Policy coherence and sustainable tourism in the Caribbean

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Tourist Industry ◽  
Policy Coherence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Policy Conflict ◽  
The Common ◽  
Expenditure Reduction

The common failure to give due weight to environmental and social factors creates a risk that that short‐term economic growth objectives may be traded off against long‐term objectives, such as environmental quality. This potential policy conflict may be exacerbated in the developing countries that are undergoing structural adjustment, as the associated trimming of non‐core public expenditure will typically include measures designed to manage the environment. Thus the long‐term future of the vital tourist industry might be compromised in the process of meeting short‐term public expenditure reduction targets. The solution lies partly in improved policy coherence; micro‐level prescriptions are more likely to be sustainable per se and also help to underpin a wider process of sustainable development if the appropriate policy framework is analysed and evolved integrally, as part of a coherent national plan. The need, therefore, is for an appropriate, flexible structure that could capture the business, environmental and developmental aspects of tourism.

scholarly journals Learning from Interventions Using Hierarchical Policies for Safe Learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (06) ◽  
pp. 10352-10360
Author(s):  
Jing Bi ◽  
Vikas Dhiman ◽  
Tianyou Xiao ◽  
Chenliang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Asymptotic Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Learning From Demonstrations ◽  
Hierarchical Levels ◽  
Long Term Behavior

Learning from Demonstrations (LfD) via Behavior Cloning (BC) works well on multiple complex tasks. However, a limitation of the typical LfD approach is that it requires expert demonstrations for all scenarios, including those in which the algorithm is already well-trained. The recently proposed Learning from Interventions (LfI) overcomes this limitation by using an expert overseer. The expert overseer only intervenes when it suspects that an unsafe action is about to be taken. Although LfI significantly improves over LfD, the state-of-the-art LfI fails to account for delay caused by the expert's reaction time and only learns short-term behavior. We address these limitations by 1) interpolating the expert's interventions back in time, and 2) by splitting the policy into two hierarchical levels, one that generates sub-goals for the future and another that generates actions to reach those desired sub-goals. This sub-goal prediction forces the algorithm to learn long-term behavior while also being robust to the expert's reaction time. Our experiments show that LfI using sub-goals in a hierarchical policy framework trains faster and achieves better asymptotic performance than typical LfD.

Money as a Store of Value

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 925-946
Author(s):  
Guy Numa
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Demand For Money ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Good Investment ◽  
Investment Opportunities ◽  
Precautionary Motive ◽  
The Common

The common narrative about Jean-Baptiste Say’s treatment of money holdings is that he denied the possibility of hoarding. I show that this interpretation of Say’s thinking is erroneous. Drawing upon the various editions of Traité and Cours and other lesser-known texts, I provide substantial evidence to refute the widespread but mistaken view that, for Say, money was only a medium of exchange. In reality, not only did Say analyze long-term and short-term hoarding, but more generally, Say did envisage that money could serve as a store of value. In particular, three motives could lead individuals to keep idle balances in times of uncertainty: a precautionary motive, the lack of good investment opportunities, and the lack of information. For Say, the demand for money for precautionary motive rose during depressions, indicating that hoarding was a symptom rather than a cause of disturbance. Hoarding was an integral part of Say’s economic system that did not invalidate his law of outlets.

scholarly journals Challenges to the strategic art at the beginning of XXI century – the twelve fundamental problems that strategists cannot cope with

2019 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-472
Author(s):  
Mariusz Fryc
Keyword(s):  
Developing Strategy ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Common

The main aim of this research is to attract security and defense practi-tioners as well as theorists attention to the common as well as frequent-ly spotted fundamental problems concerning developing and imple-menting strategies of using force to solve security matters in conflicts. The research identified that ineffective strategies are often hampered by the twelve fundamental errors that strategists cannot cope with. Belong to them: 1) inadequate level of knowledge among military and political leaders concerning the strategic art and strategy itself; 2) hardship in defining the end state of the operation as well as creating unachievable strategic goals; 3) formulating a strategy on flawed as-sumptions; 4) inability to find the balance among the key components of each strategy like: goals, ways and means; 5) difficulties in achieving a political and military dialogue; 6) overestimating the effectiveness and usefulness of “hard” power as well deprecating utility of non-military power; 7) underestimating the influence of social and cultural aspects on the desired end state of the operation; 8) developing strategy upon inadequate theoretical and practical models; 9) using the comprehen-sive approach of developing strategy in an uninspired and mechanical way to achieve a competitive advantage over opponent; 10) measuring the success of the operation through the prism of short-term and tacti-cal effects instead of long-term and systemic one; 11) viewing an “exit strategy” as a predetermined date of withdrawal military forces from operation; 12) disregarding usage of the “just” strategies in accordance with international rules of law. Eliminating those errors form the con-temporary practice will make all implemented strategies far for effec-tive in its nature as well as significantly strengthen the probability of success in complex security situation where the force is intended to be applied.

