The four Rs performance indicators of water distribution networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 720-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra Gunawan ◽  
Frank Schultmann ◽  
Seyed Ashkan Zarghami
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Critical Infrastructures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the different interpretations of four key performance indicators of water distribution networks (WDNs): reliability, resilience, redundancy and robustness. It then addresses a range of metrics which have been developed to assess the performance of critical infrastructures, in particular WDNs. Design/methodology/approach The paper provides a comprehensive review and categorization of performance indicators of WDNs. The main focus is on papers addressing performance indicators of water distribution systems, additionally papers on application of complex system approach to critical infrastructures are also included. Findings Due to this complexity, a wide range of interpretation of WDNs performance indicators exists in the literature. This represents a significant impediment toward universally accepted interpretation of these indicators Accurate assessment of WDNs’ performance depends on clear definition of system performance indicators as well as accurate quantifying of these indicators. The application of 18 metrics as a basis for assessing the system performance have been reviewed in this paper and none are particularly significant as standalone values. Combination of these indicators are required to accurately indicate the performance of WDNs. Originality/value The authors believe that this paper can be a valuable source of information for academic researchers and practitioners and suggests a roadmap for future works.

scholarly journals Failure monitoring in water distribution networks

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 503-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Misiunas ◽  
J. Vítkovský ◽  
G. Olsson ◽  
M. Lambert ◽  
A. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Burst Detection ◽  
Inlet Flow Rate ◽  
Failure Monitoring

An algorithm for the burst detection and location in water distribution networks based on the continuous monitoring of the flow rate at the entry point of the network and the pressure at a number of points within the network is presented. The approach is designed for medium to large bursts with opening times in the order of a few minutes and is suitable for networks of relatively small size, such as district metered areas (DMAs). The burst-induced increase in the inlet flow rate is detected using the modified cumulative sum (CUSUM) change detection test. Based on parameters obtained from the CUSUM test, the burst is simulated at a number of burst candidate locations. The calculated changes in pressure at the pressure monitoring points are then compared to the measured values and the location resulting in the best fit is selected as the burst location. The EPANET steady-state hydraulic solver is utilised to simulate the flows and pressures in the network. A sensitivity-based sampling design procedure is introduced to find the optimal positions for pressure monitoring points. The proposed algorithm is tested on a case study example network and shows potential for burst detection and location in real water distribution systems.

scholarly journals A Pressure Monitoring System for Water Distribution Networks Based on Arduino Microcontroller

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 2321
Author(s):  
Federica Bruno ◽  
Mauro De Marchis ◽  
Barbara Milici ◽  
Domenico Saccone ◽  
Fabrizio Traina
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Arduino Microcontroller

Efficient management of water distribution networks (WDNs) is currently a focal point, especially in countries where water scarcity conditions are more and more amplified by frequent drought periods. In these cases, in fact, pressure becomes the fundamental variable in managing the WDNs. Similarly, WDNs are often obsolete and affected by several points of water losses. Leakages are mainly affected by pressure; in fact, water utilities usually apply the technique of pressure management to reduce physical losses. It is clear how pressure plays a fundamental role in the management of WDNs and in water safety. Even though the technologies are quite mature, these systems are often expensive, especially if a capillarity monitoring system is required; thus, water managers apply the measurement of the flow rate and pressure at very few points. Today, the implementation of the Internet of things (IoT) can be considered a key strategy for monitoring water distribution systems. Once the sensors are installed, in fact, it is relatively easy to build a communication system able to collect and send data from the network. In the proposed study, a smart pressure monitoring system was developed using low-cost hardware and open-source software. The prototype system is composed of an Arduino microcontroller, a printed circuit board, and eight pressure transducers. The efficiency of the proposed tool was compared with a SCADA monitoring system. To investigate on the efficiency of the proposed measurement system, an experimental campaign was carried out at the Environmental Hydraulic Laboratory of the University of Enna (Italy), and hydrostatic as well as hydrodynamic tests were performed. The results showed the ability of the proposed pressure monitor tool to have control of the water pressure in a WDN with a simple, scalable, and economic system. The proposed system can be easily implemented in a real WDN by water utilities, thus improving the knowledge of pressure and increasing the efficiency level of the WDN management.

scholarly journals Losses in water distribution networks – a bibliometric review: general aspects and optimization

