A framework for measuring infection level on cacao pods

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Stanley Tan ◽  
Robert Neil Leong ◽  
Ann Franchesca Laguna ◽  
Courtney Anne Ngo ◽  
Angelyn Lao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Level

scholarly journals Experimental Horizontal Transmission of Enterospora nucleophila (Microsporea: Enterocytozoonidae) in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 362
Author(s):  
Amparo Picard-Sánchez ◽  
M. Carla Piazzon ◽  
Itziar Estensoro ◽  
Raquel Del Pozo ◽  
Nahla Hossameldin Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sparus Aurata ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Gilthead Sea Bream ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Available Information

Enterospora nucleophila is a microsporidian enteroparasite that infects mainly the intestine of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), leading to an emaciative syndrome. Thus far, the only available information about this infection comes from natural outbreaks in farmed fish. The aim of the present study was to determine whether E. nucleophila could be transmitted horizontally using naturally infected fish as donors, and to establish an experimental in vivo procedure to study this host–parasite model without depending on natural infections. Naïve fish were exposed to the infection by cohabitation, effluent, or intubated either orally or anally with intestinal scrapings of donor fish in four different trials. We succeeded in detecting parasite in naïve fish in all the challenges, but the infection level and the disease signs were always milder than in donor fish. The parasite was found in peripheral blood of naïve fish at 4 weeks post-challenge (wpc) in oral and effluent routes, and up to 12 wpc in the anal transmission trial. Molecular diagnosis detected E. nucleophila in other organs besides intestine, such as gills, liver, stomach or heart, although the intensity was not as high as in the target tissue. The infection tended to disappear through time in all the challenge routes assayed, except in the anal infection route.

scholarly journals Cell-specific Activation of Nuclear Factor-κB by the ParasiteTrypanosoma cruziPromotes Resistance to Intracellular Infection

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda S. Hall ◽  
Winnie Tam ◽  
Ranjan Sen ◽  
Miercio E. A. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Tissue Tropism ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Intracellular Infection

The transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is central to the innate and acquired immune response to microbial pathogens, coordinating cellular responses to the presence of infection. Here we demonstrate a direct role for NF-κB activation in controlling intracellular infection in nonimmune cells. Trypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular parasite of mammalian cells with a marked preference for infection of myocytes. The molecular basis for this tissue tropism is unknown. Trypomastigotes, the infectious stage of T. cruzi, activate nuclear translocation and DNA binding of NF-κB p65 subunit and NF-κB-dependent gene expression in epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Inactivation of epithelial cell NF-κB signaling by inducible expression of the inhibitory mutant IκBaM significantly enhances parasite invasion.T. cruzi do not activate NF-κB in cells derived from skeletal, smooth, or cardiac muscle, despite the ability of these cells to respond to tumor necrosis factor-α with NF-κB activation. The in vitro infection level in these muscle-derived cells is more than double that seen in the other cell types tested. Therefore, the ability of T. cruzi to activate NF-κB correlates inversely with susceptibility to infection, suggesting that NF-κB activation is a determinant of the intracellular survival and tissue tropism ofT. cruzi.

scholarly journals Systemic inflammatory response indicators in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) experimentally infected with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria stiedai (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fagner Luiz da Costa Freitas ◽  
Beatriz Lie Yamamoto ◽  
Wagner Luiz da Costa Freitas ◽  
Jose Jurandir Fagliari ◽  
Katyane de Sousa Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Group A ◽  
Eimeria Stiedai ◽  
Group B

Hemograms and acute-phase proteins in adult male New Zealand White rabbits that had been experimentally infected orally with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria stiedai were evaluated over a 28-day period. Fifty animals were used, divided into two groups: group A infected with 1 × 10(4) sporulated oocysts of E. stiedai and group B inoculated with distilled water. On the seventh day after infection, the infected animals presented anemia and leukocytosis with neutrophilia and monocytosis. Protein fractionation by means of electrophoresis identified 19 acute-phase proteins with molecular weights ranging from 24 to 238 kD. Ceruloplasmin, transferrin and haptoglobin showed high levels on the seventh day after infection, with gradual increases in their concentrations until the end of the experimental period. Thus, from the data of the present study, E. stiedai is considered to be a pyogenic etiological agent for which the infection level can be monitored through the leukocyte count and serum concentrations of ceruloplasmin, transferrin and haptoglobin, and these can be recommended as complementary tests.

scholarly journals Influence of host reproductive state onSphaerothecum destruensprevalence and infection level

Parasitology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. ANDREOU ◽  
M. HUSSEY ◽  
S. W. GRIFFITHS ◽  
R. E. GOZLAN
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Adverse Impact ◽  
Intracellular Parasite ◽  
Reproductive State ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Obligate Intracellular Parasite

