Damage caused by black inks to the chemical properties of archaeological papyrus – analytical study

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bataa Sayed Mohamed Mazen ◽  
Badawi Mohamed Ismail ◽  
Rushdya Rabee Ali Hassan ◽  
Mahmoud Ali
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Digital Microscopy ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
High Oxygen Content ◽  
Arabic Gum ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Scanning Electron

Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the nature of archaeological papyrus damage and monitoring the mechanics of damage caused by black inks to the chemical properties of ancient papyrus. Design/methodology/approach This study the papyrus surface with a digital microscopy “USB,” examination and analyzing by “Scanning Electron Microscope,” characterization of black ink used in writing the ancient papyrus using “Scanning Electron Microscopy” with (EDX). Detection of changes in the chemical bonds of ancient papyrus samples by “Fourier transform infrared” FTIR. Findings The result confirmed that SEM examination showed the organization of the parenchyma cells that make up papyrus tissue. Characteristic waveform appears, it indicates the ancient Egyptian manufacturer’s use of the (Strips Method) in the process of manufacturing the archaeological papyrus. Also, the appearance of (Over Lapping) stacking of papyrus slides. EDX analysis showed that the black ink used to write the papyrus was (Carbon Ink). High oxygen content in the papyrus sample analysis indicates deterioration of the cellulose fibers. FTIR spectrum showed that Arabic gum is the bonding material for carbon ink particles, it also showed that archaeological papyrus suffers from hydrolysis due to exposure of papyrus fibers to high moisture content or direct water, resulting in smudge, bleeding and fading of carbon ink on the archaeological papyrus support. Originality/value The study is archaeological papyrus with black ink scripts from the excavation of the Qasr I brim.

Microscopic characterization of acidic paper manuscripts

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safa Abd El kader Mohamed Hamed ◽  
Rushdya Rabee Ali Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Arabic Gum ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cellulosic Fibers ◽  
Fiber Degradation ◽  
Historical Samples

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the effect of acidity on the morphology of archeological paper, especially in the presence of colors and whether natural pigments play a role in the process of degradation. Design/methodology/approach The morphological changes in the cellulosic fibers of the manuscripts because of acidity were investigated using environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). Ten historical samples were collected from different manuscripts suffering from acidity. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the inks and pigments that were used in some samples. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared microscopy was used to identify the binding medium. Findings The results confirmed that carbon ink, ultramarine, cinnabar and gold pigments were applied to some manuscripts with Arabic gum. As for ESEM investigation, the results proved that acidity badly affected the integrity of the cellulosic fibers resulting in their embrittlement. The micrographs showed differences in fiber degradation according to pH value. The presence of inks and pigments increased the degradation extent resulting from acidity. Originality/value This paper addresses a specific need to study the behavior of degradation in paper manuscripts, thus helping the conservators find solutions to the phenomenon.

Physicochemical studies and rheological modelling of Albizia lebbeck (AL) gum exudates

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 228-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nnabuk Okon Eddy ◽  
Inemesit Udofia ◽  
Adamu Uzairu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Capillary Viscometer ◽  
Albizia Lebbeck ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Molecular Arrangement ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Scanning Electron

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to determine the physicochemical and rheological parameters of Albizia lebbeck gum. Design/methodology/approach – Physicochemical analysis was carried out using recommended methods. Gas chromatography mass spectrophotometer and Fourier transformed infra red (FTIR) analyses were carried out using their respective spectrophotometer. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out using scanning electron microscope, while rheological measurements were carried out using Ubbelohde capillary viscometer, digital Brookfield DV 1 viscometer and a rheometer. Findings – Albizia zygia gum is an ionic gum with unique physical and chemical properties. Scanning electron micrograph revealed that the internal structure of the gum is porous with irregular molecular arrangement. Thermodynamic parameters of viscous flow indicated the existence of few inter- and intra-molecular interactions, and the attainment of transition state was linked to bond breaking. Coil overlap transition studies revealed the existence of dilute and concentrated regimes. The viscosity of the gum was also found to decrease with decrease in the charge of cation (such that Al3+ > Ca2+ > K+) and with increase in ionic strength. Research limitations/implications – The paper provided information on physicochemical and rheological characteristics/behaviour of Albizia zygia gum, of Nigerian origin. From this information, possible application of this gum in the food and pharmaceutical industries can be deduced. Originality/value – The paper is original since information concerning Albizia zygia gum of Nigerian origin are not well documented as established in the work. It also adds values on the use of Albizia zygia gum, either on its own or in combination with other gums for industrial purpose.

