scholarly journals Probabilistic Models of Larval Zebrafish Behavior: Structure on Many Scales

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Evan Johnson ◽  
Scott Linderman ◽  
Thomas Panier ◽  
Caroline Lei Wee ◽  
Erin Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Probabilistic Models ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Action Selection ◽  
Natural Behavior ◽  
Behavioral History ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae ◽  
Simulated Environments ◽  
Naturalistic Environment ◽  
Food Seeking

AbstractNervous systems have evolved to combine environmental information with internal state to select and generate adaptive behavioral sequences. To better understand these computations and their implementation in neural circuits, natural behavior must be carefully measured and quantified. Here, we collect high spatial resolution video of single zebrafish larvae swimming in a naturalistic environment and develop models of their action selection across exploration and hunting. Zebrafish larvae swim in punctuated bouts separated by longer periods of rest called interbout intervals. We take advantage of this structure by categorizing bouts into discrete types and representing their behavior as labeled sequences of bout-types emitted over time. We then construct probabilistic models – specifically, marked renewal processes – to evaluate how bout-types and interbout intervals are selected by the fish as a function of its internal hunger state, behavioral history, and the locations and properties of nearby prey. Finally, we evaluate the models by their predictive likelihood and their ability to generate realistic trajectories of virtual fish swimming through simulated environments. Our simulations capture multiple timescales of structure in larval zebrafish behavior and expose many ways in which hunger state influences their action selection to promote food seeking during hunger and safety during satiety.

scholarly journals A decision underlies phototaxis in an insect

Open Biology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 160229 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Axel Gorostiza ◽  
Julien Colomb ◽  
Björn Brembs
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Biogenic Amines ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Action Selection ◽  
Behavioural Flexibility ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
A Value ◽  
Behavioural Tests

Like a moth into the flame—phototaxis is an iconic example for innate preferences. Such preferences probably reflect evolutionary adaptations to predictable situations and have traditionally been conceptualized as hard-wired stimulus–response links. Perhaps for that reason, the century-old discovery of flexibility in Drosophila phototaxis has received little attention. Here, we report that across several different behavioural tests, light/dark preference tested in walking is dependent on various aspects of flight. If we temporarily compromise flying ability, walking photopreference reverses concomitantly. Neuronal activity in circuits expressing dopamine and octopamine, respectively, plays a differential role in photopreference, suggesting a potential involvement of these biogenic amines in this case of behavioural flexibility. We conclude that flies monitor their ability to fly, and that flying ability exerts a fundamental effect on action selection in Drosophila . This work suggests that even behaviours which appear simple and hard-wired comprise a value-driven decision-making stage, negotiating the external situation with the animal's internal state, before an action is selected.

scholarly journals Fumonisin B1 Production by Fusarium Species and Mycotoxigenic Effect on Larval Zebrafish

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najihah Azman ◽  
Nur Ain Izzati Mohd Zainudin ◽  
Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Successful Amplification ◽  
Fast Liquid Chromatography

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a common mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species particularly F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides. The toxin produced can cause adverse effects on humans and animals. The objectives of this study were to detect the production of FB1 based on the amplification of FUM1 gene, to quantify FB1 produced by the isolates using Ultra-fast Liquid Chromatography (UFLC) analysis, to examine the embryotoxicity effect of FB1 and to determine EC50 toward the larvae of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fifty isolates of Fusarium species were isolated from different hosts throughout Malaysia. Successful amplification of the FUM1 gene showed the presence of this gene (800 bp) in the genome of 48 out of 50 isolates. The highest level of FB1 produced by F. proliferatum isolate B2433 was 6677.32 ppm meanwhile F. verticillioides isolate J1363 was 954.01 ppm. From the assessment of embryotoxicity test of FB1 on larvae of zebrafish, five concentrations of FB1 (0.43 ppm, 0.58 ppm, 0.72 ppm, 0.87 ppm and 1.00 ppm) were tested. Morphological changes of the FB1 exposed-larvae were observed at 24 to 168 hpf. The mortality rate and abnormality of zebrafish larvae were significantly increased at 144 hpf exposure. Meanwhile, the spontaneous tail coiling showed a significant difference. There were no significant differences in the heartbeat rate. As a conclusion, the presence of FUM1 in every isolate can be detected by FUM1 gene analysis and both of the species produced different concentrations of FB1. This is the first report of FB1 produced by Fusarium species gave a significant effect on zebrafish development.

scholarly journals Parafascicular Thalamic and Orbitofrontal Cortical Inputs to Striatum Represent States for Goal-Directed Action Selection

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandy Stayte ◽  
Amolika Dhungana ◽  
Bryce Vissel ◽  
Laura A. Bradfield
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Action Selection ◽  
Parafascicular Nucleus ◽  
Cholinergic Interneurons ◽  
Directed Action ◽  
Cortical Inputs ◽  
Partially Observable ◽  
State Context ◽  
Anatomical Evidence