scholarly journals SmartCharge Digital Streetscape: Integrating mobile phones more urbanistically through streetscape interventions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jessica Scheurich
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mobile Phone Technology ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
The Common ◽  
Everyday Routine

<p>Mobile phone technology is rapidly changing our world, how we interact with one another, and our built environment. This thesis investigates how we can integrate mobile phone technology more urbanistically.  There is a tendency for designs of this kind to be a short-term artistic gesture that do not interact with their surrounding environment in either a long term or meaningful way. This thesis argues that the ability of a design to outwardly impact its environment should be considered; rather than sustaining the common belief that design installations only act as a momentary or disposable implementation. It will examine how design can reinvigorate a space and be absorbed into a city’s everyday routine, in a way that it allows it to become permanent and valuable to the streetscape and the community.  This thesis focuses on our dependency on mobile phones by exploring how these devices can overlap with the urban environment through a streetscape intervention. Choosing to test the design of a recharge station across different sites will allow the investigation of the design’s ability to be adapted into different city environments. These stations will be developed with the intention of creating social hotspots that could have a positive outward effect which impacts their urban setting and surroundings. Ultimately these installations will allow us to become digitally and physically connected with society and our city.</p>

Bundelkhand Development Package, Drought and the Development Question in India

Social Change ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhir Kumar Suthar
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Government Data ◽  
Developmental Policies ◽  
Developmental Policy

This article discusses the case of the Bundelkhand Development Package (BDP). It shows how such short-term developmental policies for drought-affected regions in the country lack long-term policy imagination. The research reveals that there are major gaps between the government’s version of the package’s implementation and the situation at the ground level. The politics behind the package has failed to generate a more cohesive and consensus-based developmental policy framework for the region. Consequently, even after almost a decade, many parts of India continue to face farmers’ suicides and other calamities. The article largely analyses published government data on the progress of the package. It also includes some interviews and narratives as primary sources of information.

scholarly journals SmartCharge Digital Streetscape: Integrating mobile phones more urbanistically through streetscape interventions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jessica Scheurich
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mobile Phone Technology ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
The Common ◽  
Everyday Routine

<p>Mobile phone technology is rapidly changing our world, how we interact with one another, and our built environment. This thesis investigates how we can integrate mobile phone technology more urbanistically.  There is a tendency for designs of this kind to be a short-term artistic gesture that do not interact with their surrounding environment in either a long term or meaningful way. This thesis argues that the ability of a design to outwardly impact its environment should be considered; rather than sustaining the common belief that design installations only act as a momentary or disposable implementation. It will examine how design can reinvigorate a space and be absorbed into a city’s everyday routine, in a way that it allows it to become permanent and valuable to the streetscape and the community.  This thesis focuses on our dependency on mobile phones by exploring how these devices can overlap with the urban environment through a streetscape intervention. Choosing to test the design of a recharge station across different sites will allow the investigation of the design’s ability to be adapted into different city environments. These stations will be developed with the intention of creating social hotspots that could have a positive outward effect which impacts their urban setting and surroundings. Ultimately these installations will allow us to become digitally and physically connected with society and our city.</p>

Selling Neoliberalism: Brazil's Instituto Liberal

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Nylen
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Fiscal Crisis ◽  
Policy Mix ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Economic Elites ◽  
Latin American Countries

In the 1980s more and more Latin American countries attempted to address daunting economic problems with variations on the so-called neoliberal theme. While one should have expected governments to implement some form of short-term fiscal and monetary adjustments to address the region's generalised fiscal crisis, it was less inevitable that this neoclassical formula should coincide with a more long-term structural adjustment formula, including such neoliberal (or neo-orthodox) policies as privatisation of State-owned companies, liberalization of tariffs, and reduction of the public sector workforce. As a result of this policy mix, the normal recessionary impact of adjustment intensified. The clamour for protection from that impact, and/or for putting an end to the policies themselves, has also intensified not only from the popular sector (that perennial target of all adjustments), but from the ranks of economic elites as well.

scholarly journals Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar’s Thoughts on Economy Reform

2022 ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Madhubala Maurya
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Economic Planning ◽  
British India ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fiscal Deficits ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Economic Ideology

In this chapter, I have analyzed economic thoughts of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, mainly economic ideas reflected in his writings such as, ‘The Problem of Rupee: Its origin and its solution’, ‘The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India: A Study in the Provincial Decentralization of imperial finance’, It can be said that Indian economy at present is facing many problems similar to that at the time of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as instability of money leading to inflation, its socioeconomic implications and its unequal effects on various strata of society, uneconomical public expenditure and rising fiscal deficits, increasing inequalities of income and wealth, and so on. Are Ambedkar’s economic thoughts relevant to understand these problems as well as to provide its solutions? Analyzing his economic ideology, it can be said that India could have been more inclusive if his ideas had been followed in its true spirit. So we can say that India needs to follow his economic ideology in her short term as well as long term economic planning and policy making to shape Inclusive India.

