A 3.3-4.5GHz Fractional-N Sampling PLL with A Merged Constant Slope DTC and Sampling PD in 40nm CMOS

Author(s):  
Gaofeng Jin ◽  
Fei Feng ◽  
Xiang Gao ◽  
Wen Chen ◽  
Yiyang Shu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 812
Author(s):  
Sotiris Lycourghiotis

The mean sea surface topography of the Ionian and Adriatic Seas has been determined. This was based on six-months of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements which were performed on the Ionian Queen (a ship). The measurements were analyzed following a double-path methodology based on differential GNSS (D-GNSS) and precise point positioning (PPP) analysis. Numerical filtering techniques, multi-parametric accuracy analysis and a new technique for removing the meteorological tide factors were also used. Results were compared with the EGM96 geoid model. The calculated differences ranged between 0 and 48 cm. The error of the results was estimated to fall within 3.31 cm. The 3D image of the marine topography in the region shows a nearly constant slope of 4 cm/km in the N–S direction. Thus, the effectiveness of the approach “repeated GNSS measurements on the same route of a ship” developed in the context of “GNSS methods on floating means” has been demonstrated. The application of this approach using systematic multi-track recordings on conventional liner ships is very promising, as it may open possibilities for widespread use of the methodology across the world.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Vázquez-Báez ◽  
A. Rubio-Arellano ◽  
D. García-Toral ◽  
I. Rodríguez Mora

We present a model of groundwater dynamics under stationary flow and, governed by Darcy’s law of water motion through porous media, we apply it to study a 2D aquifer with water table of constant slope comprised of a homogeneous and isotropic media; the more realistic case of an homogeneous anisotropic soil is also considered. Taking into account some geophysical parameters we develop a computational routine, in the Finite Difference Method, which solves the resulting elliptic partial equation, both in a homogeneous isotropic and in a homogeneous anisotropic media. After calibration of the numerical model, this routine is used to begin a study of the Ayamonte-Huelva aquifer in Spain, a modest analysis of the system is given, and we compute the average discharge vector as well as its root mean square as a first predictive approximation of the flux in this system, providing us a signal of the location of best exploitation; long term goal is to develop a complete computational tool for the analysis of groundwater dynamics.


2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saúl González-Lemos ◽  
José Guitián ◽  
Miguel-Ángel Fuertes ◽  
José-Abel Flores ◽  
Heather M. Stoll

Abstract. As major calcifiers in the open ocean, coccolithophores play a key role in the marine carbon cycle. Because they may be sensitive to changing CO2 and ocean acidification, there is significant interest in quantifying past and present variations in their cellular calcification by quantifying the thickness of the coccoliths or calcite plates that cover their cells. Polarized light microscopy has emerged as a key tool for quantifying the thickness of these calcite plates, but the reproducibility and accuracy of such determinations has been limited by the absence of suitable calibration materials in the thickness range of coccoliths (0–4 microns). Here, we describe the fabrication of a calcite wedge with a constant slope over 15 this thickness range, and the independent determination of calcite thickness along the wedge profile. We show how the calcite wedge provides more robust calibrations in the 0 to 1.55 μm range than previous approaches using rhabdoliths. We show the particular advantages of the calcite wedge approach for developing equations to relate thickness to the interference colors that arise in calcite in the thickness range between 1.55 and 4 μm. The calcite wedge approach can be applied to develop equations relevant to the particular light spectra and intensity of any polarized light microscope system and could significantly improve within and inter-laboratory data comparability.


2019 ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Igor G. Telegin

Capillary imbibition is the most important stage in many technological processes. The article is devoted to studying the special question of the influence of the non-constant slope on the solutions of counter-current capillary imbibition problem in the isothermal case.


2018 ◽  
Vol 845 ◽  
pp. 392-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemant Khatri ◽  
Pavel Berloff

The dynamics of multiple alternating oceanic jets has been studied in the presence of a simple bottom topography with constant slope in the zonal direction. A baroclinic quasi-geostrophic model forced with a horizontally uniform and vertically sheared background flow generates mesoscale eddies and jets that are tilted from the zonal direction and drift with constant speed. The governing dynamical equations are rewritten in a tilted frame of reference moving with the jets, and the cross-jet time-mean profiles of the linear and nonlinear stress terms are analysed. Here, the linear stress terms are present because of the zonally asymmetric topography. It is demonstrated that the linear dynamics controls the drift mechanism. Also, it is found that the drifting jets are directly forced by the imposed vertical shear, whereas the eddies oppose the jets, although this is limited to continuously forced dissipative systems. This role of the eddies is opposite to the one in the classical baroclinic model of stationary, zonally symmetric multiple jets. This is expected to be more generic in the ocean, which is zonally asymmetric nearly everywhere.


1979 ◽  
Vol 24 (90) ◽  
pp. 195-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Yuen ◽  
Gerald Schubert

