Decomposing the Difference Between Well-Being Inequality and Income Inequality: Method and Application

There is a disparity in welfare between the people who dwell in mountanous areas and those living in plains, coastalal areas which is due to the difference in accessibility. Coastal regions, develop fast and generally have higher economic and social well-being because of the better accessibility they are bestowed with. However, in general, the people of Papua enjoy lower welfare than they are capable of enjoying in relation to the natural resopurces the province has. The abundant natural resources in the province have not been exploited to the full in endevor to improve the well being of the popuakltuion. The division of Papua province into West Papua, Central Papua, and East Papua is expected to accelerate the development process, which should in turn reduce income disparity. None theless, some redress must be found to the problem of uneven distribution of natural resources among the three provinces, to prevent the emergence of regional paracholiasm which may the source of income inequality among the three new provinces due to their different respective locations on the the coast, plains, and mountaneous region.

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The Effects of a Caffeine Placebo and Experimenter Expectation on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Well-Being, and Cognitive Performance

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027//1016-9040.6.1.15 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 15-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Harald Walach ◽

Stefan Schmidt ◽

Yvonne-Michelle Bihr ◽

Susanne Wiesch

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Cognitive Task ◽

Well Being ◽

Control Group ◽

Double Blind ◽

Main Effect ◽

The Difference ◽

Being There ◽

To Receive

We studied the effect of experimenter expectations and different instructions in a balanced placebo design. 157 subjects were randomized into a 2 × 4 factorial design. Two experimenters were led to expect placebos either to produce physiological effects or not (pro- vs. antiplacebo). All subjects except a control group received a caffeine placebo. They were either made to expect coffee, no coffee, or were in a double-blind condition. Dependent measures were blood pressure, heart rate, well-being, and a cognitive task. There was one main effect on the instruction factor (p = 0.03) with the group “told no caffeine” reporting significantly better well-being. There was one main effect on the experimenter factor with subjects instructed by experimenter “proplacebo” having higher systolic blood pressure (p = 0.008). There was one interaction with subjects instructed by experimenter “proplacebo” to receive coffee doing worse in the cognitive task than the rest. Subjects instructed by experimenter “antiplacebo” were significantly less likely to believe the experimental instruction, and that mostly if they had been instructed to receive coffee. Contrary to the literature we could not show an effect of instruction, but there was an effect of experimenters. It is likely, however, that these experimenter effects were not due to experimental manipulations, but to the difference in personalities.

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Perceived social support and burden of care of male and female caregivers of patient with schizophrenia

Indian Journal of Psychiatric Social Work ◽

10.29120/ijpsw.2017.v8.i1.7 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Narendra Kumar Singh ◽

Nishant Goyal

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Perceived Social Support ◽

Family Members ◽

Well Being ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Burden Of Care ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Male And Female ◽

The Social ◽

The Difference

Background: Schizophrenia is associated with a high familial, social and economic burden. Schizophrenia is also associated with a high level of disability which may create impediments on the social and economic areas of the patients as well as on their respective family networks. Families with schizophrenia may encounter problems such as impairment of health and well being of other family members, restriction of social activities of the family members and shrinking of support from the social network. Aims: The present study examined the difference in perceived social support and burden of care between the male and female caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study examining the difference in perceived social support and burden of care between the male and female caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. The sample consisted of 60 (30 male and 30 female) caregivers of the patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia as per ICD-10-DCR. Results and Conclusion: This study revealed that male caregivers perceived more social support and less burden of care as compared to female caregivers. Key words: Gender, social support, burden

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Corticostriatal Circuits Encode the Subjective Value of Perceived Control

Cerebral Cortex ◽

10.1093/cercor/bhz045 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (12) ◽

pp. 5049-5060 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kainan S Wang ◽

Mauricio R Delgado

Keyword(s):

Perceived Control ◽

Well Being ◽

Control Option ◽

Subjective Value ◽

Binary Choices ◽

Mere Presence ◽

The Difference ◽

Neural Underpinnings ◽

Evoked Activity

AbstractThe ability to perceive and exercise control over an outcome is both desirable and beneficial to our well-being. It has been shown that animals and humans alike exhibit behavioral bias towards seeking control and that such bias recruits the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and striatum. Yet, this bias remains to be quantitatively captured and studied neurally. Here, we employed a behavioral task to measure the preference for control and characterize its neural underpinnings. Participants made a series of binary choices between having control and no-control over a game for monetary reward. The mere presence of the control option evoked activity in the ventral striatum. Importantly, we manipulated the expected value (EV) of each choice pair to extract the pairing where participants were equally likely to choose either option. The difference in EV between the options at this point of equivalence was inferred as the subjective value of control. Strikingly, perceiving control inflated the reward value of the associated option by 30% and this value inflation was tracked by the vmPFC. Altogether, these results capture the subjective value of perceived control inherent in decision making and highlight the role of corticostriatal circuitry in the perception of control.