Several lines of evidence accrued over the last 5–10 years have converged to suggest that the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex each represent or contribute to internal state/context representations that guide action selection in partially observable task situations. In rodents, inactivations of each structure have been found to selectively impair performance in paradigms testing goal-directed action selection, but only when that action selection relies on state representations. Electrophysiological evidence has suggested that each structure achieves this function via inputs onto cholinergic interneurons (CINs) in the dorsomedial striatum. Here, we briefly review these studies, then point to anatomical evidence regarding the afferents of each structure and what they suggest about the specific features that each contribute to internal state representations. Finally, we speculate as to whether this role might be achieved interdependently through direct PF→OFC projections, or through the convergence of independent direct orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus (PF) inputs onto striatal targets.

scholarly journals Osmotic surveillance mediates rapid wound closure through nucleotide release

2014 ◽  
Vol 207 (6) ◽  
pp. 767-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Gault ◽  
Balázs Enyedi ◽  
Philipp Niethammer
Keyword(s):  
Wound Repair ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Wound Closure ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Atp Release ◽  
Nucleoside Triphosphate ◽  
Extracellular Nucleotide ◽  
Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae

Osmotic cues from the environment mediate rapid detection of epithelial breaches by leukocytes in larval zebrafish tail fins. Using intravital luminescence and fluorescence microscopy, we now show that osmolarity differences between the interstitial fluid and the external environment trigger ATP release at tail fin wounds to initiate rapid wound closure through long-range activation of basal epithelial cell motility. Extracellular nucleotide breakdown, at least in part mediated by ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 (Entpd3), restricts the range and duration of osmotically induced cell migration after injury. Thus, in zebrafish larvae, wound repair is driven by an autoregulatory circuit that generates pro-migratory tissue signals as a function of environmental exposure of the inside of the tissue.

scholarly journals Effects of the microbiome manipulation on survival and GI tract development of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio)

2021 ◽  
Vol 322 ◽  
pp. 02016
Author(s):  
Uthpala Padeniya ◽  
Shafira Septriani ◽  
Arjay Pataueg ◽  
Christopher L. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae ◽  
Probiotic Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Digital Microscope ◽  
Control Survival

Microbial diversity within an aquatic community can be used to increase the growth and development of organisms. In this study, Zebrafish larvae were reared in three treatments 1) a probiotic containing 17 strains of Lactobacillus spp., 2) an amoxicillin solution, 3) water from the broodstock culture tank as the control. Survival of the larvae throughout 10 dpf was recorded. To determine the development of the gastrointestinal tract DASPEI stain was used for larvae at the age of 3 dpf to 6dpf. The intensity of the fluorescence in each larva was observed through the automated digital microscope. According to the experiment results, a significant difference (P<0.0001) in the survival rates among all treatments was recorded. The probiotic-treated larvae (PTL) had a higher survival rate. This could be due to the presence of lactic acid bacteria in the probiotic treatment, which helps in enhancing immunity. In DASPEI staining, also PTL exhibits more fluorescence in the GI tract at 24 hours to 48 hours post-hatch than the other two treatments. The main possible reason behind this could also be the presence of Lactobacillus spp. Which directly influences the higher activity of the digestive system.

scholarly journals Developmental Toxicity and Neurotoxicity Assessment of R-, S-, and RS-Propylene Glycol Enantiomers in Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Larvae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Shen ◽  
Xijing Zhao ◽  
Chengyong He ◽  
Zhenghong Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae ◽  
Chiral Carbon ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Eye Diameter ◽  
High Doses

Abstract Propylene glycol (PG) is widely used in the foods, pharmaceuticals, oil industry, animal feed, cosmetics and other industries. Because of the existence of a chiral carbon center, PG forms R (Rectus)- and S (Sinister)-enantiomers. Currently, the toxicity study of its R-, S-enantiomers is still very scarce. In this study, we have assessed the developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity of the R-, S-, and RS-PG enantiomers in zebrafish larvae. We found that exposure to R-, S-, and RS-PG enantiomers did not significantly affect the basic developmental endpoints of embryos or larvae (i.e., embryonic movement, hatching, mortality, malformation, heartbeat, body length), indicating that R-, S-, and RS-PG exposures did not exhibit the basic developmental toxicity in zebrafish larvae. The toxicity of the three enantiomers was lower than that of ethanol, and there was no significant difference between them. However, R-, S-, and RS-PG exposures with high doses could significantly change the eye diameter and the locomotor activity of larval zebrafish, indicating that R-, S-, and RS-PG enantiomers of high doses can potentially exhibit the neurotoxicity and ocular developmental toxicity in zebrafish larvae. Therefore, the potential neurotoxicity and ocular developmental toxicity of R-, S-, and RS-PG enantiomers for infants and toddlers should be considered.