Abstract Self-consistent, steady, one-dimensional, subsolidus creep models of temperature and velocity are calculated for constant-thickness ice sheets sliding down a bed of constant slope under their own weight. Surface velocities of meters per year together with ice thicknesses of hundreds of meters can be realized by models wherein no melting occurs only if the activation energy for shear deformation E* is relatively small; a value of E* of about 60.7 kJ/mol (14.5 kcal/mol) is satisfactory, but an activation energy twice as large is not. Models which satisfy these constraints always lie close to the critical point which separates subcritical solutions (surface velocity u0 and basal temperature T b increase with ice thickness h) from supercritical ones (u0 T b decrease with h). All steady states, whether subcritical or supercritical, are stable to perturbations of infinitesimal amplitude. However these ice layers are vulnerable to finite-amplitude frictional-heating instability which may be caused, for example, by sudden increases of glacier thickness. The superexponential growth-rates of such finite-amplitude instabilities may be responsible for the disintegration of large ice sheets in short periods of time. On a calculé pour la température et la vitesse des modèles de fluage cohérents, stables, uni-dimensionnels, quasi-solides pour une épaisseur constante de glace glissant sur un lit de pente constante sous l’effet de son propre poids. Des vitesses de surface de quelques mètres par an liées à des épaisscurs de glace de quelques centaines de mètres ne peuvent être réalisées par des modèles sans fusion que si l’énergie d’activation pour la déformation par cisaillement E* est relativement faible. Une valeur de E* d’environ 60,7 kJ/mol (14,5 kcal/mol) est satisfaisante mais une énergie d’activation double ne l’est pas. Les modéles qui satisfont à ces contraintes demeurent trés proches du point critique qui sépare les solutions sous-critiques (la vitesse de surface u 0 et la température à la base T b croissent avec l’épaisseur de glace h) des solutions sur-critiques (u 0, T b décroissent avec h). Tous les états d’équilibre, sous-critiques ou sur-critiques sont stables pour des perturbations d’amplitude infinitésimale. Cependant, ces niveaux de glace sont vulnérables à l’instabilité par réchauffement de frottement d’amplitude finie, qui peut provoquer, par exemple, un acroissement subit de l’épaisseur des glaciers. La vitesse de croissance superexponentielle de telles instabilités d’amplitude finie peut être responsable de la désintégration de grandes calottes glaciaires en de courtes périodes de temps. Für Eisdecken mit konstanter Dicke, die über ein Bett mit konstanter Neigung unter ihrem eigenen Gewicht herabgleiten, werden in sich abgeschlossene, stetige, eindimensionale Kriechmodelle der Temperatur und Geschwindigkeit berechnet. Oberflächengeschwindigkeiten von einigen Metern pro Jahr zusammen mit Eisdicken von mehreren hundert Metern können durch Modelle erfasst werden, in denen keine Abschmelzung auftritt, wenn nur die Aktivationsenergie für die Scherdeformation E* relativ klein ist; ein Wert E* von etwa 60,7 kJ/mol (14,5 kcal/mol) erfüllt diese Bedingung, eine doppelt so grosse Aktivationsenergie dagegen nicht. Modelle, die solchen Einschränkungen genügen, liegen immer nahe dem kritischen Punkt, der unterkritische Lösungen (Oberflächengeschwindigkeit u0 und Temperatur am Untergrund T b wachsen mit der Eisdicke h) von überkritischen (u0, T b nehmen mit h ab) trennt. Alle stationären Zustände, gleichgültig ob unter- oder überkritisch, sind stabil gegenüber Störungen mit infinitesimaler Amplitude. Jedoch können diese Eisschichten von Instabilitäten infolge Reibungswärme mit finiter Amplitude betroffen werden, die zum Beispiel durch eine plötzliche Zunahme der Gletscherdicke verursacht werden können. Die überexponentiellen Anstiegsraten solcher Instabilitäten mit finiten Amplituden könnten der Grund für die Auflösung grosser Eisschilde in kurzen Zeitspannen sein.


1993 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 495-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Carmen Arroyo Sanchez ◽  
Sandra do Lago Moraes de Avila ◽  
Vera de Paula Quartier-Oliveira ◽  
Antonio Walter Ferreira

The study evaluated six Plasmodium falciparum antigen extracts to be used in the IgG and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), for malaria diagnosis and epidemiological studies. Results obtained with eighteen positive and nine negative control sera indicated that there were statistically significant differences among these antigen extracts (Multifactor ANOVA, p< 0.0001). Urea, sodium deoxycholate and Zwittergent antigen extracts performed better than did the three others, their features being very similar for the detection of IgG antibodies. Urea, alkaline and sodium deoxycholate antigen extracts proved to be better than the others for the detection of IgM antibodies. A straight line relationship was found between the optical densities (or their respective log 10) and the log 10 of antibody dilutions, with a very constant slope. Thus serum titers could be determined by direct titration and by two different equations, needing only one serum dilution. For IgM antibody detections, log 10 expression gave results that better correlated with direct titration (95% Bonferroni). For IgG antibody detections, the titer differences were not significant. The reproducibility of antibody titers and antigen batches was also evaluated, giving satisfactory results.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzin Salmasi ◽  
Biswajeet Pradhan ◽  
Bahram Nourani

Abstract In this paper, the effect of soil material parameters including soil specific weight (γ), cohesion (C), angle of internal friction ($$\emptyset$$ ∅ ), and geometric parameter of slope including angle with the horizontal (β) for a constant slope height (H) on factor of safety (Fs) was investigated. Fs was considered in two scenarios: (1) slope with dry condition, and (2) with steady-state saturated condition that comprises water level drawdown circumstances. In addition, the type of slip circle was also investigated. For this purpose, the SLOPE/W software as a subgroup of Geo-Studio software was implemented. Results showed that decreasing of water table level and omitting the hydrostatic pressure on the slope consequently would result in safety factor decrement. Comparison of the plane and circular failure surfaces showed that plane failure method produced good results for near-vertical slopes only. Determination of slip type showed that for state (30° < β < 45°), the three types of failure circles (toe, slope or midpoint circle) may occur. For state (45° < β < 60°), two modes of failure may occur: midpoint circle and toe circle. For state (β > 60°), the mode of failure circle is only toe circle. Linear and nonlinear regression equations were obtained for estimation of slope safety factor.


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