scholarly journals Stalk Lodging: A Portable Device for Phenotyping Stalk Bending Strength of Maize and Sorghum

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Cook ◽  
Witold de la Chapelle ◽  
Ting-Che Lin ◽  
Shien Yang Lee ◽  
Wenhuan Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Flexural Stiffness ◽  
New Device ◽  
Failure Patterns ◽  
Stalk Strength ◽  
Stalk Lodging

ABSTRACTBackgroundStalk lodging (breakage of plant stems prior to harvest) is a major problem for both farmers and plant breeders. A limiting factor in addressing this problem is the lack of a reliable method for phenotyping stalk strength. Previous methods of phenotyping stalk strength induce failure patterns different from those observed in natural lodging events. This paper describes a new device for field-based phenotyping of stalk strength called “DARLING” (Device for Assessing Resistance to Lodging IN Grains). The DARLING apparatus consists of a vertical arm which is connected to a horizontal footplate by a hinge. The operator places the device next to a stalk, aligns the stalk with a force sensor, steps on the footplate, and then pushes the vertical arm forward until the stalk breaks. Force and rotation are continuously recorded during the test and these quantities are used to calculate two quantities: stalk flexural stiffness and stalk bending strength.ResultsField testing of DARLING was performed at multiple sites. Validation was based upon three factors. First, the device induces the characteristic “crease” or Brazier buckling failure patterns observed in naturally lodged stalks. Second, in agreement with prior research, flexural stiffness values attained using the DARLING apparatus are strongly correlated with bending strength measurements. Finally, a paired specimen experimental design was used to determine that the flexural data obtained with DARLING is in agreement with laboratory-based flexural testing results of the same specimens. DARLING was also deployed in the field to assess phenotyping throughput (# of stalks phenotyped per hour). Over approximately 5000 tests, the average testing rate was found to be 210 stalks/hour.ConclusionsThe DARLING apparatus provides a quantitative assessment of stalk strength in a field setting. It induces the same failure patterns observed in natural lodging events. DARLING can also be used to perform non-destructive flexural tests. This new technology has many applications, including breeding, genetic studies on stalk strength, longitudinal studies of stalk flexural stiffness, and risk assessment of lodging propensity.

scholarly journals The Overlooked Biomechanical Role of the Clasping Leaf Sheath in Wheat Stalk Lodging

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Cornwall ◽  
Christopher J. Stubbs ◽  
Christopher S. McMahan ◽  
Daniel J. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Flexural Rigidity ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Effective Diameter ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Failure Patterns ◽  
Bending Loads ◽  
Stalk Lodging ◽  
Biomechanical Factors

The biomechanical role of the clasping leaf sheath in stalk lodging events has been historically understudied. Results from this study indicate that in some instances the leaf sheath plays an even larger role in reinforcing wheat against stalk lodging than the stem itself. Interestingly, it appears the leaf sheath does not resist bending loads by merely adding more material to the stalk (i.e., increasing the effective diameter). The radial preload of the leaf sheath on the stem, the friction between the sheath and the stem and several other complex biomechanical factors may contribute to increasing the stalk bending strength and stalk flexural rigidity of wheat. Results demonstrated that removal of the leaf sheath induces alternate failure patterns in wheat stalks. In summary the biomechanical role of the leaf sheath is complex and has yet to be fully elucidated. Many future studies are needed to develop high throughput phenotyping methodologies and to determine the genetic underpinnings of the clasping leaf sheath and its relation to stalk lodging resistance. Research in this area is expected to improve the lodging resistance of wheat.

scholarly journals Stalk Bending Strength is Strongly Associated with Maize Stalk Lodging Incidence Across Multiple Environments

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajandeep S. Sekhon ◽  
Chase N. Joyner ◽  
Arlyn J. Ackerman ◽  
Christopher S. McMahan ◽  
Douglas D. Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Puncture Resistance ◽  
Failure Patterns ◽  
Select Group ◽  
Stalk Lodging

AbstractStalk lodging in maize results in substantial yield losses worldwide. These losses could be prevented through genetic improvement. However, breeding efforts and genetics studies are hindered by lack of a robust and economical phenotyping method for assessing stalk lodging resistance. A field-based phenotyping platform that induces failure patterns consistent with natural stalk lodging events and measures stalk bending strength in field-grown plants was recently developed. Here we examine the association between data gathered from this new phenotyping platform with counts of stalk lodging incidence on a select group of maize hybrids. For comparative purposes, we examine four additional predictive phenotypes commonly assumed to be related to stalk lodging resistance; namely, rind puncture resistance, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Historical counts of lodging incidence were gathered on 47 hybrids, grown in 98 distinct environments, spanning four years and 41 unique geographical locations in North America. Using Bayesian generalized linear mixed effects models, we show that stalk lodging incidence is associated with each of the five predictive phenotypes. Further, based on a joint analysis we demonstrate that, among the phenotypes considered, stalk bending strength measured by the new phenotyping platform is the most important predictive phenotype of naturally occurring stalk lodging incidence in maize, followed by rind puncture resistance and cellulose content. This study demonstrates that field-based measurements of stalk bending strength provide a reliable estimate of stalk lodging incidence. The stalk bending strength data acquired from the new phenotyping platform will be valuable for phenotypic selection in breeding programs and for generating mechanistic insights into the genetic regulation of stalk lodging resistance.