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Spatial Convergence in Height in Central Europe, 1890-1910

Journal of Income Distribution ◽

10.25071/1874-6322.22707 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 90

Author(s):

Marek Brabec ◽

John Komlos

Keyword(s):

Global Economy ◽

Well Being ◽

Habsburg Monarchy ◽

The Core ◽

Military Recruits ◽

Convergence Clubs ◽

Spatial Convergence ◽

Physical Stature ◽

The Difference ◽

Peripheral Areas

We examine spatial convergence in biological well-being in the Habsburg Monarchy, circa 1890-1910, on the basis of evidence of the physical stature of 21-year-old military recruits, disaggregated into 15 Districts. We find that the shorter the population in 1890, the faster its height grew thereafter. Hence, there was convergence in physical stature between the peripheral areas of the monarchy (located in today’s Poland/Ukraine, Romania, and Slovakia) and its core (located in today’s Austria, Czech Republic, and Hungary). The difference in trends between the trend in height in the Polish District of Przemysl and in Vienna was about 0.9 cm per decade, in favor of the former. Convergence among the core Districts themselves was minimal or non-existent, whereas the convergence among the peripheral Districts was more pronounced. Spatial convergence also took place between the peripheral regions and the more developed ones. The pattern is somewhat reminiscent of modern findings on convergence clubs in the global economy.

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Avoiding Psychiatric Disability Overdiagnosis, Part 1: General Disability and Occupational Disability—Going Beyond Medical Impairment Assessments

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2021.julaug01 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 3-7

Author(s):

Fabien Gagnon ◽

Les Kertay

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Work Disability ◽

Well Being ◽

Psychiatric Disability ◽

Disability Assessment ◽

Health Work ◽

Occupational Disability ◽

The Past ◽

The Difference ◽

Mental Health Work

Abstract Claims of occupational psychiatric disability have increased considerably over the past 20 years. To avoid psychiatric disability overdiagnosis, it is important to improve the clinical assessment of mental health work disability. This article discusses general disability issues and their impact on individual well-being, social participation, and frequently associated poverty. It defines the difference between impairment assessment and disability assessment, explores three common disability models, and raises issues about psychiatric disability and its potential overdiagnosis.

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The state of dispositional mindfulness research

10.31234/osf.io/4zgca ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Johannes Alfons Karl ◽

Ronald Fischer

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Research Output ◽

Well Being ◽

Trait Mindfulness ◽

Dispositional Mindfulness ◽

Research Topics ◽

Network Analyses ◽

Research Fields ◽

Bibliometric Review ◽

The Difference

Objectives We present a bibliometric review of research on trait mindfulness published from 2005 till 2021 to determine the current state of the field and identify research trajectories. Methods A search conducted on Jan 30, 2021 using the search terms “trait mindfulness” OR “dispositional mindfulness” in the Web of Science Core Collection identified 1,229 documents. Results Using keyword-based network analyses, the various clusters suggested two major approaches in the field, one focusing on cognitive attentional processes, and a second approach that encompasses a wider field of well-being and clinical research topics. We also increasing consolidation of research fields over time, with research on wider individual differences such as personality being subsumed into clinically and wellbeing-oriented research topics. More recently, a distinct theme focused on the validity of measurement of mindfulness emerged. In addition to general patterns in the field, we examined the global distribution of trait mindfulness research. Research output was substantially skewed towards North American-based researchers with less international collaborations. Chinese researchers nevertheless also produced research at significant rates. Comparing the difference in research topics between China and the US-based researchers we found substantial differences with US research emphasizing meditation and substance abuse issues, whereas researchers from China focused on methodological questions. Conclusions Overall, our review indicates that research on trait mindfulness might profit from conceptual and cultural realignment, with greater focus on individual differences research in other areas of psychology to complement the strong clinical and cognitive focus we well as also stronger cross-cultural and comparative studies.

