scholarly journals The Role of Gene Encoding Variation ofDRD4in the Relationship between Inattention and Seasonal Daylight

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Vollebregt ◽  
B. Franke ◽  
J.K. Buitelaar ◽  
L.E. Arnold ◽  
S.V. Faraone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian System ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Winter Solstice ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Functional Genetic Variation ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTDaylight is the strongest synchronizer of human circadian rhythms. The circadian pathway hypothesis posits that synchrony between daylight and the circadian system relates to (in)attention. The dopamine neurotransmitter system is implicated in regulating the circadian system as well as in (attention)-deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]. We studied the role of functional genetic variation in the gene encoding of dopamine-receptor-D4 (DRD4) in the relationship between inattention and seasonal daylight (changes). Gene-by-environment (GxE) mega-analyses were performed across eight studies including 3757 adult participants (with and without ADHD). We tested 1) theSpring-focus hypothesis, in which attention in 7R-carriers normalizes with increasing daylight levels preceding measurement, 2) theSummer-born ADHD hypothesis, in which 7R-carriers report more inattention when born in spring/summer than in autumn/winter, 3) theWinter-born ADHD hypothesis, opposing the second hypothesis. TheSpring-focus hypothesiswas upheld (1386 ADHD, 760 controls;d=-0.16 between periods); 7R-carriers reported evenlessinattention than 7R-non-carriers after winter solstice (d=0.27 between genotype-groups). Results were diagnosis-independent. Sensitivity analyses at individual study level confirmed the circannual patterns for 7R-carriers. Incorporating geographic changes into the independent measure, we also calculated changes in sunlight levels. This approach likewise showed that inattention correlated negatively with increasing light levels in 7R-carriers (r=-.135). Results emphasize peripheral effects of dopamine and the effects of (seasonal) daylight changes on cognition.

The Relationship between social skills and percived smartphone usage

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rageshawari Munderia ◽  
Rajbala Singh
Keyword(s):  
Social Skills ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Emotional Control ◽  
Smartphone Addiction ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Multiple Regression Method ◽  
The Relationship

Social skills play an instrumental role in individuals’ life. It helps individuals to communicate and maintain social relationships. Presently, the smartphone has completely changed the mode of social communication, and social skills may play a crucial role in this regard. Thus, the aim of the present study is to investigate the association between social skills and perceived smartphone usage (both positive and negative usage). The perceived negative usage of the smartphone has been assessed in terms of smartphone addiction. Sample of the present study comprised of (n=509) adult participants. Pearson’s product moment correlation (r) and multiple regression method was employed to assess the relationship between the proposed variables. Findings of the study demonstrated that social skills are significantly related with both perceived positive usage of smartphone and smartphone addiction. Social expressivity and emotional control emerged as significant predictors for both positive usage of smartphone and smartphone addiction. The findings of the study may have important implications for bringing awareness among the individuals regarding the role of social skills for effective usage of smartphone as well as for future researches in this direction. Keywords: social skill, perceived positive smartphone usage, smartphone addiction, emotion expressivity, emotional control

scholarly journals The Relationship between Adult Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Criminogenic Cognitions

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Engelhardt ◽  
Gavin Nobes ◽  
Sophie Pischedda
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between ADHD—in particular hyperactivity—and criminal behavior is well documented. The current study investigated the role of criminogenic cognitions in the explanation of this relationship by examining which symptoms of ADHD are associated with criminogenic cognitions. Community-recruited adults (N = 192) completed self-report questionnaires for symptoms of ADHD and criminogenic cognitions. Symptoms of inattention were consistently and strongly related to criminogenic cognitions. In particular, inattention was significantly related to cutoff, cognitive indolence, and discontinuity. There was also evidence that impulsivity was positively related to criminogenic cognitions, and specifically, to the power orientation subscale. In contrast, and contrary to expectations, symptoms of hyperactivity were not related to criminogenic cognitions. These results indicate that in community-recruited adults, inattention rather than hyperactivity is related to criminogenic cognitions. We discuss the implications of these findings contrasting with those of previous studies that used forensic and clinical samples.

scholarly journals A re-assessment of reporting bias in event-based violence data with respect to cell phone coverage

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 205316801773068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian M. Hollenbach ◽  
Jan H. Pierskalla
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Reporting Bias ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Event Data ◽  
Violent Event ◽  
Event Based ◽  
The Relationship