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e407101220659
Author(s):  
Emerson Pessanha de Almeida ◽  
Fernando das Graças Braga da Silva ◽  
Victor Eduardo de Mello Valerio
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The State ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
General Aspects

The research carried out in the water distribution networks is of great importance, given the social, environmental and economic impacts that have occurred due to the scarcity of water resources. Therefore, any scientific effort shown in research that studies water distribution systems is of great relevance. Techniques such as mathematical modeling, computer simulation and statistical methods are widely used in order to obtain more reliable answers, whether for the identification of the current situation of the network, as well as for the prediction of scenarios, failure events, increased demand, etc. The objective of this work is to carry out a bibliometric analysis to identify the state of the art of research that addresses the theme of water distribution networks for the control and reduction of the volume of water losses, which will serve as a guide for future works to to structure itself in the most relevant researches that study the theme. The developed methodology was able to analyze a metadata composed of 4188 documents taken from the Web of Science journals database. As a result, a geographical view of the theme was obtained, pointing out the main countries, affiliations, journals and researchers, as well as pointing out the main documents and relevance of the theme. It can be concluded after the results obtained that bibliometric analysis is an important tool for obtaining the state of the art. With it is possible to have a better understanding of the current situation in the development of research, familiarizing researchers with what is most current and relevant.

The emergence and evolution of reliability theory for water distribution networks

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Ashkan Zarghami ◽  
Indra Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Network Reliability ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Analysis Methods

PurposeAs a response to the growing operational and disruptive threats to water distribution networks (WDNs), researchers have developed a vast array of methods for the reliability analysis of WDNs. In order to follow this growing number of methods, this paper reviews and documents in one place the historical developments in the reliability analysis of WDN.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review (SLR) is carried out to summarize the state-of-the-art research on reliability analysis of WDNs. In conducting this systemic literature review, the authors adopted an iterative approach to define appropriate keywords, analyze and synthesize data and finalizing the classification results.FindingsFirst, the hydraulic approach to reliability analysis is currently pervasive, and relatively little academic research has addressed the topological reliability analysis of WDNs. Second, in order to provide a comprehensive picture of the network reliability, a different approach that integrates topological and hydraulic attributes seems a more effective method. Third, the conventional reliability analysis methods are only effective for demonstrating a snapshot of these networks at a given point in time. The availability of methods that enable researchers to evaluate the reliability in response to changes in its variables is still a major challenge.Originality/valueThe present paper facilitates future research in the reliability analysis of WDNs by providing a source of references for researchers and water utilities. Further, this article makes a contribution to the literature by offering a roadmap for future reliability analysis of WDNs by reviewing the evolution of the current reliability analysis methods throughout history.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of air scouring and unidirectional flushing of water distribution systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 578-590
Author(s):  
Florent Pourcel ◽  
Sophie Duchesne
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Particle Removal ◽  
Suspended Solid Concentration ◽  
Low Efficiency

Abstract Unidirectional flushing is a widely used method to remove sedimented particles from water distribution systems and prevent water discolouration events. However, it shows low efficiency in cases of high pressure losses, usually requires large volumes of water, and does not remove incrustations. Air scouring is known for being very effective in particle removal with minimal impacts from pressure loss, requiring little water and improving hydraulic capacities by removing soft incrustations. Flushing sequences of unidirectional flushing and air scouring were performed in similar conditions on 18 pipe sections from four water distribution networks located in the province of Quebec, Canada; unidirectional flushing was also performed on 14 additional pipe sections located in three other water distribution networks. Total suspended solid concentration of flushed water, water flow and pressure were recorded to estimate the amount of flushed particles, the required water volume and the evolution of hydraulic capacities. Within the studied networks, the water requirements for air scouring were approximately 8-fold less than for unidirectional flushing and did not significantly improve the hydraulic capacity of the cleaned pipes.

