scholarly journals Toward Health Management of Major Labour Force Generation by Using Infection Control Countermeasures for Haematobium Schistosomiasis –assumed to be related to occupational risk- in the Republic of Malawi

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Mishima ◽  
Samuel K. Jemu ◽  
Tomoaki Kuroda ◽  
Koichiro Tabuchi ◽  
Andrew W. Darcy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Force Generation ◽  
Schistosome Infection ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Reagent Strips ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Urine Reagent Strips

AbstractBackgroundIn Malawi, haematobium schistosomiasis is highly endemic. According to previous studies, countermeasures have been conducted mainly in school-aged children. In this study, we focused on the age groups, which are assumed to be major labour force generation. Haematobium schistosomiasis is supposed to be related to occupational activities in schistosome endemic countries.MethodsWe chronologically followed the transition of schistosome egg positive prevalence before and after mass drug administration of praziquantel (MDA) by using a urine filtering examination. We also analyzed the effectiveness of urine reagent strips from the cost perspective.FindingsThe egg positive prevalence was 34.3% (95%CI: 28.5-40.5) just before MDA in June 2010 and the highest prevalence was in the age of twenties. The egg positive prevalence reduced to 12.7% (95%CI: 9.2-17.3, p<0.01) eight weeks after the first MDA and the prevalence reduced to 6.9% (95%CI: 4.6-10.0, p<0.01) after the second MDA in August 2011. The egg positive prevalence after MDA in 2013 was reduced from 3.8% (95%CI: 2.1-6.9) to 0.9% (95%CI: 0.3-3.4) and p value was 0.050. Using urine reagent strips after MDA, the positive predictive value decreased, but the negative predictive value remained high. The cost of one urine reagent strip and one tablet of praziquantel were US$0.06 and US$0.125 in 2013 in Malawi. If the egg positive prevalence is 40%, screening subjects for MDA using urine reagent strips, the cost reduction can be estimated to be about 24% -showing an overall cost reduction.ConclusionThe combination of MDA and urine reagent strips could be both a practical and cost-effective countermeasure for haematobium schistosomiasis. It is key to recognize that haematobium schistosomiasis could be considered a disease that is assumed to have some concern with occupational risk in tropical agricultural countries such as Malawi. From this point of view, it is very important to protect the health of workers; the sound labour force generation is vital for economic growth and development in these countries.Author summarySchistosomiasis is widely endemic in the tropical and subtropical countries including Malawi, and it is related that more than 300 million people suffer from associated severe morbidity. The pathway of transmission is mainly contacting infested fresh water and it is inevitable to contact fresh water through their daily activities in Malawi. Then, they are routinely exposed to the risk of schistosome infection. Previously the main targets of schistosome control were school-aged children, but our research showed main population of schistosome infection was twenties that was presumed to be major labour force. Agriculture is the dominant industry in Malawi and it can be related to be at risk of schistosome infection during agricultural work. Schistosomiasis is presumed to have occupation-related risks, we consider that schistosome control will be a valuable step-up to economic development and make a social contribution in Malawi and many low-income tropical countries.FundingThe Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan’s scientific research grant (JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP23406025). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Implementasi Analisis Proses Bisnis Sebagai Upaya Pengurangan Biaya

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Aniek Wijayanti
Keyword(s):  
Business Process ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Management Activity ◽  
Procurement Process ◽  
Material Procurement ◽  
The Cost

Business Process Analysis can be used to eliminate or reduce a waste cost caused by non value added activities that exist in a process. This research aims at evaluating activities carried out in the natural material procurement process in the PT XYZ, calculating the effectiveness of the process cycle, finding a way to improve the process management, and calculating the cost reduction that can achieved by activity management. A case study was the approach of this research. The researcher obtained research data throughout deep interviews with the staff who directly involved in the process, observation, and documentation of natural material procurement. The result of this study show that the effectiveness of the process cycle of natural material procurement in the factory reached as much as 87,1% for the sand material and 72% for the crushed stone. This indicates that the process still carry activities with no added value and still contain ineffective costs. Through the Business Process Mechanism, these non value added activities can be managed so that the process cycle becomes more efficient and cost effectiveness is achieved. The result of the effective cycle calculation after the management activities implementation is 100%. This means that the cost of natural material procurement process has become effective. The result of calculation of the estimated cost reduction as a result of management activity is as much as Rp249.026.635,90 per year.