Characterization of pharaonic cartonnage from a late period, Saqqara excavations

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-264
Author(s):  
Hala A.M. Afifi ◽  
Heba Sayed Galal ◽  
Rushdya Rabee Ali Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Late Period ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ancient Egyptian

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the pigments, mediums and ground layer used during the late era of ancient Egyptian civilization through the analysis of mummy Cartonnage based on the use of multiple analysis, such as electron microscopy, X-rays, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Design/methodology/approach This study analyzed some fragments from a painted cartonnage of a mummy date back to the late period. Light microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, FTIR analysis and investigation of the surface morphology by SEM were used to identify the chemical and anatomical structure of cartonnage. Findings The results clearly showed use of copper and extracted gold from the veins of the quartz to get the golden pigment, but it is full of voids which were a major cause of the degradation. Originality/value The study is the first of its kind on the components of this cartonnage in Saqqara stores.

scholarly journals Characterization of Ni-P coating prepared via electroless deposition on AZ31 magnesium alloy

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Buchtík ◽  
P. Kosár ◽  
J. Wasserbauer ◽  
P. Doležal
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Magnesium Alloy ◽  
Electroless Deposition ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Chemical Composition Analysis ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract This work deals with the characterization of Ni–P coating prepared via electroless deposition on wrought AZ31magnesium alloy. For the application of electroless deposition was proposed and optimized a suitable pretreatment process of magnesium alloy surface followed by Ni–P coating in the nickel bath. The chemical composition of Ni–P based coating was characterized using the scanning electron microscope with chemical composition analysis. Next, physico-chemical properties and mechanical characteristics of Ni–P coating were evaluated. The mechanism of corrosion degradation of the coating and the substrate was also studied in this work.

scholarly journals Single-Cell Resolution of Uncultured Magnetotactic Bacteria via Fluorescence-Coupled Electron Microscopy

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhua Li ◽  
Heng Zhang ◽  
Nicolas Menguy ◽  
Karim Benzerara ◽  
Fuxian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Magnetotactic Bacteria ◽  
Single Cell Level ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Scanning Electron

ABSTRACTMagnetotactic bacteria (MTB) form intracellular chain-assembled nanocrystals of magnetite or greigite termed magnetosomes. The characterization of magnetosome crystals requires electron microscopy due to their nanoscopic sizes. However, electron microscopy does not provide phylogenetic information for MTB. We have developed a strategy for the simultaneous and rapid phylogenetic and biomineralogical characterization of uncultured MTB at the single-cell level. It consists of four steps: (i) enrichment of MTB cells from an environmental sample, (ii) 16S rRNA gene sequencing of MTB, and (iii) fluorescencein situhybridization analyses coordinated with (iv) transmission or scanning electron microscopy of the probe-hybridized cells. The application of this strategy identified a magnetotacticGammaproteobacteriastrain, SHHR-1, from brackish sediments collected from the Shihe River estuary in Qinhuangdao City, China. SHHR-1 magnetosomes are elongated prismatic magnetites which can be idealized as hexagonal prisms. Taxonomic groups of uncultured MTB were also identified in freshwater sediments from Lake Miyun in northern Beijing via this novel coordinated fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy method based on four group-specific rRNA-targeted probes. Our analyses revealed that major magnetotactic taxonomic groups can be accurately determined only with coordinated scanning electron microscopy observations on fluorescently labeled single cells due to limited group coverage and specificity for existing group-specific MTB fluorescencein situhybridization (FISH) probes. Our reported strategy is simple and efficient, offers great promise toward investigating the diversity and biomineralization of MTB, and may also be applied to other functional groups of microorganisms.IMPORTANCEMagnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are phylogenetically diverse and biomineralize morphologically diverse magnetic nanocrystals of magnetite or greigite in intracellular structures termed magnetosomes. However, many uncultured MTB strains have not been phylogenetically identified or structurally investigated at the single-cell level, which limits our comprehensive understanding of the diversity of MTB and their role in biomineralization. We developed a fluorescence-coupled electron microscopy method for the rapid phylogenetic and biomineralogical characterization of uncultured MTB at the single-cell level. Using this novel method, we successfully identified taxonomic groups of several uncultured MTB and one novel magnetotacticGammaproteobacteriastrain, SHHR-1, from natural environments. Our analyses further indicate that strain SHHR-1 forms elongated prismatic magnetites. Our findings provide a promising strategy for the rapid characterization of phylogenetic and biomineralogical properties of uncultured MTB at the single-cell level. Furthermore, due to its simplicity and generalized methodology, this strategy can also be useful in the study of the diversity and biomineralization properties of microbial taxa involved in other mineralization processes.