A novel method to diagnose factors influencing in leakage in water distribution systems including extreme weather events

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Yan ◽  
Yu Li ◽  
Jinhui Jeanne Huang
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Cold Wave ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Pipe Network

<p>During January 2016 and December 2020, eastern and southern China including Shanghai experienced a rapid drop in temperatures along with snow. This cold wave which also had a severe impact on water distribution networks. Leakage of pipe network causes serious economic loss and waste of water resources. Nonetheless, cold wave is not the only factor affecting leakage from a pipe network. There are also other factors including the burial depth of pipes, the materials of pipes, the diameters of pipes, break history and so on. In this work, we use machine learning method and Bayesian distribution regression to explore the relationship between pipe leaks and impact factors. Based on results, risk maps of water distribution networks are generated. This research indicated that which risk factors is important for leakage detection and water loss management of urban water supply network, which can be promising for wide practical applications due to rapid expansion of data.</p>

scholarly journals Absorptive Resilience Phase Assessment Based on Criticality Performance Indicators for Water Distribution Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 145 (9) ◽  
pp. 04019037 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ayala-Cabrera ◽  
Olivier Piller ◽  
Manuel Herrera ◽  
Denis Gilbert ◽  
Jochen Deuerlein
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks

scholarly journals Intelligent system for control of water distribution networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1270-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emânuel Guerra Barros Filho ◽  
Laís Régis Salvino ◽  
Saulo de Tarso Marques Bezerra ◽  
Moisés Menezes Salvino ◽  
Heber Pimentel Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Intelligent System ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Water Distribution Networks

Abstract The objective of this research study was the development of an intelligent system based on artificial neural networks for water distribution networks that operate with parallel pumps. The purpose of the system is to automate the process and to define the operating state of the electric motors (on, off or with partial rotation speed). The intelligent system developed is generic, which allows the application of its control structure in similar processes, and it was applied in an experimental setup that simulates a real water supply system. The performance of the network was tested experimentally under different operating conditions, including in the presence of disturbances. The settling time was, in all experiments, less than 30 seconds, the tests did not show overshoot and the maximum error was 2.9%. Results showed excellent performance in terms of pressure regulation, and it is hoped that the controller can be successfully implemented in real water distribution systems, in order to reduce water and electricity consumption, decrease maintenance costs and increase the reliability of operating procedures.

scholarly journals Development of a Binary Model for Evaluating Water Distribution Systems by a Pressure Driven Analysis (PDA) Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attilio Fiorini Morosini ◽  
Sina Shaffiee Haghshenas ◽  
Sami Shaffiee Haghshenas ◽  
Zong Woo Geem
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Binary Model ◽  
Pressure Driven Analysis ◽  
Pressure Driven

Investigation of Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) is considered a challenging task due to the unpredicted and uncertain conditions in water engineering. When in a WDN, a pipe failure occurs, and shut-off valves to isolate the broken pipe to allow repairing works are activated. In these new conditions, the hydraulic parameters in the network are modified because the topology of the entire system changes. If the head becomes inadequate, the Pressure Driven Analysis (PDA) is the correct approach to evaluate the performance of water networks. Hence, in the present study, the water distribution system was evaluated in pressure-driven conditions for 100 different scenarios and then using a type of neural network called Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) as a stochastic technique. For this purpose, several most notable parameters including the base demand, pressure, and alpha (the percentage of effective supplied flow) were calculated using simulations based on a PDA approach and applied to the water distribution network of Praia a Mare in Southern Italy. In the second stage, the output parameters were used in a developed binary classification model. Finally, the obtained results showed that the GMDH algorithm can be applied as a powerful tool for modeling water distribution networks.

scholarly journals Prior Assumptions for Leak Localisation in Water Distribution Networks with Uncertainties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Blocher ◽  
Filippo Pecci ◽  
Ivan Stoianov
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Sensitivity Matrix ◽  
Leak Location ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Coefficient Vector ◽  
Resistance Coefficients ◽  
Location Estimate

AbstractHydraulic model-based leak (burst) localisation in water distribution networks is a challenging problem due to a limited number of hydraulic measurements, a wide range of leak properties, and model and data uncertainties. In this study, prior assumptions are investigated to improve the leak localisation in the presence of uncertainties. For example, $$\ell _2$$ ℓ 2 -regularisation relies on the assumption that the Euclidean norm of the leak coefficient vector should be minimised. This approach is compared with a method based on the sensitivity matrix, which assumes the existence of only a single leak. The results show that while the sensitivity matrix method often yields a better leak location estimate in single leak scenarios, the $$\ell _2$$ ℓ 2 -regularisation successfully identifies a search area for pinpointing the accurate leak location. Furthermore, it is shown that the additional error introduced by a quadratic approximation of the Hazen-Williams formula for the solution of the localisation problem is negligible given the uncertainties in Hazen-Williams resistance coefficients in operational water network models.

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