China and India constrain Nepal’s decision-making

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
National Sovereignty ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
China And India ◽  
Key Policy ◽  
India And China

Subject Nepal's deliberations on key policy issues. Significance The ruling Nepal Communist Party (NCP) is divided over a slated 500-million-dollar investment by the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), a US aid agency. Some in the party fear the investment will compromise national sovereignty. Meanwhile, Nepal’s giant neighbours India and China continue to vie for influence over the landlocked Himalayan state. Impacts Nepal will further improve its transport and power connections with India and China. Kathmandu will try to pursue balanced diplomacy between Beijing and Delhi. Tensions within rival factions of the NCP are unlikely to ease.

India will increase barriers to Chinese investment

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Western Himalayas ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
China And India ◽  
Japanese Investment ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
No Man's Land ◽  
India And China

Significance China and India, which have long had difficult relations, have only partially disengaged from a border stand-off in the Western Himalayas that began in May 2020. Although bilateral trade is up this year, several deals for China to invest in Indian businesses are now frozen. Impacts India and China will maintain large numbers of troops along their mutual border, with a reduced no man’s land between them. Delhi will increase defence purchases from Washington and other key partners. Western and Japanese investment in India’s tech sector will grow markedly.

India will push back on China’s influence in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Sphere Of Influence ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
India And China

Subject Chinese and Indian interest in Nepal. Significance China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is dominating Nepal’s agenda. Until a decade ago, Nepal was clearly within India’s sphere of influence. Nepali Prime Minister KP Oli in April made a three-day state visit to Delhi and in June made a six-day state visit to Beijing. Impacts The governing Nepal Communist Party will be at risk of a split, especially during negotiations over a new chair in two years’ time. Campaigning in nearby Bhutan’s elections later this year is likely to be dominated by debate over the country's ties with India and China. India and China may seek mutual easing of trade barriers as part of efforts to improve bilateral economic ties.

6. Beyond Electoral Representation

2020 ◽  
pp. 119-140
Author(s):  
David M. Farrell ◽  
Luke Field
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Key Policy ◽  
Electoral Representation

This chapter examines some of the main alternatives to representative methods of democratic decision-making practised in contemporary Europe. The chapter first focuses on referendums, providing an overview of their use across Europe’s democracies and examining how much scope is given to citizens to control when they are held and what they are about. The chapter then reviews the wider panoply of democratic innovations that, in combination, see democracies move beyond being merely ‘vote-centred’ representative processes. This includes the relatively recent emergence of deliberative forms of democracy, in which citizens are brought into the heart of debates on key policy issues through their involvement in ‘deliberative mini-publics’ such as citizens’ assemblies.

Police corruption: a comparison between China and India

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-276
Author(s):  
George Chak man Lee
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Success Factor ◽  
Police Corruption ◽  
Content Type ◽  
China And India ◽  
Critical Success ◽  
Social Modernization ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
Chinese Police ◽  
India And China

Purpose There is no comparative research into the Chinese (PSB) police and the Indian police generally and none on police corruption in particular. This paper aims to show what police corruption and malpractices look like in China and India and offer up some suggestions as to why wide spread malpractices persists. Design/methodology/approach Horses’ mouth qualitative research is supported by primary public and police survey data. Findings There are many similarities in corruption “tricks of the trade” in both the countries, as well as in the reasons for its persistence. However, petty police corruption is more pervasive and less subtle in India. But both the forces suffer from politicization of policing, criminalization of politics, culture of tolerance towards substantive justice over procedural justice and master/servant attitude towards the public. In China, the police have administrative powers beyond criminal legislation, and Indian corruption is underscored by the culture of “Jugaad”. Research limitations/implications This is largely a qualitative research, so the usual arguments regarding limitations on its generalization applies. However, the insights in this article may provide some understanding of this under-researched topic and may stimulate further research in this field. It may also offer pointers to potential solutions for practitioners and policymakers. Practical implications By providing data on what corruption looks like and why it persists, policymakers can use the findings of this study to develop measures to address them. In so doing they would create a police service in India and China that is less prone to corruption and misconduct, thereby increasing public trust in these institutions. Social implications Peace and security is a prerequisite condition for economic and social modernization through the rule of law. Reform of the police is a critical success factor in this process. Therefore, by reforming the police, India and China stand a better chance of eradicating poverty and reducing inequality. Originality/value There is little in the way of research into the Chinese Police and none into Chinese police corruption. There is also no comparative study of the Chinese and Indian police generally and none on police corruption in particular.

History, Policy Making, and Sustainability

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Om Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Global Dimension ◽  
The State ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Key Policy ◽  
Quality Of Governance

Public policy and policy making is an inherent task of the institutions and state for the purpose of well-knit and sustainable governance in the society and organisation as well as in the state. The quality of governance is based upon how visionary the public policy is and how far it has been implemented. The aspect of sustainability thrives on the perspective that policy making should be inclusive having inter-generational justice. The chapter attempts to look into how far history has played its role in policymaking of the state and civil society. It also looked into how history had a role in the foreign policy making of the state. Analogies can be drawn from the past experience into the present decision making which can have a reflection in the future as well. Lyndon Johnson's administration prepared internal histories to key policy issues, in hopes of better informing the initial efforts of its successor. The illustrations and examples in the chapter are not confined to the geographical boundaries of any particular nation but rather have a global dimension.

