Hit and miss: a comparison of targeted and randomised roadside drug testing (RDT)

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Levi Anderson ◽  
Steven Love ◽  
James Freeman ◽  
Jeremy Davey
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
Target Drug ◽  
Balanced Approach ◽  
Targeted Enforcement

PurposeThis study first aimed to investigate the differences in drug driver detection rates between a trial of randomised and targeted enforcement operations. The second aim was to identify which indicator categories are most commonly used by police to target drug drivers and to assess the effectiveness of targeted drug testing. Finally, this study aimed to quantify what specific indicators and cues (of the overarching categories) triggered their decision to drug test drivers and which indicators were most successful.Design/methodology/approachThis research examined the detection rates in a trial comparison of randomised and targeted roadside drug testing (RDT) operations as well as the methods utilised by police in the targeted operations to identify potential drug driving offenders.FindingsVisual appearance was by far the most commonly utilised indicator followed by age, police intelligence on prior charges, vehicle appearance and behavioural cues. However, the use of police intelligence was identified as the most successful indicator that correlated with positive oral fluid testing results. During the randomised RDT operations, 3.4% of all drivers who were tested yielded a positive roadside oral fluid result compared to 25.5% during targeted RDT operations.Research limitations/implicationsThe targeted RDT approach, while determined to be an effective detection methodology, limits the overall deterrent effect of roadside testing in a more general driving population, and the need for a balanced approach to ensure detection and deterrence is required. This study highlights that by focussing on night times for randomised RDT operations and the identified effective indicators for targeted operations, an effective balance of deterrence and detection could be achieved.Practical implicationsWhile the presence of a single indicator is not indicative of a drug driver, this study highlights for police which indicators currently used are more effective at detecting a drug driver. As a result, police could adapt current RDT procedures to focus on the presence of these indicators to support drug driver detection.Originality/valueThis is a world-first study that examines both randomised and targeted roadside drug testing. This study controls for location and time of day while using the same police unit for roadside testing, thus is able to make direct comparisons between the two methodologies to determine the effectiveness of police targeting for roadside drug testing. Furthermore, this study highlights which indicators used by police results in the highest rate of positive roadside drug tests.

scholarly journals Utility of Oral Fluid in Compliance Monitoring of Opioid Medications

2014 ◽  
Vol 17;1 (1;17) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Till Conermann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pain Management ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Drug Class ◽  
The United States ◽  
Compliance Monitoring ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Drug Classes ◽  
Opioid Medications

Background: Prescription drug abuse is the fastest growing drug problem in the United States, and the increase in unintentional drug overdose deaths has been driven by the increase in opioid analgesic use. Given the epidemic of non-medical prescription pain reliever use and the current medico-legal climate, it is increasingly important for the prescriber to monitor for medication compliance. Objectives: The purpose of this IRB approved study is to compare the results of oral fluid (OF) and routine urinalysis for monitoring compliance in a single academic pain management program in an urban setting in order to evaluate the utility of OF analysis in compliance monitoring when prescribing opioid medications. Study Design: Outcomes analysis of prospective, consecutive, paired comparison study with clinical implications. Setting: Single academic interventional pain management center in the United States. Methods: Paired OF and urine specimens were collected for each patient with signed informed consent, at the Institute for Pain Medicine, Western Pennsylvania Hospital, from patients who routinely donated urine on a random basis for compliance testing. A total of 153 paired specimens were analyzed. Demographic and prescription data were made available. Specimens were screened using immunoassay and presumptive positive findings were confirmed with liquid-chromatography and mass spectrometry. Although both matrices were tested for a wider range of medications, the data presented here are representative of analgesic opioids and benzodiazepine drug classes only. Results: Following exclusion criteria, of the 132 remaining specimen pairs that were positive for opioids or benzodiazepines in at least one matrix, 101 pairs showed exact drug class matches (76.5%). In an additional 21 pairs, at least one drug class was positive in both matrices (15.9%), giving an overall agreement of 92.4%. Overall, 191 positive results were found in urine averaging 1.4 drugs per specimen; 176 positives were detected using OF for an average of 1.3 drugs per specimen. Conclusions: In the setting of stable dosing of prescription opioids and/or concomitant illicit drug use, given comparable detection rates between urine and OF matrix qualitative results, the OF matrix for drug testing for compliance monitoring may serve as a useful and valid testing tool. The authors conclude that overall OF analysis produces comparable results to urine sample analysis with detection rates differing primarily due to differences in windows of detection for different drug classes. Limitations: The limitations include the study was performed in a single academic center in an urban community. Also, there is a paucity of literature regarding windows of detection for OF analysis compared to urine. IRB: APPROVED - Allegheny-Singer Research Institute West Penn Allegheny Heath System (ASRIWPAHS) - IRB Study #FWA00015120 Key Words: Urine drug testing, oral fluid drug testing, saliva, opioids, drug abuse, compliance, chronic pain, diversion

scholarly journals Endotoxemia as a Diagnostic Tool for Patients with Suspected Bacteremia Caused by Gram-Negative Organisms: a Meta-Analysis of 4 Decades of Studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 1183-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Hurley ◽  
Piotr Nowak ◽  
Lars Öhrmalm ◽  
Charalambos Gogos ◽  
Apostolos Armaganidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms