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The Difference Diwali Makes: Understanding the Contribution of a Cultural Event to Subjective Well-Being for Ethnic Minority Communities

Event Management ◽

10.3727/152599521x16192004803665 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Trudie Walters ◽

Thamarai Selvi Venkatachalam

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Minority ◽

Sense Of Community ◽

Well Being ◽

Subjective Well Being ◽

Emotional Connection ◽

Cultural Events ◽

Migrant Communities ◽

The Difference ◽

Nuanced Understanding ◽

Point Of Intersection

This research provides a nuanced understanding of the contribution of cultural events to subjective well-being for ethnic minority migrant communities, who often face significant challenges in their new lives. The paper investigates how the intersection of sense of community and subjective well-being function in this context. It focuses on the Hindu celebration of Diwali/Deepavali (the Festival of Lights) in two New Zealand cities. Data from interviews with event attendees and organisers was thematically analysed using the McMillan and Chavis ‘sense of community’ framework, overlaid with a conceptualisation of subjective well-being developed by Davidson and Cotter. The analysis reveals strong evidence of the creation and maintenance of sense of community at multiple levels, from the diasporic Indian subcommunities through to the wider non-Indian macrocommunity. The most significant components are membership, fulfilment of needs and shared emotional connection: they are also the most significant point of intersection with factors contributing to subjective well-being. These cultural events provide event attendees with opportunities to experience and express positive affects such as happiness, joy, pride, pleasure. They also demonstrate influence in that they respect, promote and support the ethnic minority migrant subcommunity and act as a bridge to form a sense of community with the macrocommunity through membership and shared emotional connection. To maximise these wider benefits, we recommend practitioners hold such events regularly, advertise widely, select venues that are readily accessible and non-threatening, and provide informative explanatory content.

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The Impact of Teachers Unions on Teachers’ Well-Being Under Various Legal Institutions: Evidence From District–Teacher Matched Data

AERA Open ◽

10.1177/2332858419867291 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 233285841986729 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Eunice S. Han

Keyword(s):

Multilevel Models ◽

Causal Effect ◽

Well Being ◽

Legal Environment ◽

Legal Institutions ◽

Data Set ◽

Teachers Unions ◽

The Difference ◽

Matched Data ◽

The Impact

This article examines how teachers unions affect teachers’ well-being under various legal institutions. Using a district–teacher matched data set, this study identifies the union effects by three approaches. First, I contrast teacher outcomes across different state laws toward unions. Second, I compare the union–nonunion differentials within the same legal environment, using multilevel models and propensity score matching. Finally, unexpected legal changes restricting the collective bargaining of teachers in four states form a natural experiment, allowing me to use the difference-in-difference estimation to identify the causal effect of weakening unionism on teacher outcomes. I find that (a) many teachers join unions even when bargaining is rarely or never available, and meet-and-confer or union membership rate affects teachers’ lives in the absence of a bargaining contract; (b) how unions influence teacher outcomes vary greatly by different legal environment; and (c) the changes in public policy limiting teachers’ bargaining rights significantly decrease teacher compensation.

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Is stress an important co morbid factor for hypertension among legal professionals

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20181695 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 1899

Author(s):

L. Kannan ◽

Praveena P.

Keyword(s):

High Stress ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Well Being ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

District Court ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Legal Professionals ◽

The Difference ◽

The Right ◽

Study Participants

Background: Stress is a mental, physical and emotional response to life demands. Long hours of work, client demands, changing laws- creates stress and eventually hypertension among advocates. Well-being of the advocates are being questioned. Hence the main objective of the study is to evaluate the relationship between stress and hypertension among practising advocates.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 300 practising advocates at Madurai district court for a period of 1 year by simple random sampling method.Results: Around 133 (44.33%) and 167 (55.66%) of study participants were in level of high stress and low stress respectively. Among high stressed participants, a majority of 113 (84.96%) were found to be hypertensives and among the low stressed participants only 10 (5.98%) were hypertensives. The difference of observation was found to be statistically significant (p=0.0000).Conclusions: In conclusion the study explains that practising advocates with high perceived stress 113 (84.96%) were found to be hypertensives. Stress has a significant association with hypertension. The right way to manage stress is to implement coping strategies.

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