Electric cars and smartphones to drive lithium demand

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hard Rock ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Consumer Electronics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Share Prices ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Rock Mining

Subject Outlook for the lithium market. Significance Moves by the lithium 'majors' to consolidate control over the supply chain by taking positions in start-up projects have boosted the share prices of major lithium producers this year. The market for lithium is expected to rise from just under 200,000 tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) in 2015 to 310,000-320,000 in 2020 and 400,000 by 2025. Electric cars are expected to be the strongest source of new lithium demand and lithium-ion batteries are also crucial to consumer electronics, particularly smartphones and tablets. Impacts Hard rock mining has a shorter lead time than brine evaporation output, so hard rock output is likely to dominate in the short term. Brine evaporation output is cheaper to produce and is likely to undercut hard rock projects in the longer term. The share performance of lithium producers is likely to stabilise as projects get development sanction and supply keeps pace with demand. Lithium demand is certain to grow, but the rate of electric car adoption is a critical factor in fulfilling bullish demand forecasts. Plug-in hybrid electric cars are forecast to enjoy higher sales than battery electric cars but they need less lithium.

Industrial use will boost global graphite market

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Multilayer Graphene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Rock Mining ◽  
Radical Reduction ◽  
Industrial Use

Subject Graphene revolution puts a spotlight on graphite projects. Significance On July 20, Black Rock Mining announced it would assay a potential new graphite field at Mahenge adjacent to Kibaran's Epanko project in Tanzania. Natural graphite and its relatively recently discovered highly-conductive and super-strong derivative graphene are among the most important raw materials in modern industry, used in a range of products from lithium-ion batteries to lubricants. The unveiling of the first commercially viable graphene product, the dimmable light-emitting diode, brought renewed attention to the long marginalised graphite mining industry, currently dominated by China, and set off a scramble to find new sources. Impacts Successful tests for super-tensility are leading to graphene's adoption in military uses. Graphene is credited with radical reduction of charging times for futuristic 400-mile range Roadster car batteries. Fragility and the difficulty of making multilayer graphene will slow its replacement of copper in conductivity applications.

Supply limitations will boost lithium for now

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Battery ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Consumer Electronics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tenfold Increase ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Vehicle Production ◽  
First Time

Subject Lithium market Significance Lithium consumption by the battery sector is expected to outstrip traditional sources of demand for the first time this year. Over the next three years, around 70% of the increase in incremental demand for lithium is expected to be driven by growth of electric vehicle production. However, after nearly doubling over the last five years, the pace of growth of lithium demand from the consumer-electronics sector is likely to slow. Impacts Several ventures are investigating lithium clay projects as a by-product of geothermal power plants, but these are untested commercially. Many lithium deposits contain harmful materials and research will continue into ways of safely extracting these materials. Lithium-ion battery capacity needs to add 600 gigawatt hours or 60 billion dollars investment to achieve 30% vehicle sector penetration. Beijing has established a new sales target of 7 million electric vehicles for 2025, which would represent a tenfold increase on 2016.

Lithium will see rising global usage in batteries

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Price Volatility ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Electric Car ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Utility Scale

Subject Indications that the global lithium market is adequately supplied. Significance Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, which have a higher power density in a smaller package than other technologies, have become the default choice for most personal electronics and electric cars. Demand for them has taken on renewed fervour with Tesla founder Elon Musk's unveiling of Li-ion energy storage for rooftop solar energy and utility-scale electricity back-up. More recently, he announced plans to build an electric car that could break 1,000 kilometres on a single charge within one-to-two years. Impacts Despite delays in project execution and a tepid financing environment for junior producers, price volatility will be subdued. Falling oil prices may dent Li-ion batteries' price competitiveness in the transport sector. How technology advances will be decisive in determining future demand, making forecasting particularly difficult.