Benchmarks for INGOs’ effective responses during COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 2863-2886
Author(s):  
Firas Izzat Mahmoud Saleh ◽  
Noorliza Karia
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Social Constructivism ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Grounded Theory Method ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
The Common

PurposeThis paper aims to formulate COVID-19 benchmarks that international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) have considered to recover from the sudden stopping of operations swiftly and consequences of COVID-19 pandemic; thus, to move forward toward readiness for both, the unpredictable spreading or disappearing of the virus (case of INGOs operating in Jordan).Design/methodology/approachThis exploratory research has been informed by the broader social constructivism paradigm and the basics of grounded theory method to identify the common themes. Six semistructured interviews have been conducted with INGOs’ leaders. The findings have been categorized, triangulated and prioritized toward the final identification of benchmarks.FindingsSeven COVID-19 benchmarks for INGOs’ effective responses during COVID-19 pandemic have been proposed, comprising of (1) donors’ policies and regulations, (2) needs, expectations and relevancy, (3) coordination, (4) staff management, (5) business continuation plans, (6) balanced short-term and long-term planning and (7) permanent adoption of successful modalities.Social implicationsINGOs play a vital role in the lives of vulnerable people around the world through their international development and aid (IDA) projects. However, the restrictions of movements associated with COVID-19 pandemic drive more burden on these communities and interrupted their access to assistance and support. This paper helps to sustain the crucial support of INGOs to those people who need it.Originality/valueCOVID-19 pandemic has interrupted the implementation of IDA projects, which added further obstacles toward the achievement of quality implementation of these projects. The proposed COVID-19 benchmarks help INGOs to overcome the consequences of pandemic on the near longer-term alike.

scholarly journals Increased concentrations of haemolymph Mg2+ protect intracellular pH and ATP levels during temperature stress and anoxia in the common shrimp

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
F J Sartoris ◽  
H O Pörtner
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Intracellular Ph ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Anoxic Conditions ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
The Common ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Lactate Levels

The effects of temperature (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 &deg;C) and of anoxia (at 5 &deg;C) on extracellular Mg2+ concentration ([Mg2+]e), intracellular pH (pHi) and ATP and lactate levels were investigated in intermoult adults of the common shrimp Crangon crangon. All animals caught in summer (summer animals) showed a slight but significant increase in [Mg2+]e at low temperatures. In contrast, at every temperature tested, a few of the animals caught in winter (winter animals) showed elevated [Mg2+]e during short-term (4 h) but not during long-term (6 days) incubations. The reasons for the overshoot in Mg2+ concentrations in individual animals remain unexplained, but a protective effect of extracellular Mg2+ on intracellular pH and on ATP concentrations was visible at haemolymph Mg2+ concentrations above 15 mmol l-1. The influence of high extracellular [Mg2+] on pHi and intracellular ATP and lactate levels under normoxic and anoxic conditions was tested using an incubation medium containing 150&shy;250 mmol l-1 Mg2+. When haemolymph Mg2+ levels were manipulated by exposure of the animal to high levels of Mg2+ in the external medium, animals with a haemolymph [Mg2+] below the threshold concentration of 15 mmol l-1 had significantly lower values of intracellular pH than animals with haemolymph [Mg2+] above 15 mmol l-1. In addition, the elevation of haemolymph [Mg2+] by incubation in high-[Mg2+] water prevented the drop in pHi and the rise in lactate levels induced by anoxia. The protective effect of high levels of extracellular Mg2+ did not depend upon the [Ca2+]/[Mg2+] ratio but only on [Mg2+]e. However, experiments with isolated muscle tissues showed no dependence of muscle intracellular pH on [Mg2+]e under both normoxic and anoxic conditions, leading to the conclusion that the protective effect is evoked via a central, possibly anaesthetising, effect of high [Mg2+]e. The dependence of pHi and muscle [ATP] on extracellular [Mg2+] resembles the protective effect of high Mg2+ levels on the post-ischaemic mammalian heart.

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