This paper discusses the issue of possible reporting bias in media-based violent-event data and its relation to the role of communication technology in fostering collective action. We expand the work of Weidmann (2016), presenting several sensitivity analyses to determine the degree to which reporting bias may confound the relationship between communication technology and violence in a recent study that relies on event data for Africa. We find no strong evidence that suggests results on the positive relationship between communication technology and collective action in the study by Pierskalla and Hollenbach (2013) are wholly an artifact of reporting bias.

scholarly journals Self-Concept and Inattention or Hyperactivity–Impulsivity Symptomatology: The Role of Anxiety

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
Marisol Cueli ◽  
Celestino Rodríguez ◽  
Laura M. Cañamero ◽  
José Carlos Núñez ◽  
Paloma González-Castro
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
Adhd Symptomatology

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with low levels of self-concept (academic, emotional, social or physical), although this association can differ in the function of the inattention or hyperactivity–impulsivity symptomatology. Furthermore, the relation between ADHD and self-concept can be mediated or moderated by the levels of anxiety. This work is aimed to examine the differential effect of inattention symptomatology and hyperactivity–impulsivity symptomatology on academic, emotional, social and physical self-concept and the mediating or moderating role of anxiety in this relationship. A total of 167 students (70.7% boys and 29.3% girls) aged between 11 and 16 participated in this study. Students’ ADHD symptomatology, self-concept in four areas (academic, emotional, social and physical self-concept) and trait anxiety were measured with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. The results indicate that trait anxiety mediates the relationship between inattention and emotional, social and physical self-concept but does not moderate this relationship. Trait anxiety does not mediate or moderate the relationship between hyperactivity–impulsivity symptoms and self-concept. When inattention symptomatology increases, academic self-concept decreases directly, but students’ emotional, social and physical self-concept decreases indirectly through trait anxiety.

scholarly journals Good Places to Live and Sleep Well: A Literature Review about the Role of Architecture in Determining Non-Visual Effects of Light

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1002
Author(s):  
Laura Bellia ◽  
Francesca Fragliasso
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Mechanism ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Melatonin Secretion ◽  
Visual Effects ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Clear Method

Light plays a crucial role in affecting the melatonin secretion process, and consequently the sleep–wake cycle. Research has demonstrated that the main characteristics of lighting affecting the so-called circadian rhythms are spectrum, light levels, spatial pattern and temporal pattern (i.e., duration of exposure, timing and previous exposure history). Considering that today people spend most of their time in indoor environments, the light dose they receive strictly depends on the characteristics of the spaces where they live: location and orientation of the building, dimensions of the windows, presence of external obstructions, geometric characteristics of the space, optical properties of walls and furniture. Understanding the interaction mechanism between light and architecture is fundamental to design non-visually comfortable spaces. The goal of the paper is to deepen this complex issue. It is divided into two parts: a brief historical excursus about the relationship between lighting practice and architecture throughout the centuries and a review of the available research works about the topic. The analysis demonstrates that despite the efforts of the research, numerous open questions still remain, and they are mostly due to the lack of a shared and clear method to evaluate the effects of lighting on circadian rhythm regulation.

scholarly journals Identification of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder based on the complexity and symmetricity of pupil diameter

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sou Nobukawa ◽  
Aya Shirama ◽  
Tetsuya Takahashi ◽  
Toshinobu Takeda ◽  
Haruhisa Ohta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Temporal Complexity ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Receive Treatment ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractAdult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently leads to psychological/social dysfunction if unaddressed. Identifying a reliable biomarker would assist the diagnosis of adult ADHD and ensure that adults with ADHD receive treatment. Pupil diameter can reflect inherent neural activity and deficits of attention or arousal characteristic of ADHD. Furthermore, distinct profiles of the complexity and symmetricity of neural activity are associated with some psychiatric disorders. We hypothesized that analysing the relationship between the size, complexity of temporal patterns, and asymmetricity of pupil diameters will help characterize the nervous systems of adults with ADHD and that an identification method combining these features would ease the diagnosis of adult ADHD. To validate this hypothesis, we evaluated the resting state hippus in adult participants with or without ADHD by examining the pupil diameter and its temporal complexity using sample entropy and the asymmetricity of the left and right pupils using transfer entropy. We found that large pupil diameters and low temporal complexity and symmetry were associated with ADHD. Moreover, the combination of these factors by the classifier enhanced the accuracy of ADHD identification. These findings may contribute to the development of tools to diagnose adult ADHD.

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