scholarly journals A lifespan program of mouse synaptome architecture

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélissa Cizeron ◽  
Zhen Qiu ◽  
Babis Koniaris ◽  
Ragini Gokhale ◽  
Noboru H. Komiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Brain Circuitry ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
The Brain

AbstractHow synapses change molecularly during the lifespan and across all brain circuits is unknown. We analyzed the protein composition of billions of individual synapses from birth to old age on a brain-wide scale in the mouse, revealing a program of changes in the lifespan synaptome architecture spanning individual dendrites to the systems level. Three major phases were uncovered, corresponding to human childhood, adulthood and old age. An arching trajectory of synaptome architecture drives the differentiation and specialization of brain regions to a peak in young adults before dedifferentiation returns the brain to a juvenile state. This trajectory underscores changing network organization and hippocampal physiology that may account for lifespan transitions in intellectual ability and memory, and the onset of behavioral disorders.One sentence summaryThe synaptome architecture of the mouse brain undergoes continuous changes that organize brain circuitry across the lifespan.

scholarly journals The functional brain favours segregated modular connectivity at old age unless affected by neurodegeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Chen ◽  
Joe Necus ◽  
Luis R. Peraza ◽  
Ramtin Mehraram ◽  
Yanjiang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Dementia With Lewy Bodies ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Universal Pattern ◽  
Shape And Size

AbstractBrain’s modular connectivity gives this organ resilience and adaptability. The ageing process alters the organised modularity of the brain and these changes are further accentuated by neurodegeneration, leading to disorganisation. To understand this further, we analysed modular variability—heterogeneity of modules—and modular dissociation—detachment from segregated connectivity—in two ageing cohorts and a mixed cohort of neurodegenerative diseases. Our results revealed that the brain follows a universal pattern of high modular variability in metacognitive brain regions: the association cortices. The brain in ageing moves towards a segregated modular structure despite presenting with increased modular heterogeneity—modules in older adults are not only segregated, but their shape and size are more variable than in young adults. In the presence of neurodegeneration, the brain maintains its segregated connectivity globally but not locally, and this is particularly visible in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia; overall, the modular brain shows patterns of differentiated pathology.

scholarly journals A brain-wide atlas of synapses across the mouse lifespan

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. eaba3163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélissa Cizeron ◽  
Zhen Qiu ◽  
Babis Koniaris ◽  
Ragini Gokhale ◽  
Noboru H. Komiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
Excitatory Synapses ◽  
Learned Behavior ◽  
Compositional Changes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Single Synapse

Synapses connect neurons together to form the circuits of the brain and their molecular composition controls innate and learned behavior. We have analyzed the molecular and morphological diversity of five billion excitatory synapses at single-synapse resolution across the mouse brain from birth to old age. A continuum of changes alters synapse composition in all brain regions across the lifespan. Expansion in synapse diversity produces differentiation of brain regions until early adulthood and compositional changes cause dedifferentiation in old age. The spatiotemporal synaptome architecture of the brain potentially accounts for lifespan transitions in intellectual ability, memory, and susceptibility to behavioral disorders.

scholarly journals Functionnectome: a framework to analyse the contribution of brain circuits to fMRI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Nozais ◽  
Stephanie Forkel ◽  
Chris Foulon ◽  
Laurent Petit ◽  
Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Joint Contribution ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Abstract In recent years, the field of functional neuroimaging has moved from a pure localisationist approach of isolated functional brain regions to a more integrated view of those regions within functional networks. The methods used to investigate such networks, however, rely on local signals in grey matter and are limited in identifying anatomical circuitries supporting the interaction between brain regions. Mapping the brain circuits mediating the functional signal between brain regions would propel forward our understanding of the brain’s functional signatures and dysfunctions. We developed a novel method to unravel the relationship between brain circuits and functions: The Functionnectome. The Functionectome combines the functional signal from fMRI with the anatomy of white matter brain circuits to unlock and chart the first maps of functional white matter. To showcase the versatility of this new method, we provide the first functional white matter maps revealing the joint contribution of connected areas to motor, working memory, and language functions. The Functionnectome comes with an open source companion software and opens new avenues into studying functional networks by applying the method to already existing dataset and beyond task fMRI.