scholarly journals The Effect of Plant Weight on Estimations of Stalk Flexural Stiffness and Stalk Lodging Resistance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J Stubbs ◽  
Yusuf Oduntan ◽  
Tyrone Keep ◽  
Scott D Noble ◽  
Daniel J Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Flexural Rigidity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Structural Response ◽  
The Self ◽  
External Loading ◽  
Flexural Stiffness ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Stalk Lodging

Abstract Background: Stalk lodging (breaking of agricultural plant stalks prior to harvest) is a multi-billion dollar a year problem. Stalk lodging occurs when bending moments induced by a combination of external loading (e.g. wind) and self-loading (e.g. the plant’s own weight) exceed the bending strength of plant stems. Previous studies have investigated external loading and self-loading of plants as separate and independent phenomena. However, these two types of loading are highly interconnected and mutually dependent. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to investigate the combined effect of external loads and plant weight on the flexural response of plant stems, and (2) to provide a generalized framework for accounting for self-weight during mechanical phenotyping experiments used to predict stalk lodging resistance. Results: A method of properly accounting for the interconnected relationship between self-loading and external loading of plants stems is presented. The interconnected set of equations are used to produce user-friendly applications by presenting (1) simplified self-loading correction factors for a number of common external loading configurations of plants, and (2) a generalized Microsoft Excel framework that calculates the influence of self-loading on crop stems. The effect of self-loading on the bending strength measurements of wheat is examined in detail. A survey of several other plants is conducted and the influence of self-loading on their structural response is also presented. Conclusions: The self-loading of plants plays a potentially critical role in determining the structural response of plant stems. Equations and tools provided herein enable researchers to account for the plant’s weight during mechanical phenotyping experiments used to determine the flexural rigidity and bending strength of plant stems. Results demonstrated that ignoring the self-loading of some plants can result in errors of 25% for flexural stiffness and 20% for bending strength.

A novel testing system for biomechanical evaluation of the bone or bone fixator

Sensor Review ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-411
Author(s):  
Zhanshe Guo ◽  
Zhaojun Guo ◽  
Xiangdang Liang ◽  
Shen Liu
Keyword(s):  
Good Condition ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Biomechanical Study ◽  
Sensor Calibration ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Static Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
New Device ◽  
Bending Force

Purpose Biomechanical properties of bones and fixators are important. The aim of this study was to develop a new device to simulate the real mechanical environment and to evaluate biomechanical properties of the bone with a fixation device, including the static force and the fatigue characters. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the device is mainly composed of three parts: pull-pressure transmission system, bending force applying system and torsion applying system, which can successfully simulate the pre-introduced pull-pressure force, bending force and torsion force, respectively. To prove the feasibility of the design, theoretical analysis is used. It is concluded from the simulated result that this scheme of design can successfully satisfy the request of the evaluation. Findings Finally, on the basis of the force sensor calibration, the static force experiment and fatigue experiment are carried out using the tibia of the sheep as the specimen. It is concluded from the result that the relationship between the micro displacement and the applied axial force is nearly linear. Under the condition of 1 Hz in frequency, 500 N in loading force and 18,000 reciprocating cycles, the bone fixator can still be in good condition, which proves the feasibility of the design. Originality/value Biomechanical properties of bones and fixators are studied by researchers. However, few simulate a real force environment and combine forces in different directions. So a novel system is designed and fabricated to evaluate the biomechanical properties of the bones and fixators. Results of the experiments show that this new system is reliable and stable, which can support the biomechanical study and clinical treatment.

Fabrication of Porous Transpiration C/SiC Composites

2008 ◽  
Vol 368-372 ◽  
pp. 1053-1055
Author(s):  
Hong Liang Ji ◽  
Chang Rui Zhang ◽  
Xin Gui Zhou ◽  
Ying Bin Cao
Keyword(s):  
Pore Structure ◽  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Volume Content ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Transpiration Cooling ◽  
Sic Composites

A new technology, prefabricating pore media (PPM) technology that adopt glass fiber as pore media, for porous transpiration cooling C/SiC composites was studied. The result shows that the technology can control the pore structure successfully by the volume content and distribution of glass fiber in the braid, and the porous C/SiC composites have good bending strength above 300MPa.

scholarly journals Prontosan® soluzione e Prontosan® Debridement Pad nel trattamento di diversi tipi di ferite cutanee: dichiarazioni basate su opinioni di esperti, serie di casi e revisione della letteratura/Prontosan® solution and Prontosan® Debridement Pad in the treatment of different types of cutaneous wounds: expert-based statements, case series and review of the literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Peghetti ◽  
Diletta Olivari ◽  
Silvia Tedesco ◽  
Andrea Bellingeri ◽  
Marino Ciliberti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Wound Care ◽  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Sono State ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Combined System ◽  
New Device

