Inhibition of Klebsiella pneumonia by a Novel Strain of Paenibacillus

AbstractKlebsiella pneumoniae is the causative agent of Klebsiella pneumonia and enteritis, and the prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains is becoming a serious public health problem. In this study, we isolated a novel strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa from the fecal extracts of healthy dogs that were challenged with K. pneumoniae. By combination of transposon mutagenesis and metabolic analysis, a nonribosomal peptide synthase gene cluster was identified to be involved in the antagonism, and the molecular weight of the compound was 1168.38 g/mol. These findings will enlarge the arsenal against drug-resistant pathogens.

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Antibiotic Resistance Increases Evolvability and Maximizes Opportunities Across Fitness Landscapes

10.1101/750729 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Fabrizio Spagnolo ◽

Daniel E. Dykhuizen

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Fitness Landscapes ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Major Question ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Compensatory Mutations ◽

Selection For

AbstractAntibiotic resistance continues to grow as a public health problem. One of the reasons for this continued growth is that resistance to antibiotics is strongly selected for in the presence of antibiotics and weakly selected against after their removal. This is frequently thought to be due to the effects of compensatory mutations. However, compensatory mutations are often not found in clinically relevant strains of antibiotic resistant pathogens. Here, we conduct experiments in vitro that highlight the role that fine scale differences in environment play in the maintenance of populations after selection for resistance. We show that differences in the mode of growth, dictated by environmental factors, are capable of reliably changing the force and direction of selection. Our results show that antibiotic resistance can increase evolvability in environments if conditions for selection exist, selecting differentially for newly arising variation and moving populations to previously unavailable adaptive peaks.SignificanceAntibiotic resistant bacteria are a large and growing problem for public health. A major question has been why antibiotic resistant strains do not disappear when they must compete with higher fitness drug sensitive strains. Here we show that selection for antibiotic resistant strains is particularly sensitive to differences in environmental conditions and that these differences help to define the fitness landscapes upon which these populations adapt. The result is an increase in evolvability, with many adaptive peaks that drug resistant populations can explore through natural selection, making predictions of evolution difficult and selection against resistant strains improbable.

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Genetic diversity and drug susceptibility patterns of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in Yunnan, China

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1042/bsr20181746 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Ruolan Bai ◽

Shuijing Chi ◽

Xiaofei Li ◽

Xiting Dai ◽

Zhenhua Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Genetic Diversity ◽

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Drug Susceptibility ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Global Public Health ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

Dominant Feature ◽

Mdr Tb

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) which has been threatening global public health for many years. High genetic diversity is dominant feature of Mtb. Increasing cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a serious public health problem to TB control in China. Spontaneous mutations in the Mtb genome can alter proteins which are the target of drugs, making the bacteria drug resistant. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the genotype of Mtb isolates from some areas in Yunnan, China and explore the association between genotypes and MDR-TB. Using spoligotyping, we identified Beijing genotypes, six non-Beijing genotypes and a number of orphan genotypes from 270 Mtb isolates from patients in Yunnan Province during 2014–2016. Of 270 Mtb isolates, 102 clinical Mtb strains were identified as drug-resistant (DR) by drug susceptibility testing (DST), among them, 52 MDR strains. Beijing genotypes occupied the highest MDR proportion (78.85%) followed by the orphan genotypes (15.38%). The characteristics of MDR strains showed high genetic diversity. The results will help to efficiently improve diagnosis and treatment and provide valuable information for Mtb molecular epidemiology.

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Colistin resistance among Gram-negative isolates in Nepal: A review

Journal of Biomedical Sciences ◽

10.3126/jbs.v7i1.29851 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 33-39

Author(s):

Surya Prasad Devkota ◽

Ashmita Paudel

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Clinical Settings ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Colistin Resistance ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Food Industries ◽

Animal Farms ◽

Animal Isolates

Background: Colistin resistance among Gram-negative isolates is a tremendous public health problem, and there are very few studies in Nepal about these pathogens. Hence, this review provides comprehensive data on colistin resistance among Gram-negative isolates from various samples in Nepal. Methods: Articles reporting colistin resistance among various Gram-negative isolates from Nepal before July 2019 were selected; analyzed and relevant data was collected. Results: Colistin resistance was low among clinical isolates (less than 6%) in comparison to food and animal isolates (up to 69%). A wide variety of clinical isolates were colistin-resistant in comparison to food and animal isolates. Many of these isolates were highly drug-resistant and also harbored various drug-resistant determinants. Conclusion: Increased colistin resistance among Gram-negative pathogens is a serious concern. Screening of these isolates in clinical settings, animal farms, and food industries, as well as cautious use of colistin in both clinical and animal farms, is imminent.