scholarly journals Light Up the Brain: The Application of Optogenetics in Cell-Type Specific Dissection of Mouse Brain Circuits

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candice Lee ◽  
Andreanne Lavoie ◽  
Jiashu Liu ◽  
Simon X. Chen ◽  
Bao-hua Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
The Brain

How Stress Physically Re-shapes the Brain: Impact on Brain Cell Shapes, Numbers and Connections in Psychiatric Disorders

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Kaul ◽  
Sibylle Schwab ◽  
Naguib Mechawar ◽  
Natalie Matosin
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Brain Pathology ◽  
Cell Shapes ◽  
Brain Circuitry ◽  
The Brain

Exposure to stressful or traumatic experiences is one of the most robust risk factors for severe psychiatric disorders and has been shown to reshape entire brain regions, especially those involved in processing the stress response. This is likely underpinned by alterations to brain cell shapes, numbers and their connections, thus changing brain circuitry to enable coping with the current and future stress. In this review, we present a model for how stress re-shapes the brain, consolidating evidence of morphometric changes and the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie them. We illustrate how the temporal effects of stress can cause persistent remodelling of brain cells, highlighting that an individual's stress history is important for understanding psychiatric disorder risk and development. Understanding how stress re-shapes the brain is a critical step for understanding stress as a risk factor for brain pathology, and to develop appropriate biomarkers, treatments and intervention strategies.

scholarly journals Visual stability

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1564) ◽  
pp. 468-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Melcher
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Clinical Neurology ◽  
Visual Stability ◽  
Retinal Motion ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
The World ◽  
The Brain

Our vision remains stable even though the movements of our eyes, head and bodies create a motion pattern on the retina. One of the most important, yet basic, feats of the visual system is to correctly determine whether this retinal motion is owing to real movement in the world or rather our own self-movement. This problem has occupied many great thinkers, such as Descartes and Helmholtz, at least since the time of Alhazen. This theme issue brings together leading researchers from animal neurophysiology, clinical neurology, psychophysics and cognitive neuroscience to summarize the state of the art in the study of visual stability. Recently, there has been significant progress in understanding the limits of visual stability in humans and in identifying many of the brain circuits involved in maintaining a stable percept of the world. Clinical studies and new experimental methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, now make it possible to test the causal role of different brain regions in creating visual stability and also allow us to measure the consequences when the mechanisms of visual stability break down.

scholarly journals Differential regulation of oxidative stress, microbiota-derived, and energy metabolites in the mouse brain during sleep

2021 ◽  
pp. 0271678X2110333
Author(s):  
Theodosia Vallianatou ◽  
Weifeng Lin ◽  
Nicholas B Bèchet ◽  
Mario SP Correia ◽  
Nagesh C Shanbhag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Core Function ◽  
Hydroxylated Fatty Acids ◽  
The Brain

Sleep has evolved as a universal core function to allow for restorative biological processes. Detailed knowledge of metabolic changes necessary for the sleep state in the brain is missing. Herein, we have performed an in-depth metabolic analysis of four mouse brain regions and uncovered region-specific circadian variations. Metabolites linked to oxidative stress were altered during sleep including acylcarnitines, hydroxylated fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and thiol-containing metabolites. These findings provide molecular evidence of a significant metabolic shift of the brain energy metabolism. Specific alterations were observed for brain metabolites that have previously not been associated with a circadian function including the microbiome-derived metabolite ergothioneine that suggests a regulatory function. The pseudopeptide β-citryl-glutamate has been linked to brain development and we have now discovered a previously unknown regioisomer. These metabolites altered by the circadian rhythm represent the foundation for hypothesis-driven studies of the underlying metabolic processes and their function.

