scholarly journals Caenorhabditis eleganssensory neurons modulate pathogen specific responses via HLH-30/TFEB transcription factor and FSHR-1 GPCR axes of immunity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjali Gupta ◽  
Manoj Varma ◽  
Varsha Singh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Sensory Perception ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Classical Pattern ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Ciliated Neurons

ABSTRACTPattern recognition receptors allow animals to sense microbe associated molecular patterns and mount effective immune responses. It is not clear howCaenorhabditis elegansrecognizes pathogenic microbes in absence of classical pattern recognition pathways. Here, we asked if sensory neurons ofC. elegansallow it to distinguish between pathogens. Exposure ofC. elegansto a Gram positive bacteriumEnterococcus faecalisor to a Gram negative bacteriumPseudomonas aeruginosashowed predominantly pathogen-specific signatures. Using nematodes defective in sensory perception, we show that neuronal sensing is essential to mount pathogen specific immune response. OSM-6 expressing, ciliated neurons exert non-cell autonomous control of immune effector production via an OSM-6-FSHR-1 GPCR axis as well as an OSM-6-HLH-30/TFEB transcription factor axis duringE. faecalisinfection. OSM-6-FSHR-1 axis also controls immune response toP. aeruginosa. In all, this study delineates essential role of sensory perception in the regulation of pathogen-specific immunity inC. elegans.

scholarly journals The Role of Syk/CARD9-Coupled C-Type Lectin Receptors in Immunity toMycobacterium tuberculosisInfections

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohlopheni Jackson Marakalala ◽  
Lisa M. Graham ◽  
Gordon D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Lectin Receptors ◽  
Molecular Patterns

There is increasing interest in understanding the mechanisms underlying the interactions that occur betweenMycobacterium tuberculosisand host innate immune cells. These cells express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which recognise mycobacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and which can influence the host immune response to the infection. Although many of the PRRs appear to be redundant in the control ofM. tuberculosisinfectionin vivo, recent discoveries have revealed a key, nonredundant, role of the Syk/CARD9 signalling pathway in antimycobacterial immunity. Here we review these discoveries, as well as recent data investigating the role of the Syk/CARD9-coupled PRRs that have been implicated in mycobacterial recognition, including Dectin-1 and Mincle.

scholarly journals Pattern Recognition Proteins: First Line of Defense Against Coronaviruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Labarrere ◽  
Ghassan S. Kassab
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Recognition Protein ◽  
Pattern Recognition Protein

The rapid outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China, has become a worldwide pandemic affecting almost 204 million people and causing more than 4.3 million deaths as of August 11 2021. This pandemic has placed a substantial burden on the global healthcare system and the global economy. Availability of novel prophylactic and therapeutic approaches are crucially needed to prevent development of severe disease leading to major complications both acutely and chronically. The success in fighting this virus results from three main achievements: (a) Direct killing of the SARS-CoV-2 virus; (b) Development of a specific vaccine, and (c) Enhancement of the host’s immune system. A fundamental necessity to win the battle against the virus involves a better understanding of the host’s innate and adaptive immune response to the virus. Although the role of the adaptive immune response is directly involved in the generation of a vaccine, the role of innate immunity on RNA viruses in general, and coronaviruses in particular, is mostly unknown. In this review, we will consider the structure of RNA viruses, mainly coronaviruses, and their capacity to affect the lungs and the cardiovascular system. We will also consider the effects of the pattern recognition protein (PRP) trident composed by (a) Surfactant proteins A and D, mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and complement component 1q (C1q), (b) C-reactive protein, and (c) Innate and adaptive IgM antibodies, upon clearance of viral particles and apoptotic cells in lungs and atherosclerotic lesions. We emphasize on the role of pattern recognition protein immune therapies as a combination treatment to prevent development of severe respiratory syndrome and to reduce pulmonary and cardiovascular complications in patients with SARS-CoV-2 and summarize the need of a combined therapeutic approach that takes into account all aspects of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 disease to allow mankind to beat this pandemic killer.

scholarly journals Distinct Molecular Pattern-Induced Calcium Signatures Lead to Different Downstream Transcriptional Regulations via AtSR1/CAMTA3