Judiciary will be key force in Nepali politics

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
India And China

Significance Earlier this month, it nullified the ruling Nepal Communist Party (NCP), which had split into pro- and anti-Oli blocs in the wake of the premier’s controversial move. Parliament has resumed, but it is unclear whether Oli retains the support of a majority of MPs. Impacts Protracted political instability will make it harder for Nepal to attracted much-needed foreign investment. Supporters of rival parties will increasingly take to the streets to show their allegiances. India and China, which vie for influence over Nepal, will ensure they maintain good ties with all major players in the country’s politics.

The Erosion of Communist Party Control over Lawmaking in China

1994 ◽  
Vol 138 ◽  
pp. 381-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray Scot Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Organizational Evolution ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Institutional Power ◽  
Open Policy ◽  
Party Control ◽  
The Government ◽  
People's Congress

This article examines the organizational evolution of Communist Party control over lawmaking processes and institutions in post-Mao China. In particular, it charts the erosion and decentralization of Party control which has accompanied the rise of lawmaking since 1978. The unity of Party control over lawmaking has frayed and dissipated dramatically in these years, as more and more important policy issues are resolved outside the arena of the Party's central decision-making organs (such as the Politburo, the Secretariat, and so on). This decentralization has been matched by a corresponding increase in the institutional power, autonomy and assertiveness of the government (executive) lawmaking offices, and other more open policy-making arenas, most notably the National People's Congress, but also including the Supreme People's Court.

Research Notes on the Changing Loci of Decision in the Chinese Communist Party

1970 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 169-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parris H. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Central Committee ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Chinese Official ◽  
The Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Red Guard ◽  
The 1960S

In the course of the Cultural Revolution, both Chinese official and Red Guard sources have revealed that the so-called Chung-yang kung-tso hui-i (Central Work Conference)—an institution hitherto not well known to outside observers—had met frequently during 1960–66 and that these meetings were connected with decisions on important policy issues. While its existence and jurisdiction have never been formally stipulated by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Constitution of 1956 or 1945, the Central Work Conference appears to have become an important locus of decision in the Party during the 1960s. There are indications that it functioned alongside of the Party's regular decision-making bodies, the Central Committee (CC) and the Politburo, and that it replaced, and possibly pre-empted, the functions of other institutional devices which Mao Tse-tung has utilized during the second half of the 1950s. This article examines briefly the participants in, and functions of, the Central Work Conference and other types of Party meetings, attempting to shed some light on the loci of decision in the CCP. Appended to the article is a list of known Party meetings from 1949–66, compiled from official and Red Guard publications, which may be of some use to students of Chinese Communist affairs.

Contagion risk: cases of Islamic and emerging market banks

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Da-Eun Yoon ◽  
Tonmoy Choudhury ◽  
Anup Kumar Saha ◽  
Mamunur Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Extreme Value Theory ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Extreme Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
China And India ◽  
India And China

Purpose Globally influential Islamic banks from the Middle East and Southeast Asia carry voluminous correspondence banking with banks from China and India, leading to potential spillover effect of contagion among the banks from these regions. This study aims to investigate the Islamic banks systemic risk contagion with major banks from China and India. Design/methodology/approach Having the option pricing theory in the backdrop, the authors calculated three different distance to risk measurements (default, insolvency and capital). The authors have included top six listed globally influential Islamic banks, top seven Indian banks and top eight Chinese banks based on their net asset value. They then measured the banks’ extreme shocks based on the extreme value theory by using the logistic regression model. These extreme shocks helped the authors to map the spillover among the selected banks from multiple regions. Findings The authors have found strong evidences of directional risk spillover among the banks in this sample. Islamic banks are receiving a significant risk spillover from the other sample banks but transmitting less toward the other banks from India and China. Hence, there is strong one-directional risk contagion toward the Islamic banks in the study sample. Practical implications This research would be particularly useful to the regulators and bankers from emerging and Islamic markets to understand the conniving nature of the crisis by effectively mapping the source, destination and implementation of the shock transmission mechanism of the potential financial contagion. Originality/value Even though the corresponding banking among the top Islamic banks from the Middle East and Southeast Asian countries, and banks from India and China, is on the rise, the assessment of risk among these banks has been limited. In particular, the authors extended on the extreme value theory to focus on the wider impact of spillover, including significant direction of contagion from non-Islamic banks to Islamic banks.

Impact of relatedness, uncertainty and slack on corporate entrepreneurship decisions

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Garrett ◽  
Shaunn Mattingly ◽  
Jeff Hornsby ◽  
Alireza Aghaey
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Corporate Entrepreneurship ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Slack Resources ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effect

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of opportunity relatedness and uncertainty on the decision of a corporate entrepreneur to pursue a venturing opportunity.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a conjoint experimental design to reveal the structure of respondents' decision policies. Data were gathered from 47 useable replies from corporate entrepreneurs and were analyzed with hierarchical linear modeling (HLM).FindingsResults show that product relatedness, market relatedness, perceived certainty about expected outcomes and slack resources all have a positive effect on the willingness of a corporate entrepreneur to pursue a new venture idea. Moreover, slack was found to diminish the positive effect of product relatedness on the likelihood to pursue a venturing opportunity.Practical implicationsBy providing a better understanding of decision-making schemas of corporate entrepreneurs, the findings of this study help improve the practice of entrepreneurship at the organizational level. In order to make more accurate opportunity assessments, corporate entrepreneurs need to be aware of their cognitive strategies and need to factor in the salient criteria affecting such assessments.Originality/valueThis paper adds to the limited understanding of corporate-level decision-making with regard to pursuing venturing opportunities. More specifically, the paper adds new insights regarding how relatedness and uncertainty affect new venture opportunity assessments in the presence (or lack thereof) of slack resources.

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