SUMMARYSphaerothecum destruensis an obligate intracellular parasite with the potential to cause high mortalities and spawning inhibition in the endangered cyprinidLeucaspius delineatus. We investigated the influence ofL. delineatus’s reproductive state on the prevalence and infection level ofS. destruens. A novel real time quantitative polymerarse chain reaction (qPCR) was developed to determineS. destruens’ prevalence and infection level. These parameters were quantified and compared in reproductive and non-reproductiveL. delineatus. The detection limit of theS. destruensspecific qPCR was determined to be 1 pg of purifiedS. destruensgenomic DNA. Following cohabitation in the lab, reproductiveL. delineatushad a significantly higherS. destruensprevalence (P<0·05) and infection levels (P<0·01) compared to non-reproductiveL. delineatus. S. destruensprevalence was 19% (n=40) in non-reproductiveL. delineatusand 41% (n=32) in reproductiveL. delineatus. However, there was no difference inS. destruensprevalence in reproductive and non-reproductive fish under field conditions. Mean infection levels were 18 and 99 pgS. destruensDNA per 250 ngL. delineatusDNA for non-reproductive and reproductiveL. delineatusrespectively. The present work indicates thatS. destruensinfection inL. delineatuscan be influenced by the latter's reproductive state and provides further support for the potential adverse impact ofS. destruenson the conservation ofL. delineatuspopulations.

scholarly journals Families of loblolly pine that are the most stable for resistance to fusiform rust are the least predictable

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1335-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
S E McKeand ◽  
H V Amerson ◽  
B Li ◽  
T J Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Rust Infection ◽  
Average Coefficient ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pathogen Populations

In an extensive series of trials with open-pollinated families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), resistance to fusiform rust disease (caused by Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) at individual test sites was relatively unpredictable for the families deemed most resistant. The most resistant families were also the most stable for performance across test sites, with stability defined as the slope of the regression of family means for rust infection versus site means for rust infection. A family's R-50 value (its predicted rust infection level when the site mean infection is 50%) was correlated to its stability parameter or slope (r = 0.78). On average, any one family's level of infection (% galled) was reasonably predictable for any given infection level at a given site; the average coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.78 for the regression of family means for rust infection versus site means for rust infection. However, the six most stable families for resistance had the lowest r2 values (average r2 = 0.58). We speculated that the lower predictability for the most resistant families was due to interactions of specific resistance genes in these families and corresponding avirulence and (or) virulence levels in the pathogen populations that may differ among sites. Although the predictability of the individual resistant families was relatively low, if these families were bulked into a resistant seed lot, they performed in a more predictable manner with r2 = 0.74 for the regression of the bulk mean versus site means. Bulks of four to six highly resistant families appeared to be a good solution to obtain stable and predictable performance across a range of sites.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae Co-Infection Seasonally in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Colonies

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asli Özkırım ◽  
Aygün Schiesser ◽  
Nevіn Keskin
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Apis Cerana ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Nosema Ceranae ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Nosema Apis ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Seasonal Infection ◽  
Asian Honeybee

AbstractNosema apis is a pathogen spesific for the European honeybee, Apis mellifera L., while Nosema ceranae is specific for the Asian honeybee, Apis cerana. Turkey provides different environmental and host conditions for both Nosema species. The aim of the study is to determine the dynamic of N. cerenae and N. apis seasonal infection. A number of samples were collected from different apiaries between 2009-2016 years. The samples were kept at −20°C in the laboratory. Light microscopy was used for spore counting and molecular techniques were used to identify the Nosema species. The results showed that winter season had an impact on the type of Nosema as well as on infection rates. The number of N. ceranae spores decreases significantly at low temperatures (≤ 5°C). The winter period was found to be the main factor affecting nosema infection level and dominancy of Nosema ceranae. Furthermore, co-infection of both species is an indicator of the dynamics of N. apis and N. ceranae. This study suggests, that there is a dynamic prevalence among the Nosema species depending of the average winter temperature and not a replacement of N. apis by N. ceranae.

scholarly journals Pattern of resilient age-related measles immunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-380
Author(s):  
A. G. Sonis ◽  
O. A. Gusyakova ◽  
F. N. Gilmiyarova ◽  
A. A. Ereshchenko ◽  
N. K. Ignatova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
High Level ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Igg Level