The clinical significance of endotoxin detection in blood has been evaluated for a broad range of patient groups in over 40 studies published over 4 decades. The influences of Gram-negative (GN) bacteremia species type and patient inclusion criteria on endotoxemia detection rates in published studies remain unclear. Studies were identified after a literature search and manual reviews of article bibliographies, together with a direct approach to authors of potentially eligible studies for data clarifications. The concordance between GN bacteremia and endotoxemia expressed as the summary diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) was derived for three GN bacteremia categories across eligible studies by using a hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) method. Forty-two studies met broad inclusion criteria, with between 2 and 173 GN bacteremias in each study. Among all 42 studies, the DORs (95% confidence interval) were 3.2 (1.7 to 6.0) and 5.8 (2.4 to 13.7) in association with GN bacteremias withEscherichia coliand those withPseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Among 12 studies of patients with sepsis, the proportion of endotoxemia positivity (95% confidence interval) among patients withP. aeruginosabacteremia (69% [57 to 79%];P= 0.004) or withProteusbacteremia (76% [51 to 91%];P= 0.04) was significantly higher than that among patients without GN bacteremia (49% [33 to 64%]), but this was not so for patients bacteremic withE. coli(57% [40 to 73%];P= 0.55). Among studies of the sepsis patient group, the concordance of endotoxemia with GN bacteremia was surprisingly weak, especially forE. coliGN bacteremia.

scholarly journals Extraction and Analysis of Tetrahydrocannabinol, A Cannabis Compound in Oral Fluid

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Zhiyuan Mi ◽  
Jiangtao Su ◽  
Xiangyu You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Target

Although misuse and abuse of Cannabis is well known, the health benefits have been proved by various biomedical studies. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the major active substance in leaves of Cannabis, which is the common target for drug testing. In field drug testing, oral fluid (OF) has its unique advantages over other specimens such as blood, urine, and hair. Thus the study of THC in OF is gaining popularity in Cannabis research. In this review, extraction methods are introduced in three categories, which are Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE), Solid Phase Extraction (SPE), and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). Examples of application with each method will be covered. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods will be compared. In addition, methods in analysis following extraction will be briefly discussed.

Exploring the dynamic contribution behavior of editors in wikis based on time series analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linghe Huang ◽  
Qinghua Zhu ◽  
Jia Tina Du ◽  
Baozhen Lee
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Free Rider Problem ◽  
Series Analysis

Purpose – Wiki is a new form of information production and organization, which has become one of the most important knowledge resources. In recent years, with the increase of users in wikis, “free rider problem” has been serious. In order to motivate editors to contribute more to a wiki system, it is important to fully understand their contribution behavior. The purpose of this paper is to explore the law of dynamic contribution behavior of editors in wikis. Design/methodology/approach – After developing a dynamic model of contribution behavior, the authors employed both the metrological and clustering methods to process the time series data. The experimental data were collected from Baidu Baike, a renowned Chinese wiki system similar to Wikipedia. Findings – There are four categories of editors: “testers,” “dropouts,” “delayers” and “stickers.” Testers, who contribute the least content and stop contributing rapidly after editing a few articles. After editing a large amount of content, dropouts stop contributing completely. Delayers are the editors who do not stop contributing during the observation time, but they may stop contributing in the near future. Stickers, who keep contributing and edit the most content, are the core editors. In addition, there are significant time-of-day and holiday effects on the number of editors’ contributions. Originality/value – By using the method of time series analysis, some new characteristics of editors and editor types were found. Compared with the former studies, this research also had a larger sample. Therefore, the results are more scientific and representative and can help managers to better optimize the wiki systems and formulate incentive strategies for editors.

Acoustic tracking: issues affecting design, analysis and interpretation of data from movement studies

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Richard How ◽  
Simon de Lestang
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Telemetry ◽  
Full Moon ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Lunar Cycle ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Detection Distance ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
Power Outputs

Acoustic telemetry systems are an increasingly common way to examine the movement and behaviour of marine organisms. However, there has been little published on the methodological and analytical work associated with this technology. We tested transmitters of differing power outputs simultaneously in several trials, some lasting ~50 days, to examine the effects of power output and environmental factors (water movement, temperature, lunar cycle and time of day). There were considerable and volatile changes in detections throughout all trials. Increased water movement and temperature significantly reduced detection rates, whereas daytime and full-moon periods had significantly higher detection rates. All nine transmitters (from seven transmitter types tested) showed a sigmoidal trend between detection frequency and distance. Higher-powered transmitters had a prolonged detection distance with near-maximal detections, whereas lower-powered transmitters showed an almost immediate decline. Variation of detection frequency, transmitter type and the modelled relationship between distance and detection frequency were incorporated into a positioning trial which resulted in markedly improved position estimates over previous techniques.