scholarly journals A decision underlies phototaxis in an insect

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Axel Gorostiza ◽  
Julien Colomb ◽  
Björn Brembs
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Biogenic Amines ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
Action Selection ◽  
Behavioral Tests ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
A Value

AbstractLike a moth into the flame - Phototaxis is an iconic example for innate preferences. Such preferences likely reflect evolutionary adaptations to predictable situations and have traditionally been conceptualized as hard-wired stimulus-response links. Perhaps therefore, the century-old discovery of flexibility in Drosophila phototaxis has received little attention. Here we report that across several different behavioral tests, light/dark preference tested in walking is dependent on various aspects of flight. If we temporarily compromise flying ability, walking photopreference reverses concomitantly. Neuronal activity in circuits expressing dopamine and octopamine, respectively, plays a differential role in photopreference, suggesting a potential involvement of these biogenic amines in this case of behavioral flexibility. We conclude that flies monitor their ability to fly, and that flying ability exerts a fundamental effect on action selection in Drosophila. This work suggests that even behaviors which appear simple and hard-wired comprise a value-driven decision-making stage, negotiating the external situation with the animal’s internal state, before an action is selected.

scholarly journals Innate Immune Response to Streptococcus iniae Infection in Zebrafish Larvae

2012 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Harvie ◽  
Julie M. Green ◽  
Melody N. Neely ◽  
Anna Huttenlocher
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Neutrophil Function ◽  
Otic Vesicle ◽  
Streptococcus Iniae ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Zebrafish Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae ◽  
Lethal Infection

Streptococcus iniaecauses systemic infection characterized by meningitis and sepsis. Here, we report a larval zebrafish model ofS. iniaeinfection. Injection of wild-typeS. iniaeinto the otic vesicle induced a lethal infection by 24 h postinfection. In contrast, anS. iniaemutant deficient in polysaccharide capsule (cpsAmutant) was not lethal, with greater than 90% survival at 24 h postinfection. Live imaging demonstrated that both neutrophils and macrophages were recruited to localized otic infection with mutant and wild-typeS. iniaeand were able to phagocytose bacteria. Depletion of neutrophils and macrophages impaired host survival following infection with wild-typeS. iniaeand thecpsAmutant, suggesting that leukocytes are critical for host survival in the presence of both the wild-type and mutant bacteria. However, zebrafish larvae with impaired neutrophil function but normal macrophage function had increased susceptibility to wild-type bacteria but not thecpsAmutant. Taking these findings together, we have developed a larval zebrafish model ofS. iniaeinfection and have found that although neutrophils are important for controlling infection with wild-typeS. iniae, neutrophils are not necessary for host defense against thecpsAmutant.

scholarly journals Probabilistic Models of Larval Zebrafish Behavior Reveal Structure on Many Scales

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-82.e4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Evan Johnson ◽  
Scott Linderman ◽  
Thomas Panier ◽  
Caroline Lei Wee ◽  
Erin Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Probabilistic Models ◽  
Larval Zebrafish

scholarly journals Venous Thrombosis and Thrombocyte Activity in Zebrafish Models of Quantitative and Qualitative Fibrinogen Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 655
Author(s):  
Richard J. Fish ◽  
Cristina Freire ◽  
Corinne Di Sanza ◽  
Marguerite Neerman-Arbez
Keyword(s):  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Dominant Effect ◽  
Exon 2 ◽  
Transgenic Expression ◽  
Knock Down ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae

Venous thrombosis occurs in patients with quantitative and qualitative fibrinogen disorders. Injury-induced thrombosis in zebrafish larvae has been used to model human coagulopathies. We aimed to determine whether zebrafish models of afibrinogenemia and dysfibrinogenemia have different thrombotic phenotypes. Laser injuries were used to induce venous thrombosis and the time-to-occlusion (TTO) and the binding and aggregation of fluorescent Tg(itga2b:EGFP) thrombocytes measured. The fga−/− larvae failed to support occlusive venous thrombosis and showed reduced thrombocyte binding and aggregation at injury sites. The fga+/− larvae were largely unaffected. When genome editing zebrafish to produce fibrinogen Aα R28C, equivalent to the human Aα R35C dysfibrinogenemia mutation, we detected in-frame skipping of exon 2 in the fga mRNA, thereby encoding AαΔ19–56. This mutation is similar to Fibrinogen Montpellier II which causes hypodysfibrinogenemia. Aα+/Δ19–56 fish had prolonged TTO and reduced thrombocyte activity, a dominant effect of the mutation. Finally, we used transgenic expression of fga R28C cDNA in fga knock-down or fga−/− mutants to model thrombosis in dysfibrinogenemia. Aα R28C expression had similar effects on TTO and thrombocyte activity as Aα+/Δ19–56. We conclude that thrombosis assays in larval zebrafish can distinguish between quantitative and qualitative fibrinogen disorder models and may assist in anticipating a thrombotic phenotype of novel fibrinogen mutations.

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