Cheaper electric cars could help subdue oil demand

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cell ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Cumulative Impact ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicle ◽  
Oil Demand

Subject Impact of electric vehicles on oil demand. Significance Even with high sales, electric vehicles (EVs) will have limited impact on oil demand over the next decade. However, by 2040 the cumulative impact could be large, potentially representing more than 11 million barrels per day (b/d) of displaced fuel demand. While EVs are proving successful as light-duty vehicles (LDV), they are not yet penetrating the heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) sector where current EV ranges are a constraint. Growth in HDVs could offset any improvement in fuel efficiency on future oil demand. Impacts The belief that EVs are the technology of the future could affect investors' perception of the oil industry's growth prospects. Positive consumer reception of the new sub-40,000-dollar EV models could boost investment in lithium-ion battery production. High EV sales bode ill for alternative transport technologies such as hydrogen-fuel-cell cars Social mobilty services replacing private-vehicle ownership in the long term would transform EVs prospects.

scholarly journals Lithium capture in Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Brine using membrane-based Capacitive Deionization (MCDI) System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reem Azam ◽  
Tasneem ElMakki ◽  
Sifani Zavahir ◽  
Zubair Ahmad ◽  
Gago Guillermo Hijós ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Lithium Battery ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Lithium Metal ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Cathode Electrode ◽  
Seawater Reverse Osmosis

Lithium-battery based industries including vehicles, electronics, fusion and thermonuclear, consume lithium rapidly, which raises the need for developing a lithium recovery system. Lithium global market consumption in 2016 was reported to be 35% in batteries manufacturing. The total content of lithium in seawater and oceans is estimated at 2.5 × 1014 kg, with an average concentration of 0.17 mg/L. Salt lakes contain 1,000–3,000 mg/L of lithium, while geothermal water up to 15 mg/L. In 2020, the US Geological Survey (USGS) reported that the total Li resource is about 80 million ton. In nature, lithium does not exist as pure metal owing to its high reactivity with water, air, and nitrogen. Commonly lithium is mined from metallic minerals from earth or brine salt marsh and used in various fields in the form of lithium carbonate (60%), lithium hydroxide (23%), lithium metal (5%), lithium chloride (3%), and butyl lithium (4%). The extraction of 1 kg of lithium needs around 5.3 kg of lithium carbonate. The amount required to produce lithium-ion batteries (LIB) for cell phones or electric cars is estimated to be 0.8 kg/s of lithium metal, which is equivalent to 25,000 tons per year. As we use this much of LIB, this will end up having significant amounts of lithium battery waste, thus recovering LIBS and using it as cathode electrode in MCDI is an excellent way with benefit. This work proposes to efficiently utilize seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) brine as a medium to recover lithium from seawater followed by its selective capture of lithium element using SLIB as MCDI cathode electrode material. Thus, these attempts could be closer to an improved and more effective loop of lithium targeted capture-reuse system.

scholarly journals Quantification of Elemental Contaminants in Unregulated Water across Western Navajo Nation

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 2727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Credo ◽  
Jaclyn Torkelson ◽  
Tommy Rock ◽  
Jani C. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Hard Rock ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
American Southwest ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Navajo Nation ◽  
Hard Rock Mining ◽  
Rock Mining ◽  
American Nation

The geologic profile of the western United States lends itself to naturally elevated levels of arsenic and uranium in groundwater and can be exacerbated by mining enterprises. The Navajo Nation, located in the American Southwest, is the largest contiguous Native American Nation and has over a 100-year legacy of hard rock mining. This study has two objectives, quantify the arsenic and uranium concentrations in water systems in the Arizona and Utah side of the Navajo Nation compared to the New Mexico side and to determine if there are other elements of concern. Between 2014 and 2017, 294 water samples were collected across the Arizona and Utah side of the Navajo Nation and analyzed for 21 elements. Of these, 14 elements had at least one instance of a concentration greater than a national regulatory limit, and six of these (V, Ca, As, Mn, Li, and U) had the highest incidence of exceedances and were of concern to various communities on the Navajo Nation. Our findings are similar to other studies conducted in Arizona and on the Navajo Nation and demonstrate that other elements may be a concern for public health beyond arsenic and uranium.