Modelling the cost of ill health in Health&WealthMOD (Version II): lost labour force participation, income and taxation, and the impact of disease prevention

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Schofield ◽  
Rupendra Shrestha ◽  
Emily Callander ◽  
Richard Pervical ◽  
Simon Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The Experience in Organizing and Conducting the Analysis of Data on Nutrition of School-Aged Children in the Sverdlovsk Region within the Federal Public Health Promotion Project

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
NA Moiseeva ◽  
IL Kholstinina ◽  
MF Knyazeva ◽  
TV Mazhaeva ◽  
OL Malykh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
School Meals ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Public Health Promotion

Introduction: Implementation of the Federal Public Health Promotion Project should raise awareness and develop skills of healthy nutrition in children, thus contributing to disease prevention. Our objective was to evaluate the results of pilot nutrition monitoring in school-aged children of the Sverdlovsk Region as part of the Federal Public Health Promotion Project and the National Demography Project. Results: We established that school meals were generally satisfactory: the rations complied with physiological needs of children in terms of their nutritional value, basic nutrients, energy, and distribution of calories by main meals. We noted differences in the cost and nutritional value of meals and the variety of dishes and foodstuffs used between urban and rural areas. As a rule, pupils have one or two school meals a day. Outside of school, their consumption of dairy products and fruit is limited. Conclusions: Our findings may promote the elaboration of municipal programs aimed, inter alia, at changing the amount of sugar and salt used in the manufacture of public catering products, the cost of dishes with a high content of sugar, saturated fats, and salt, and subsidies on healthy nutrition.

ANALISIS PENGARUH BIAYA OPERASIONAL PADA PERUSAHAAN PENERBANGAN NASIONAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-107
Author(s):  
Dheny Biantara
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Cost Leadership ◽  
Oil Pricing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operation Flexibility ◽  
Airline Maintenance

Summarized Indonesian airline executive views on the reason for the cost problem in mayor airline andon the potential areas and measures of cost reduction in airline operation. Present an introductionsurvey where 3 executives from 3 Indonesian airlines were respondent. In the executive opinion the costproblem in mayor Indonesian airline is primarily due to fuel and oil pricing and money currency. Of thevarious function in airline maintenance was seen as least cost efficiency, whereas flight operation wasseen as an area with most potential for cost reduction. Indonesian airline had made route and fleetchanges after the beginning of 2011 to reduce cost, concludes from the analisys result havingprivatization would be an important step towards more efficient airline operation. Flexibility fromIndonesian airline regulatory would be very much welcome and the value chain concept to improveIndonesian airline having competitive adventage and cost leadership differentiation.

Recent advances in the technologies of connection for panel structures: Design and cost analysis of different solutions with X-shaped dissipative connectors

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-315
Author(s):  
Massimo Latour
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Design Criterion ◽  
Classical Solutions ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Seismic Damper ◽  
Classical Systems ◽  
Cyclic Behaviour ◽  
Energy Dissipation Capacity ◽  
The Cost

In this work, a recently patented seismic damper to be applied to structures composed by systems of panels is presented. In particular, the article is devoted to characterize the behaviour of the proposed connector by means of an experimental and numerical analysis and to provide some information about the cost of the elements needed to realize the damper, accounting for the manufacturing process. The experimental analysis has regarded five specimens tested under different loading conditions, and it has been used as a term of comparison with the classical systems of connection currently employed in these structures. Afterwards, in the article, a design criterion able to control the capacity and ductility of the device by simply varying the shape of the damper is presented and its accuracy is evaluated by performing finite element analyses. The results of the experimental and finite element analyses are very promising in terms of cyclic behaviour and energy dissipation capacity and reveal that the design of the element can be accurately controlled by means of the proposed approach. Furthermore, the cost estimate has revealed that the proposed damper is also cheaper than the classical solutions with a cost reduction of about 40%.

Reforming Teacher Pension Plans: The Case of Kansas, the 1st Teacher Cash Balance Plan

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-48
Author(s):  
Robert M. Costrell
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Pension Plans ◽  
Average Salary ◽  
Cash Balance ◽  
Surface Appearance ◽  
Risky Assets ◽  
Retirement Accounts ◽  
Employer Contribution ◽  
Loaded Structure ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The ongoing crisis in teacher pension funding has led states to consider various reforms in plan design, to replace the traditional benefit formulas, based on years of service and final average salary (FAS). One such design is a cash balance (CB) plan, long deployed in the private sector, and increasingly considered, but rarely yet adopted for teachers. Such plans are structured with individual 401(k)-type retirement accounts, but with guaranteed returns. In this paper I examine how the nation's first CB plan for teachers, in Kansas, has played out for system costs, and the level and distribution of individual benefits, compared to the FAS plan it replaced. My key findings are: (1) employer-funded benefits were modestly reduced, despite the surface appearance of more generous employer contribution matches; (2) more importantly, the cost of the pension guarantee, which is off-the-books under standard actuarial accounting, was reduced quite substantially. In addition, benefits are more equitably distributed between short termers and career teachers than under the back-loaded structure of benefits characteristic of FAS plans. The key to the plan's cost reduction is that the guaranteed return approximates a low-risk market return, considerably lower than the assumed return on risky assets.