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8163
Author(s):  
Peiguo Yuan ◽  
Jeremy B. Jewell ◽  
Smrutisanjita Behera ◽  
Kiwamu Tanaka ◽  
B. W. Poovaiah
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Knockout Mutant ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Calmodulin Binding ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Intrinsic Roles ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Plants encrypt the perception of different pathogenic stimuli into specific intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signatures and subsequently decrypt the signatures into appropriate downstream responses through various Ca2+ sensors. Two microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), bacterial flg22 and fungal chitin, and one damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), AtPep1, were used to study the differential Ca2+ signatures in Arabidopsis leaves. The results revealed that flg22, chitin, and AtPep1 induced distinct changes in Ca2+ dynamics in both the cytosol and nucleus. In addition, Flg22 and chitin upregulated the expression of salicylic acid-related genes, ICS1 and EDS1, whereas AtPep1 upregulated the expression of jasmonic acid-related genes, JAZ1 and PDF1.2, in addition to ICS1 and EDS1. These data demonstrated that distinct Ca2+ signatures caused by different molecular patterns in leaf cells lead to specific downstream events. Furthermore, these changes in the expression of defense-related genes were disrupted in a knockout mutant of the AtSR1/CAMTA3 gene, encoding a calmodulin-binding transcription factor, in which a calmodulin-binding domain on AtSR1 was required for deciphering the Ca2+ signatures into downstream transcription events. These observations extend our knowledge regarding unique and intrinsic roles for Ca2+ signaling in launching and fine-tuning plant immune response, which are mediated by the AtSR1/CAMTA3 transcription factor.

scholarly journals Examining the role of SUMOylation in C. elegans T-box transcription factor TBX-2 function

2011 ◽  
Vol 356 (1) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Paul Huber ◽  
Tanya Crum ◽  
Peter Okkema
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
T Box ◽  
C Elegans

scholarly journals Role of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)-Signaling in Cancer Progression and Treatment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyam Babu Prasad ◽  
Rahul Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Tlr Signaling ◽  
Inflammatory Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Inflammation ◽  
Basic Features

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most essential pattern recognition receptors in mediating the effects of innate immunity. It plays a pivotal role in inducing immune response against a number of pathogens, various diseases conditions including pathogenesis of cancer. Inflammation is often associated with the development and progression of most of cancer, where TLRs interplay very crucial roles. Moreover, TLRs activation can impact the initiation, progression and treatment of cancer by modulating the inflammatory microenvironment. Rapidly growing number of evidences related to TLRs function and expression in cancer cells, suggests its critical association with chemoresistance and tumourigenesis. The current chapter describes the development of various agonist and antagosist for TLRs and their application in cancer therapeutics. The aim of this book chapter is to highlights basic features of TLRs, and its role in cancer progression. It also addresses, how a defect in the TLRs signaling pathway can contributes towards carcinogenesis and recent development of cancer therapeutics that target TLR signaling pathways.

scholarly journals The Immune Response toTrypanosoma cruzi: Role of Toll-Like Receptors and Perspectives for Vaccine Development

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio M. Rodrigues ◽  
Ana Carolina Oliveira ◽  
Maria Bellio
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Vaccine Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Acquired Immune Responses ◽  
Molecular Patterns

In the past ten years, studies have shown the recognition ofTrypanosoma cruzi-associated molecular patterns by members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family and demonstrated the crucial participation of different TLRs during the experimental infection with this parasite. In the present review, we will focus on the role of TLR-activated pathways in the modulation of both innate and acquired immune responses toT. cruziinfection, as well as discuss the state of the art of vaccine research and development against the causative agent of Chagas disease (or American trypanosomiasis).

scholarly journals Role of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) and pattern recognition receptors (PRR) in the intestinal mucosa homeostasis

2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (47) ◽  
pp. 2146-2149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Károly Lapis
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
First Line ◽  
Continuous Layer ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Bowel Mucosa

Homeostasis and integrity of bowel mucosa is assured by well controlled mechanical, biochemical and immunological mechanisms. First line of defense is presented by the antimicrobial peptides (AMP), which form a continuous layer on the bowel surface, produced by intestinal specific (Paneth) and non-specific epithelial cells. AMPs have a significant antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral, as well as immunomodulatory effects. Next line of defense is the pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which allows identifying conservative molecular patterns of different pathogens, and starts antimicrobial and inflammatory mechanisms through gene-expression induction. We review the most recent knowledge and studies concerning these mechanisms.

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