Tele-infrasonic studies of hard-rock mining explosions

2007 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihan H. McKenna ◽  
Brian W. Stump ◽  
Sylvia Hayek ◽  
Jason R. McKenna ◽  
Terry R. Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Hard Rock ◽  
Hard Rock Mining ◽  
Rock Mining ◽  
Mining Explosions

scholarly journals Forecast of International Trade of Lithium Carbonate Products in Importing Countries and Small-Scale Exporting Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1251
Author(s):  
Yichi Zhang ◽  
Zhiliang Dong ◽  
Sen Liu ◽  
Peixiang Jiang ◽  
Cuizhi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Energy Field ◽  
Structure Of Trade

As the raw material of lithium-ion batteries, lithium carbonate plays an important role in the development of new energy field. Due to the extremely uneven distribution of lithium resources in the world, the security of supply in countries with less say would be greatly threatened if trade restrictions or other accidents occurred in large-scale exporting countries. It is of great significance to help these countries find new partners based on the existing trade topology. This study uses the link prediction method, based on the perspective of the topological structure of trade networks in various countries and trade rules, and eliminates the influence of large-scale lithium carbonate exporting countries on the lithium carbonate trade of other countries, to find potential lithium carbonate trade links among importing and small-scale exporting countries, and summarizes three trade rules: (1) in potential relationships involving two net importers, a relationship involving either China or the Netherlands is more likely to occur; (2) for all potential relationships, a relationship that actually occurred for more than two years in the period in 2009–2018 is more likely to occur in the future; and (3) potential relationships pairing a net exporter with a net importer are more likely to occur than other country combinations. The results show that over the next five to six years, Denmark and Italy, Netherlands and South Africa, Turkey and USA are most likely to have a lithium carbonate trading relationship, while Slovenia and USA, and Belgium and Thailand are the least likely to trade lithium carbonate. Through this study, we can strengthen the supply security of lithium carbonate resources in international trade, and provide international trade policy recommendations for the governments of importing countries and small-scale exporting countries.

scholarly journals Battery Stress Factor Ranking for Accelerated Degradation Test Planning Using Machine Learning

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 723
Author(s):  
Saurabh Saxena ◽  
Darius Roman ◽  
Valentin Robu ◽  
David Flynn ◽  
Michael Pecht
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Consumer Electronics ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Test Time ◽  
Capacity Fade ◽  
Maximum Acceleration ◽  
Accelerated Degradation ◽  
Qualification Testing

Lithium-ion batteries power numerous systems from consumer electronics to electric vehicles, and thus undergo qualification testing for degradation assessment prior to deployment. Qualification testing involves repeated charge–discharge operation of the batteries, which can take more than three months if subjected to 500 cycles at a C-rate of 0.5C. Accelerated degradation testing can be used to reduce extensive test time, but its application requires a careful selection of stress factors. To address this challenge, this study identifies and ranks stress factors in terms of their effects on battery degradation (capacity fade) using half-fractional design of experiments and machine learning. Two case studies are presented involving 96 lithium-ion batteries from two different manufacturers, tested under five different stress factors. Results show that neither the individual (main) effects nor the two-way interaction effects of charge C-rate and depth of discharge rank in the top three significant stress factors for the capacity fade in lithium-ion batteries, while temperature in the form of either individual or interaction effect provides the maximum acceleration.

Knowledge transfer roles of subsidiaries in MNCs’ networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cigdem Baskici
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Knowledge Flows ◽  
Consumer Electronics ◽  
Knowledge Network ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Knowledge Based

Purpose Although there have been a considerable number of studies regarding subsidiary role typology in multinationals’ management literature, there appear to be few studies that consider knowledge-based role typology from the network-based perspective. The purpose of this study is to fill this gap and extend the study of Gupta and Govindarajan (1991). Thus, the study focuses on answering the following research question: Do subsidiaries have different roles in terms of knowledge flows within a multinational company (MNC)? Design/methodology/approach This empirical study has been carried out as an explorative single case study. An MNC with 15 foreign subsidiaries headquartered in Turkey, which operated in the manufacturing of household appliances and consumer electronics, has been selected as the case. Knowledge transfer is analyzed in this MNC from the network perspective. Findings Four role typologies are detected for subsidiaries of the MNC: collector transmitter, collector diffuser, converter transmitter and converter diffuser. Research limitations/implications Findings of this study are specific to this case. Testing the findings in a sample consisting of subsidiaries of MNCs producing transnational products may contribute to the generalizability of these roles. Practical implications This study offers potentially important findings for MNC managers to use. First, in this study, knowledge flows' route could be defined within MNCs’ dual network. Second, role typologies could inform MNC managers to design their MNCs’ knowledge network. Originality/value The suggested typologies are expected to more accurately define the roles of subsidiaries within contemporary MNCs which are accepted to be transformed from hierarchical structures to network-based organizations.

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