Role of urine reagent strips in diagnosis of childhood meningitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 649
Author(s):  
MohammadA Elhag ◽  
AhmedT Mahmoud ◽  
NahlaM Said ◽  
ReemM El Kholy
Keyword(s):  
Reagent Strips ◽  
Urine Reagent Strips

scholarly journals Comparative economics of cashew nut kernel processing technology in Bastar region of India

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-172
Author(s):  
Praveen Kumar Verma ◽  
SK Nag ◽  
SK Patil
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
Comparative Economics ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Improved Technology

The paper has studied the economic viability of improved technology (Introduced under NAIP component-3) for extraction of cashew kernel from cashew nut in Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, India. Cost concept has been used to calculate economics of cashew kernel. The technology (Boiling, steaming, cutting, drying, and peeling) has been found viable over conventional practices (Traditional manual separation by stone or hammer) on account of higher recovery of 40 percent and cost reduction by 29.71 percent. Overall net profit per unit (One unit includes one boiler, one steamer, two cutter, one dryer, six peelers and cost of land, depreciation and interest on working capital) in the case of improved technology has been estimated to be Rs 7.32 lakh. Cost of production in machine extraction practices was 202.80 Rupees per kilogram of cashew in spite of traditionally practiced 288.56 Rupees per kilogram. The cost benefit ratio was found higher in machine extraction (1.57) as compare to traditionally practiced (0.169). The mechanical decortications and separation could not only save time and money, also reduced women drudgery (due to manual breaking by stone or hammer to separate kernel). The technology has been found suitable for promotion of entrepreneurship on the processing of cashew kernel from cashew nut in the production catchments which otherwise is not properly utilized. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i1.20166 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 39(1): 165-172, March 2014

scholarly journals Facilitating Institutional Oversight and Program Improvement Through Educational Competency Committees

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn M. Andolsek ◽  
Rhea F. Fortune ◽  
Alisa Nagler ◽  
Chrystal Stancil ◽  
Catherine Kuhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Program Improvement ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Program Evaluations ◽  
Special Review ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Institutional Oversight

ABSTRACT  The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requires programs to engage annually in program evaluation and improvement.Background  We assessed the value of creating educational competency committees (ECCs) that use successful elements of 2 established processes—institutional special reviews and institutional oversight of annual program evaluations.Objective  The ECCs used a template to review programs' annual program evaluations. Results were aggregated into an institutional dashboard. We calculated the costs, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value by comparing programs required to have a special review with those that had ACGME citations, requests for a progress report, or a data-prompted site visit. We assessed the value for professional development through a participant survey.Methods  Thirty-two ECCs involving more than 100 individuals reviewed 237 annual program evaluations over a 3-year period. The ECCs required less time than internal reviews. The ECCs rated 2 to 8 programs (2.4%–9.8%) as “noncompliant.” One to 13 programs (1.2%–14.6%) had opportunities for improvement identified. Institutional improvements were recognized using the dashboard. Zero to 13 programs (0%–16%) were required to have special reviews. The sensitivity of the decision to have a special review was 83% to 100%; specificity was 89% to 93%; and negative predictive value was 99% to 100%. The total cost was $280 per program. Of the ECC members, 86% to 95% reported their participation enhanced their professional development, and 60% to 95% believed the ECC benefited their program.Results  Educational competency committees facilitated the identification of institution-wide needs, highlighted innovation and best practices, and enhanced professional development. The cost, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value indicated good value.Conclusions

scholarly journals Economic consequences to society of pandemic H1N1 influenza 2009 – preliminary results for Sweden

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (37) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Brouwers ◽  
B Cakici ◽  
M Camitz ◽  
A Tegnell ◽  
M Boman
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Pandemic H1n1 ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Pandemic H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Swedish Society ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Death Cases

Experiments using a microsimulation platform show that vaccination against pandemic H1N1 influenza is highly cost-effective. Swedish society may reduce the costs of pandemic by about SEK 2.5 billion (approximately EUR 250 million) if at least 60 per cent of the population is vaccinated, even if costs related to death cases are excluded. The cost reduction primarily results from reduced absenteeism. These results are preliminary and based on comprehensive assumptions about the infectiousness and morbidity of the pandemic, which are uncertain in the current situation.

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