The role of farm-to-table activities in agritourism towards sustainable development

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Fatimahwati Pehin Dato Musa ◽  
Wei Lee Chin
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Local Agriculture ◽  
Balanced Approach ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Food Activism

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the role of farm-to-table (FTT) activities in agritourism towards sustainable development based on three agritourism farms in Brunei. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on qualitative data using semi-structured interviews with 23 participants involved in the management of the farms. In-depth interviews are considered the most appropriate approach to gain the unexplored perspectives of the agriculture community at the three agritourism farms. Findings The study found that FTT activities imparted in agritourism contribute towards sustainable development economically, socially and environmentally. FTT leads to the establishment of small medium and micro enterprises, which, in turn, creates employment for the local people. It also plays a part in preserving the ethno-culinary heritage of indigenous food, promoting food localism and sustainable agriculture. These findings suggest that FTT activities play an important role in revitalizing the local community. The outcome of this empirical research may enable planners to better formulate regional policy based on a balanced approach taking into account the three dimensions of sustainability towards agritourism development. From a theoretical standpoint, this study adds value to the literature by identifying the contributions of FTT activities towards sustainable development emphasising on the consumption of local ethnic food and food localism. Originality/value The contributions of agritourism for local farms has not been extensively discussed especially in Brunei’s local agriculture industry. This study will provide evidence that FTT activities contribute towards a moderate form of food activism; one that re-forges the disrupted linkages between people, nature and cultural heritage.

Buprenorphine not detected on urine drug screening in supervised treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Nazila Jamshidi, MBBS, FRACP, FAChAM, BPharm (hons), PhD ◽  
Akshay Athavale, MBBS, FRACP, BPharm (hons), MMed ◽  
Bridin Murnion, MBChB, FRACP, FFPMANZCA, FAChAM
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Addiction Treatment ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cytochrome P450 3A4 ◽  
Opioid Agonist ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Urine Drug

Introduction: Urine drug screens (UDS) assist in clinical planning and assessment of adherence in opioid agonist treatment (OAT). Urine drug screens may also be used in criminal justice and child protection settings. Buprenorphine (BPN) UDS testing is complex. Immunoassay often does not detect BPN and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is needed. A limited understanding of testing can negatively influence UDS interpretation and clinical decision making.Objectives: The primary aim was to determine detection rates of BPN in UDS in participants on BPN or buprenorphine/naloxone (BNX) treatment. The secondary aim was to identify if comorbidities, sex, co-prescribed medications, or dosing site and observation were associated with BPN detection.Setting: Public outpatient clinic in a specialist addiction treatment service.Design/participants: In this retrospective observational study, records of clients on supervised BPN/BNX treatment between September 2017 and 2018 were reviewed.Measures: Data extracted included UDS results, age, sex, indication for BPN, frequency of observed doses, dose of BPN, dosing site, co-morbid medical conditions, and medications.Results: One hundred and sixty-one medical records were reviewed. Ninety-seven (60 percent) underwent screening urine immunoassay. Of these 97, 51 (53 percent) had further GC-MS testing for BPN of which 22 (43 percent) did not detect BPN despite directly observed OAT. Co-prescription of medications known to interact with cytochrome P450 3A4 was associated with nondetection of BPN (p 0.05). No significant association between median dose, dosing site, and observed dosing and BPN detection was identified.Conclusion: Urine drug testing for BPN is complex. Failure to detect BPN does not betoken nonadherence to treatment and is associated with co-prescription of drugs interacting with cytochrome P450 3A4.

scholarly journals European guidelines for workplace drug testing in oral fluid

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Brcak ◽  
Olof Beck ◽  
Tessa Bosch ◽  
Duncan Carmichael ◽  
Nadia Fucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
European Guidelines ◽  
Workplace Drug Testing

Reduced urinary opioid levels from pain management patients associated with marijuana use

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 441-447
Author(s):  
Melissa M Goggin ◽  
Breane J Shahriar ◽  
Andy Stead ◽  
Gregory C Janis
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Potential Interaction ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Target Drug ◽  
Urine Drug ◽  
Urine Drug Test ◽  
Lower Urinary

Aim: Marijuana use has been postulated to modulate opioid use, dependence and withdrawal. Broad target drug testing results provide a unique perspective to identify any potential interaction between marijuana use and opioid use. Materials & methods: Using a dataset of approximately 800,000 urine drug test results collected from pain management patients of a time from of multiple years, creatinine corrected opioid levels were evaluated to determine if the presence of the primary marijuana marker 11-nor-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) was associated with statistical differences in excreted opioid concentrations. Results & conclusion: For each of the opioids investigated (codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, fentanyl and buprenorphine), marijuana use was associated with statistically significant lower urinary opiate levels than in samples without indicators of marijuana use.

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