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Antimycobacterial Potential of Mycobacteriophage Under Disease-Mimicking Conditions

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2020.583661 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Yeswanth Chakravarthy Kalapala ◽

Pallavi Raj Sharma ◽

Rachit Agarwal

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistant ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Bacterial Diseases ◽

Extensively Drug Resistant ◽

Infection Dynamics ◽

Phage Cocktail ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Emergence Of Resistance ◽

Comprehensive Study

Antibiotic resistance continues to be a major global health risk with an increase in multi-drug resistant infections seen across nearly all bacterial diseases. Mycobacterial infections such as Tuberculosis (TB) and Non-Tuberculosis infections have seen a significant increase in the incidence of multi-drug resistant and extensively drug-resistant infections. With this increase in drug-resistant Mycobacteria, mycobacteriophage therapy offers a promising alternative. However, a comprehensive study on the infection dynamics of mycobacteriophage against their host bacteria and the evolution of bacteriophage (phage) resistance in the bacteria remains elusive. We aim to study the infection dynamics of a phage cocktail against Mycobacteria under various pathophysiological conditions such as low pH, low growth rate and hypoxia. We show that mycobacteriophages are effective against M. smegmatis under various conditions and the phage cocktail prevents emergence of resistance for long durations. Although the phages are able to amplify after infection, the initial multiplicity of infection plays an important role in reducing the bacterial growth and prolonging efficacy. Mycobacteriophages are effective against antibiotic-resistant strains of Mycobacterium and show synergy with antibiotics such as rifampicin and isoniazid. Finally, we also show that mycobacteriophages are efficient against M. tuberculosis both under lag and log phase for several weeks. These findings have important implications for developing phage therapy for Mycobacterium.

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Preventing the White Death: Tuberculosis Dispensaries

The Economic Journal ◽

10.1093/ej/ueaa014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 130 (629) ◽

pp. 1288-1316 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Peter Juul Egedesø ◽

Casper Worm Hansen ◽

Peter Sandholt Jensen

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Information Provision ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Difference In Differences ◽

Health Institution ◽

Public Health Institution ◽

Preventive Actions ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Drug Resistant Strains

Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death worldwide and while treatable by antibiotics since the 1940s, drug resistant strains have emerged. This article estimates the effects of the establishment of a pre-antibiotic public health institution, known as a TB dispensary, designed to prevent the spread of the disease. Our annual difference-in-differences estimation reveals that the rollout of the dispensaries across Danish cities led to a 19% decline in the TB mortality rate, but no significant impacts on other diseases when performing placebo regressions. We next take advantage of the dispensaries explicit targeting on TB to setup a triple-differences model which exploits other diseases as controls and obtain a similar magnitude of the effect. As for the mechanism, the evidence highlights the dispensaries’ preventive actions, such as information provision. At an estimated cost as low as 68 dollars per saved life-year, this particular public-health institution was extraordinarily cost effective. Overall, our evidence suggests a policy for developing countries to combat drug resistant TB.

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Evaluation of Antibacterial Property of Cell-free Hemolymph and Hemocytes of Marine Gastropod, Rapana Rapiformis from Inshore Waters of Pondicherry, Southeast Coast of India

Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research ◽

10.18034/mjmbr.v4i1.423 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 39-46

Author(s):

S. A. Amruthalakshmi ◽

A. Yogamoorthi

Keyword(s):

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Sodium Dodecyl ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Vibrio Cholera ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Reference Drug ◽

Marine Gastropod ◽

Peptide Molecule ◽

Inshore Waters ◽

Resistant Strains

The cell –free hemolymph and hemocytes isolated from body-fluid of marine gastropod Rapana rapiformis distributed in the shallow waters of Pondichery coast, were tested for their antibiotic potential against five common human bacterial pathogens viz. Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholera and E.Coli. The sensitivity test thro Disc diffusion assay revealed that cell–free hemolymph of Rapana rapiformis exhibited higher level of inhibition even at MIC of 2.5ul against Vibrio cholera when compared to reference drug. A peptide molecule in haemolymph that showed higher inhibitory activity with the molecular mass of 35kDa, has been found by Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It could be of greater interest to isolate and characterize this protein which might be used commercially against existing antibiotic resistant strains such as MRSA in future.

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Epidemiological Profile and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Enteric Fever in a Tertiary Care Hospital of North India – a Seven Year Ambispective Study

Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove Czech Republic) ◽

10.14712/18059694.2018.130 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

pp. 125-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Anuradha Makkar ◽

Shilpi Gupta ◽

Inam Danish Khan ◽

Rajiv Mohan Gupta ◽

KS Rajmohan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Enteric Fever ◽

Tertiary Care Hospital ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

North India ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Drug Resistant

Introduction: Enteric-fever is a major public-health problem in developing countries emerging as multidrug-resistant, Nalidixic-acid resistant and extremely drug-resistant Salmonella (Pakistan, 2016), has intensified the use of WHO watch/reserve group antimicrobials such as azithromycin and meropenem. Methods: This ambispective-study was conducted on 782 non-repeat blood-culture isolates of S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A and S. Paratyphi B obtained from 29,184 blood cultures received at a 1000-bedded tertiary-care hospital of North-India from 2011–2017. Identification and antibiograms were obtained by Vitek-2 compact and Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion with resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole being labeled as multidrug-resistant. Decreased ciprofloxacin-susceptibility and ciprofloxacin-resistance were defined as MIC 0.125–0.5 and >1 μg/ml. Results: S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A in a ratio of 3.9:1 were seen between July–September predominantly distributed between 6–45 year age group. Resistance to co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone and azithromycin was 6.1%, 13.8%, 16.1 and 5.78% respectively. Multidrug-resistant S. typhi and S. paratyphi A were 2.73% and 1.91% respectively. Conclusion: Enteric-fever is a major public-health problem in India. Emergence of multidrug-resistant, Nalidixic-acid resistant and extremely-drug resistant Salmonella mandates ongoing surveillance for targeted empirical therapy and containment of spread. Repeated epidemics call for water, sanitation, hygiene and vaccination strategies to sustain herd-immunity.