Prontosan® Debridement Pad (PDP; B. Braun) è un nuovo presidio disegnato per migliorare il processo di debridement meccanico. In questo lavoro riportiamo i risultati di un complesso progetto condotto al fine di sviluppare consenso tra gli esperti sul migliore modo di impiegare questa nuova tecnologia nella pratica clinica. Il progetto si è articolato in tre fasi. Nella prima è stata condotta una estesa revisione della letteratura che ha condotto ad identificare, analizzare criticamente e a riassumere in formato strutturato 27 studi clinici pertinenti. Nella seconda fase le evidenze disponibili sono state discusse in modo sistematico con un pannello di 10 esperti, i quali hanno formulato 12 raccomandazioni per l'impiego clinico del PDP. Queste raccomandazioni sono state quindi sottoposte a votazione formale attraverso il metodo GRADE. Infine, nei mesi successivi, 13 casi clinici provenienti dalla pratica clinica routinaria e trattati in accordo con le raccomandazioni stabilite sono stati raccolti e vengono qui presentati. Nel complesso, i dati disponibili in letteratura e quelli raccolti dalla pratica clinica confermano l'efficacia del PDP come strumento per il debridement meccanico, offrendo vantaggi significativi per una ottimale Wound Bed Preparation e per il controllo del dolore. Il nostro progetto può inoltre essere utile per ottimizzare l'impiego pratico di questo nuovo promettente dispositivo. Prontosan® Debridement Pad (PDP; B. Braun) is a new device designed for mechanical debridement. This paper summarizes the results of a complex initiative aimed to develop consensus among a panel of wound care experts about the optimal use of this new technology. An extensive review of the literature found 27 pertinent papers, which underwent a formal process of critical appraisal and evidence extraction by two independent methodologists. Results are displayed in an evidence report. 12 practical recommendations, concerning management of acute and chronic wounds, have been developed and approved. Main point of strength of this project is the use of a systematic approach to literature review, evidence synthesis and presentation, development and measurement of expert consensus. Moreover, expert panel provided further clinical data, through the reporting of 13 clinical cases managed according to abovementioned recommendations, with a particular focus on burns and chronic ulcers treatment, both in adult and pediatric patients. Overall, results from literature review and from clinical experience confirm that the combined system Prontosan® Solution and PDP is a promising tool useful in the critical phase of debridement in acute and chronic wounds treatment. Efficacy in debris removal and pain reduction are the main points of strength. Our project may contribute to optimize clinical use of this innovative device.

scholarly journals Stalk Bending Strength is Strongly Associated with Maize Stalk Lodging Incidence Across Multiple Environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 249 ◽  
pp. 107737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajandeep S. Sekhon ◽  
Chase N. Joyner ◽  
Arlyn J. Ackerman ◽  
Christopher S. McMahan ◽  
Douglas D. Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Multiple Environments ◽  
Stalk Lodging

Compression anastomotic device

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Власов ◽  
A. Vlasov
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Subtotal Colectomy ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Compression Force ◽  
Colonic Anastomoses ◽  
Anastomotic Complications ◽  
New Device ◽  
Different Diameters ◽  
Device Simple ◽  
Original Device

The purpose of this study is to develop and clinical use the new technology of forming a circular compression seam for improvement the surgical results. Materials and methods. The author has proposed a new device – compression anastomotic device (RF patent № 110246). This is device simple, comfortable and reliable. The compression force is created by means of the special steel spring. Compression anastomotic device has 3 types of diameters: 28, 31 and 33 mm, this allows to using them at different diameters anastomosing bodies and throughout the colon. Results. The CAD has been applied in clinical practice in 71 resections for colon cancer: 20 right-sided hemicolectomy, 5 resections of the transverse colon, 12 left-sided hemicolectomy, 17 resection of the sigmoid colon, 6 subtotal colectomy and 11 anterior resections. There were no anastomotic complications. Conclusion. The author has created original device for forming a compression colonic anastomoses and implemented new technology into clinical practice, it helps to prevent the development of postoperative complications.

scholarly journals Maize Stalk Lodging: Morphological Determinants of Stalk Strength

Crop Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 926-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Robertson ◽  
Margaret Julias ◽  
Shien Yang Lee ◽  
Douglas D. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Stalk Strength ◽  
Stalk Lodging

Lithography-Based Ceramic Manufacturing: A Novel Technique for Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Ceramics

2014 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 60-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schwentenwein ◽  
Peter Schneider ◽  
Johannes Homa
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
New Technology ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Ceramic Suspension ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
Ceramic Manufacturing ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
Very High

Albeit widely established in plastic and metal industry, additive manufacturing technologies are still a rare sight in the field of ceramic manufacturing. This is mainly due to the requirements for high performance ceramic parts, which no additive manufacturing process was able to meet to date.The Lithography-based Ceramic Manufacturing (LCM)-technology which enables the production of dense and precise ceramic parts by using a photocurable ceramic suspension that is hardened via a photolithographic process. This new technology not only provides very high accuracy, it also reaches high densities for the sintered parts. In the case of alumina a relative density of over 99.4 % and a 4-point-bending strength of almost 430 MPa were realized. Thus, the achievable properties are similar to conventional manufacturing methods, making the LCM-technology an interesting complement for the ceramic industry.

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