future leaders’ decision making in the realm of corporate strategy, R&D, etc. Originality/value – The issue of how labeling individuals in terms of future capabilities can impact their risk preference has been largely ignored by organizational research. This paper suggests that the popular practice of identifying high-potential employees may have unintentional negative effects by lowering their risk tolerance.

scholarly journals Genomic imprinting and its role in ethiology of human hereditary diseases

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
S. A. Nazarenko
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Genomic Imprinting ◽  
Special Class ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Hereditary Diseases ◽  
Parental Origin ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
Methylation Of Dna ◽  
Differential Gene

Genomic imprinting is a form of non-Mendelian epigenetic inheritance that is defined by differential gene expression depending on its parental origin — maternal or paternal. It is known about 60 imprinted genes many of which effect significantly on the fetus growth and development. Methylation of DNA cytosine bases that defines the interaction of DNA and proteins identifying the modified bases and controls the gene expression through chromatin compacting-decompacting mechanism, is a main epigenetic genom modifier. Disturbances in monoallelic gene expression lead to the development of a special class of human hereditary diseases — genomic imprinting diseases.

scholarly journals The H19 Differentially Methylated Region Marks the Parental Origin of a Heterologous Locus without Gametic DNA Methylation

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 3588-3595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kye-Yoon Park ◽  
Elizabeth A. Sellars ◽  
Alexander Grinberg ◽  
Sing-Ping Huang ◽  
Karl Pfeifer
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Mouse Chromosome ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Transcriptional Silencing ◽  
Chromosome 7 ◽  
Differentially Methylated Region ◽  
Parental Origin ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
Chromosome 5 ◽  
The Third

ABSTRACT Igf2 and H19 are coordinately regulated imprinted genes physically linked on the distal end of mouse chromosome 7. Genetic analyses demonstrate that the differentially methylated region (DMR) upstream of the H19 gene is necessary for three distinct functions: transcriptional insulation of the maternal Igf2 allele, transcriptional silencing of paternal H19 allele, and marking of the parental origin of the two chromosomes. To test the sufficiency of the DMR for the third function, we inserted DMR at two heterologous positions in the genome, downstream of H19 and at the alpha-fetoprotein locus on chromosome 5. Our results demonstrate that the DMR alone is sufficient to act as a mark of parental origin. Moreover, this activity is not dependent on germ line differences in DMR methylation. Thus, the DMR can mark its parental origin by a mechanism independent of its own DNA methylation.

Contextual Complications in Analytical Modeling: When the Problem is Not the Problem

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Problem Definition ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Solution Approach ◽  
Complicating Factors

In this essay, I describe 10 critical complicating factors that directly affect the six basic modeling components of problem definition, assumptions, decision variables, objective functions, constraints, and solution approach. The proposed 10 contextual complicating factors are (1) organization, (2) decision-making processes, (3) measures and key performance indicators, (4) rational and irrational biases, (5) decision horizon and interval, (6) data availability, accuracy, fidelity, and latency, (7) legacy and other computer systems, (8) organizational and individual risk tolerance, (9) clarity of model and method, and (10) implementability and sustainability of the approach. I hypothesize that the core analytical problem cannot be adequately described or usefully solved without careful consideration of these factors. I describe detailed examples of these contextual factors’ effects on modeling from six published applied prescriptive analytics projects and provide other examples from the literature. The complicating factors are pervasive in these projects, directly and dramatically affecting basic modeling components over half the time. Further, in the presence of these factors, 23 statistically significant correlations tend to form in three clusters, which I characterize as culture, decision, and project clusters. Unrecognized, these factors would have hampered the implementation and ongoing use of these analytical models; in a sense, the models themselves were wrong, absent consideration of these contextual considerations. With these insights, I hope to help practitioners identify the effects of these common complications and avoid project failure by incorporating these contextual factors into their modeling considerations. Future research could seek to better understand these factors and their effects on modeling.

Literature review on effect of microfinance institutions on poverty in South Asian countries and their sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Kumar Gupta ◽  
Seema Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effect

PurposeThe authors present a systematic literature review on microfinance institutions’ (MFIs) effect on poverty and how they can ensure their sustainability. The purpose of this article is to review the effect of MFIs on poverty in South Asian countries. The analysis and review of the selected corpus of literature also provide avenues for future research.Design/methodology/approachA total of 95 papers from 49 journals in 4 academic libraries and publishers were systematically studied and classified. The authors define the keywords and the inclusion/exclusion criteria for the identification of papers. The review includes an analysis of the selected papers that give insights about publications with respect to themes, number of themes covered in individual publications, nations, scope, methodology, number of methods used and publication trend.FindingsThe literature indicates the positive effect of microfinance on poverty but with a varying degree on various categories of poor. The relation between poverty and microfinance is, however, dependent on the nation under the scanner. While sustainability and outreach co-exist, their trade-off is still a matter of debate.Originality/valueThis is the first systematic literature review on MFIs’ effect on poverty in South Asian nations. Additionally, the authors discuss the literature on the trade-off between sustainability and outreach for MFIs.

Effort-Accuracy Trade-Off in Using Knowledge Management Systems

2010 ◽  
pp. 2226-2252
Author(s):  
Robin S. Poston ◽  
Cheri Speier
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Knowledge Management Systems ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Content Quality ◽  
Computer Mediated

To solve complicated problems, people often seek input from others. Knowledge management systems (KMSs) provide help in this activity by offering a computer-mediated approach to information sharing. However, if the KMS contains content that is obsolete or incomplete, those using the system may expend greater amounts of effort to detect what content is worthwhile or they risk relying on poor inputs, which may lead to less accurate solutions to their problems. As a result, most KMSs include rating schemes as part of the user interface designed to help those using the system identify high-quality content. Rating schemes depend on current users rating the quality of the existing content, guiding subsequent users in future content searches. If specific ratings are low in validity, then they may not reflect the true content quality (unintentionally or intentionally). This chapter provides a robust summary of the KMS literature and draws on the effort-accuracy trade-off framework to offer the results of a research study. The research study examines how rating validity influences how KMS users employ their limited cognitive resources to search and evaluate KMS content, with the goal of finding and using the highest-quality content. Through an experimental design, the study described herein manipulates rating validity and content quality in a replicated KMS setting and examines how users trade off search and evaluation effort. The results of the study demonstrate that rating validity differentially influences how KMS search and evaluation effort relates to decision accuracy. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the study findings and ideas for future research.

scholarly journals We were all young once: an intragenomic perspective on parent–offspring conflict

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1754) ◽  
pp. 20122637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Bossan ◽  
Peter Hammerstein ◽  
Arnulf Koehncke
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Life History ◽  
Kin Selection ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Inclusive Fitness ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Fitness Effect ◽  
Intragenomic Conflict ◽  
Evolutionary Conflict ◽  
Inclusive Fitness Theory

Parent–offspring conflict (POC) describes the evolutionary conflict between offspring and their parents over parental resource allocation. Offspring are expected to demand more resources than their parents are willing to supply because these offspring are more related to their own than to their siblings' offspring. Kin selection acts to limit these divergent interests. Our model departs from previous models by describing POC as an intragenomic conflict between genes determining life-history traits during infancy or parenthood. We explain why a direct fitness approach that measures the total fitness effect during exactly one generation is required to correctly assess POC in interbrood rivalry. We find that incorrect assumptions in previous models led to an overestimation of the scope of POC. Moreover, we show why the degree of monogamy is more important for POC than previously thought. Overall, we demonstrate that a life-history-centred intragenomic approach is necessary to correctly interpret POCs. We further discuss how our work relates to the current debate about the usefulness of inclusive fitness theory.

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