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Tea: An anti-bacterial agent against drug resistant bacteria

10.53350/pjmhs2115102506 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

pp. 2506-2511

Author(s):

Nayyab Sultan ◽

Sabahat Javaid Butt ◽

Wajeeha Mehak ◽

Samreen Qureshi ◽

Syed Hamza Abbas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infections ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Bacterial Agent ◽

Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Scientific World

Antibiotics have played a crucial role in the treatment of bacterial infections. Past few decades are marked with advancement of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens, which have endangered antibiotic’s therapeutic efficacy. Scientific world is now struggling with the crisis of MDR pathogens. This supreme matter demands careful attention or otherwise it would jeopardize clinical management of infectious diseases. Implication of alternative approaches can pave a new way in the treatment of these troublesome bacteria. Tea leaves are known to pose antibacterial activity against many pathogenic microorganisms. This review has summarized the antibacterial potential of tea leave’s extracts against resistant bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, Acenitobacter spp, Campylobacter spp. Consumption of natural products such as tea may very well replace, minimize or obliterate this complicated situation. Keywords: Anti-bacterial, Tea, Camellia sinensis, Drug resistant bacteria, Antibiotic resistant bacteria, Synergism, Polyphenols.

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Rifabutin and Furazolidone Could Be the Candidates of the Rescue Regimen for Antibiotic-Resistant H. pylori in Korea

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2019/9351801 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Youn I Choi ◽

Sang-Ho Jeong ◽

Jun-Won Chung ◽

Dong Kyun Park ◽

Kyoung Oh Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Medical Center ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Asan Medical ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

H Pylori ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Reference Strains

Background/Aim. In Korea, the rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication has declined steadily as a result of increasing resistance to antibiotics, especially dual resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole. However, microbiological culture data on drug-resistant H. pylori is lacking. This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of candidate antibiotics against resistant H. pylori strains. Methods. After retrospectively reviewing the data from the Helicobacter Registry in Gil Medical Center (GMC) and Asan Medical Center (AMC), along with 4 reference strains, we selected the 31 single- or multidrug-resistant strains. The susceptibility of the H. pylori strains to seven antibiotics (clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, rifabutin, and furazolidone) and minimum inhibitory concentration were tested using the broth microdilution technique. Results. Among 31 antibiotic resistance strains for H. pylori, there were no strains resistant to rifabutin or furazolidone, which had MICs of <0.008 and 0.5 μg/mL, respectively. Only one tetracycline-resistant strain was found (MIC < 2 μg/mL). Amoxicillin and levofloxacin were relatively less effective against the H. pylori strains compared to rifabutin or furazolidone (resistance rates 22.6%, 1.9%, respectively). Tetracycline showed the relatively low resistance rates (3.2%) for H. pylori strains. Conclusions. Therefore, along with tetracycline which has already been used as a component for second-line eradication regimen for Helicobacter, rifabutin and furazolidone, alone or in combination, could be used to eradicate antibiotic-resistant H. pylori strains where drug-resistant Helicobacter spp. are increasing.

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Nosocomial klebsiellas: I. Colonization of hospitalized patients

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400025602 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 82 (2) ◽

pp. 177-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Michael L. Haverkorn ◽

M. F. Michel

Keyword(s):

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Survey Period ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Epidemiological Tool ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Drug Resistant Strains ◽

Systemic Antibiotics

SUMMARYThe colonization of patients byKlebsiellaand several other gram-negative bacteria was studied in a hospital urological ward over a period of six months. Before and during the survey there was no evidence of an outbreak of nosocomial infection and multi-drug resistant strains ofKlebsiellawere not isolated.Klebsiellawere biotyped by nine biochemical tests, which led to the detection of 66 biotypes spread uniformly throughout the survey period. This method of biotyping proved a useful epidemiological tool. The colonization rate of throats, hands, and faeces of patients increased after admission to the ward, especially when antibiotics were used. The effect of systemic antibiotics was greater than that of urinary antibiotics especially on throat and faeces carrier rates. Carrier rates forKlebsiellaincreased also after catheterization and operation – relationships which could well be multifactorial.During the first two weeks after admission the proportion of antibiotic resistant strains ofKlebsiellain carriers increased. The proportion of resistant strains amongst isolations from clinical infections was always greater than among strains isolated routinely from sites of carriage.

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