Bacterial cellulose: characterization of a biomaterial for apparel products application

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andréa Fernanda De Santana Costa ◽  
Maria Alice Vasconcelos Rocha ◽  
Laura Maria Abdon Fenrnandes ◽  
Julia Atroch Queiroz ◽  
Ana Carolina Monteiro Gonçalves Agra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Gluconacetobacter Hansenii ◽  
Content Type ◽  
New Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
Scanning Electron

Purpose This study aims to evaluate two bacterial cellulose (BC) films as an alternative textile surface suitable for use in the manufacture of clothing prototypes. Design/methodology/approach A combination of experiments for the production and characterization of BC films with traditional techniques for sewing fabrics was carried out. BC films were produced from the bacterum Gluconacetobacter hansenii UCP1619 and from Kombucha, a consortium of microorganisms grown on sugared tea. The BC films were then purified, characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and evaluated for mechanical strength. Two clothing prototypes were developed by combining BC films with a flat fabric composed of 70% linen and 30% polyester to assess the viability of the garment for future clothing making using biomaterials. Findings The results showed that the combination of flat fabric with BC-based biomaterials is a viable alternative for the innovative use of BC films in the manufacture of apparel products, especially after optimizing the mechanical properties of the artefact. Originality/value BC application studies in the textile industry are still in their early stages, although they are attracting more and more the attention of researchers around the world. The experiments carried out in this research provide new information on the handling and application of this material in innovative products for the textile industry.

Characterization of Sludge after Thermal Treatment

2006 ◽  
Vol 530-531 ◽  
pp. 715-719
Author(s):  
L.C. Morais ◽  
Jo Dweck ◽  
E.M. Gonçalves ◽  
Pedro M. Büchler
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The aim of this paper was to study the characterization of sludge affected by different thermal treatment, on selected physical and chemical properties. Sludge incinerated ash has been fired at different temperatures. This material was fired at 1050 °C for 3 h and until a peak of 1010°C. After thermal treatment the ash were screened at 200 mesh. The ash was characterized by X-ray fluorescence and trace elements like Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, and some oxides like quartz(SiO2), Al2O3, P2O5, Fe2O3 were found. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has shown one change of particle between 2μm at 90μm and apparent porosity.

scholarly journals Glutathione Reductase-Mediated Synthesis of Tellurium-Containing Nanostructures Exhibiting Antibacterial Properties

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (22) ◽  
pp. 7061-7070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoit Pugin ◽  
Fabián A. Cornejo ◽  
Pablo Muñoz-Díaz ◽  
Claudia M. Muñoz-Villagrán ◽  
Joaquín I. Vargas-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Biochemical Approach ◽  
Reducing Activity ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Antarctic

ABSTRACTTellurium, a metalloid belonging to group 16 of the periodic table, displays very interesting physical and chemical properties and lately has attracted significant attention for its use in nanotechnology. In this context, the use of microorganisms for synthesizing nanostructures emerges as an eco-friendly and exciting approach compared to their chemical synthesis. To generate Te-containing nanostructures, bacteria enzymatically reduce tellurite to elemental tellurium. In this work, using a classic biochemical approach, we looked for a novel tellurite reductase from the Antarctic bacteriumPseudomonassp. strain BNF22 and used it to generate tellurium-containing nanostructures. A new tellurite reductase was identified as glutathione reductase, which was subsequently overproduced inEscherichia coli. The characterization of this enzyme showed that it is an NADPH-dependent tellurite reductase, with optimum reducing activity at 30°C and pH 9.0. Finally, the enzyme was able to generate Te-containing nanostructures, about 68 nm in size, which exhibit interesting antibacterial properties againstE. coli, with no apparent cytotoxicity against eukaryotic cells.

scholarly journals Novel Formulation Based on Chitosan-Arabic Gum Nanoparticles Entrapping Propolis Extract Production, physico-chemical and structural characterization

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 3756-3760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Cavalu ◽  
Simona Bisboaca ◽  
Ileana Mariana Mates ◽  
Paula Melania Pasca ◽  
Vasile Laslo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Structural Characterization ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Arabic Gum ◽  
Propolis Extract ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Processing And Storage ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Novel Design

The aim of our study was to prepare and characterize chitosan-based nanoparticles encapsulating propolis extract by ionotropic gelation and glutaraldehyde cross-linking technique. Both spectroscopic (UV-Vis, FTIR) and microscopic techniques (AFM) were applied for structural characterization of nanoparticles, along with entrapment and release study of propolis extract. The physico-chemical properties and morphological features of the obtained nanoparticles demonstrated a good correlation between all the investigated methods. Moreover, the bioactive compounds were stable upon the encapsulation procedure. Propolis release from the polymeric matrix was monitored in both simulated gastric acid and simulated intestinal fluids, concluding that our proposed formulation is suitable for controlled release. These results may provide a novel design, with improved bioavailability, stability and nutritional value of propolis bioactive compounds during processing and storage, with possible applications in food and nutraceutical industries.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

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