Epidemiological situation describing global measles spread is ambiguous. Along with countries succeeded in measles eradication, there are those wherein measles rate remains at quite high level. Because measles is a vaccine-preventable infection, it may then be eradicated solely by ensuring sufficient population coverage with preventive vaccination. The aim of our study was to assess level of measles immunity in medical workers at the Clinics of Samara State Medical University as well as the Samara State Medical University. There were enrolled 1503 subjects (aged 18–79 years), among which all individuals under 55 (77.58%) but not older counterparts provided with medical record on previous measles vaccination or measles infection. Level of serum measles virus-specific IgG antibodies was measured by using ELISA (VektoKor-IgG, JSC Vector-Best, Novosibirsk), with mean concentration ranging in general population within 1.02±0.02 IU/ ml. Positive results were observed in 72.52% of the examined individuals. Average vs. high measles virus-specific IgG level was detected in 52.90% (mean age — 41.4±0.5 years) and 19.62% (mean age — 54.2±0.72 years) of individuals, whereas at level below threshold — in 27.48% of subjects (mean age — 33.25±0.53 years). Thus, in 34.16% of the surveyed vaccinated individuals mostly presented by young subjects contained anti-measles virus-specific antibodies below protective level. Older age groups were shown to increase in average IgG amount with age. Interestingly, age-related measles immunity pattern was observed: percentage of subjects with high vs. low measles virus-specific IgG level increases and decreases, respectively. Taking into consideration a large percentage of subjects previously vaccinated against measles among carriers of low measles immunity, it may be concluded that measles virus-specific IgG antibody level must be monitored in young adulthood to decide of whether subsequent revaccination is necessary.

scholarly journals Ecologicala Spectsin Relation to Digenean Trematodeparasites in Fresh Water Fish Channa Striatus (BLOCH)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (09) ◽  
pp. 119-129
Author(s):  
Singh Prashant and Mishra D. B
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Fresh Water Fish ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Fish Food ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Different Water Sources

Fishes are found adequately in the different water sources of Jaunpur India. Five rivers (Gomti, Sai,Varuna,Pili and Basuhi) ,Gujar tal and different pond are available here as a aquatic habitat. In research work author consider only two sites of river Gomti and two different ponds in district Jaunpur, U.P. They are external as well as internal .In this studyauthor focused on digenetic trematodes parasites. Digenean trematodes are completing their life cycle in two hosts so both are susceptible to the infection. There are considerable change occur in the environment wih the passage of time. We also know that environmental factors affect the life forms of any place. So it is important to study the different ecological terms in relation to the host and their infectious agents. From ancient time humans beings use large amount of fish food for survival because they are easily available from different water sources. When human beings eat unadequate cooked fish then suffered with food borne tremadiases.So it is important to know the infection level in the fishes.

scholarly journals Permanent prevalence of Nosema ceranae in honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Hungary

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamás Csáki ◽  
Miklós Heltai ◽  
Ferenc Markolt ◽  
Balázs Kovács ◽  
László Békési ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Nosema Ceranae ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Spore Count ◽  
The Mean

Nosema ceranae is present in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies worldwide. Studies on the comparative virulence of N. ceranae and N. apis showed significant differences in individual mortality, and the prevalence of N. ceranae seems to be predominant in both the continental and the Mediterranean climate regions. This study attempted to monitor the geographical and seasonal distribution of these two Nosema species in Hungary, using a simple laboratory method. The distribution of N. ceranae and N. apis infection rates along all seasons was homogeneous (P = 0.57). In co-infected samples, the intensity of N. ceranae infection was always significantly higher than that of N. apis infection (P < 0.001). The infection rate of infected bees in exterior samples was higher than in interior samples in each season; however, the differences were not statistically significant. The species N. ceranae had been present in Hungary already in 2004. Statistical analysis of data shows that the infection level is best represented by sampling exterior bees to establish the proportion of infected bees rather than by determining the mean spore count.

A month for the mission: using a sentinel approach to determine the transmission window of digenean cercariae in the subarctic White Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirill E. Nikolaev ◽  
Ivan A. Levakin ◽  
Kirill V. Galaktionov
Keyword(s):  
White Sea ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Transmission Window ◽  
Transmission Stage ◽  
First Intermediate Host ◽  
Cercarial Emergence

Abstract In the digenean life cycle the cercaria ensures an important transmission stage, from the first intermediate host to the second or the definitive host. In regions with pronounced seasonality, this process occurs within a certain interval, the transmission window. In high latitudes, the size of transmission window has previously been determined only by comparing data on seasonal dynamics of infection level in various categories of hosts or extrapolating the results of laboratory experiments on cercarial biology to natural conditions. In this study, we evaluated the dynamics of infection of the second intermediate hosts (mussels Mytilus edulis) with cercariae of two digenean species, Himasthla elongata (Himasthlidae) and Cercaria parvicaudata (Renicolidae), at a littoral site at the White Sea by exposing cages with uninfected mussels during the warm season. This is the first such study in a subarctic sea. Mussel infection was observed from May to mid-September, but its intensity was the greatest only for approximately a month, from some moment after 10 July to mid-August, when water temperature was within the optimal range for cercarial emergence in both studied species (15‒20°C). During this time, the mussels accumulated 66.3 ± 6.2% metacercariae of H. elongata and 79.7 ± 5.3% metacercariae of C. parvicaudata out of the total number accumulated during the experimental period. We suggest that climate warming at high latitudes may prolong the period when the water temperatures are optimal for cercariae emergence, thereby intensifying digenean transmission in coastal ecosystems.

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