Experimental models of spatial neglect

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wilke ◽  
P. Dechent ◽  
C. Schmidt-Samoa
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Spatial Neglect ◽  
Distributed Network ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
The Brain

AbstractSpatial neglect is a debilitating neuropsy­chological disorder that is characterized by an impaired or lost ability to explore the space contralateral to the lesion and to re­act to stimuli presented on this side. Lesion sites that have been implicated in spatial ne­glect form a widely distributed network con­sisting of a number of cortical (i.e., frontopa­rietal) and subcortical (i.e., thalamic) areas that are activated during attention and vi­suomotor tasks in healthy individuals. While detailed understanding of the brain circuits and mechanisms involved in spatial neglect is a prerequisite for the development of ef­fective therapies, this has proven to be dif­ficult in human patients because of the size and variability of lesion sites. Therefore, ex­perimental models where predefined brain regions can be systematically inactivated are of great advantage. Neglect models have been developed in nonhuman primates in whom it is possible to pharmacologically in­activate small brain regions and in humans by means of noninvasive stimulation/inacti­vation methods such as transcranial magnet­ic stimulation. In this article, we discuss theo­ries about the mechanisms of spatial neglect such as the hemispheric imbalance model and the supporting experimental evidence, with an emphasis on imaging experiments that have explored the effects of lesions on dynamic brain activity.

scholarly journals The functional brain favours segregated modular connectivity at old age unless targeted by neurodegeneration

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis R Peraza ◽  
John T O’Brien ◽  
Andrew Blamire ◽  
Marcus Kaiser ◽  
John-Paul Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Universal Pattern ◽  
Segregated Structure ◽  
Shape And Size

AbstractBrain’s modular connectivity gives this organ resilience and adaptability. The ageing process alters the human brain, leading to modifications to its organised modularity and these changes are further accentuated by neurodegeneration, leading to disorganisation. To understand this further, we analysed modular variability—heterogeneity of modules—and modular dissociation—detachment from segregated connectivity—in two ageing cohorts and a mixed cohort of neurodegenerative diseases. Our results revealed that the brain follows a universal pattern of modular variability that matches highly active and metacognitive brain regions: the association cortices. We also proved that in ageing the brain moves towards a modular segregated structure despite presenting with increased modular heterogeneity—modules in older adults are not only segregated but their shape and size are more variable than in young adults. In the presence of neurodegeneration, the brain maintains its segregated connectivity globally but not locally; the modular brain shows patterns of differentiated pathology.

scholarly journals Migraine in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Affects Functional Connectivity of the Brain Circuitry Involved in Pain Processing

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Pravatà ◽  
Gianna C. Riccitelli ◽  
Carlo Sestieri ◽  
Rosaria Sacco ◽  
Alessandro Cianfoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Brain Circuitry ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Patients ◽  
The Brain

Migraine is particularly common in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and has been linked to the dysfunction of the brain circuitry modulating the peripheral nociceptive stimuli. Using MRI, we explored whether changes in the resting state-functional connectivity (RS-FC) may characterize the occurrence of migraine in patients with MS. The RS-FC characteristics in concerned brain regions were explored in 20 MS patients with migraine (MS+M) during the interictal phase, and compared with 19 MS patients without migraine (MS-M), which served as a control group. Functional differences were correlated to the frequency and severity of previous migraine attacks, and with the resulting impact on daily activities. In MS+M, the loss of periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) positive connectivity with the default mode network and the left posterior cranial pons was associated with an increase of migraine attacks frequency. In contrast, the loss of PAG negative connectivity with sensorimotor and visual network was linked to migraine symptom severity and related daily activities impact. Finally, a PAG negative connection was established with the prefrontal executive control network. Migraine in MS+M patients and its impact on daily activities, underlies RS-FC rearrangements between brain regions involved in pain perception and modulation.

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