Energy-Efficient Base Station Deployment in HetNet Based on Traffic Load Distribution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congshan Fan ◽  
Tiankui Zhang ◽  
Zhimin Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Load Distribution ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Traffic Load

Energy Efficient Schemes for Base Station Management in 4G Broadband Systems

2014 ◽  
pp. 100-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Bousia ◽  
Elli Kartsakli ◽  
Angelos Antonopoulos ◽  
Luis Alonso ◽  
Christos Verikoukis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Load Variations ◽  
Mobile Cellular ◽  
Main Component

Reducing the energy consumption in wireless networks has become a significant challenge, not only because of its great impact on the global energy crisis, but also because it represents a noteworthy cost for telecommunication operators. The Base Stations (BSs), constituting the main component of wireless infrastructure and the major contributor to the energy consumption of mobile cellular networks, are usually designed and planned to serve their customers during peak times. Therefore, they are more than sufficient when the traffic load is low. In this chapter, the authors propose a number of BSs switching off algorithms as an energy efficient solution to the problem of redundancy of network resources. They demonstrate via analysis and by means of simulations that one can achieve reduction in energy consumption when one switches off the unnecessary BSs. In particular, the authors evaluate the energy that can be saved by progressively turning off BSs during the periods when traffic decreases depending on the traffic load variations and the distance between the BS and their associated User Equipments (UEs). In addition, the authors show how to optimize the energy savings of the network by calculating the most energy-efficient combination of switched off and active BSs.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Cell Zooming Based Centralized Algorithm for Energy Efficient in Surabaya

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hani’ah Mahmudah ◽  
Okkie Puspitorini ◽  
Ari Wijayanti ◽  
Nur Adi Siswandari ◽  
Rosabella Ika Yuanita
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
Mobile User ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Traffic Condition ◽  
Centralized Algorithm ◽  
Cell Zooming

The cellular subscribers’s growth over the years increases the traffic volume at Base Stations (BSs) significantly. Typically, in central business district (CBD) area, the traffic load in cellular network in the daytime is relatively heavy, and light in the daynight. But, Base Station still consumes energy normally. It can cause the energy consumption is wasted. On the other hand, energy consumption being an important issue in the world. Because, higher energy consumption contributes on increasing of emission. Thus, it requires for efficiency energy methods by switching BS dynamically. The methods are Lower-to-Higher (LH) and Higher-to-Lower (HL) scheme on centralized algorithm. In this paper propose cell zooming technique  which can adjusts the cell size dynamic based on traffic condition. The simulation result by using Lower-to-Higher (LH) scheme can save the network energy consumption up to 70.7917% when the number of mobile user is 37 users and 0% when the number of mobile user is more than or equal to 291 users. While, Higher-to-Lower (HL) scheme can save the network energy consumption up to 32.3303% when the number of mobile user is 37 users and 0% when the number of mobile user is more than or equal to 292 users. From both of these schemes, we can analyze that by using Lower-to-Higher (LH) scheme reduces energy consumption greater than using Higher-to-Lower (HL) scheme. Nevertheless, both of them can be implemented for energy-efficient method in CBD area. Eventually, the cell zooming technique by using two schemes on centralized algorithm which leads to green cellular network in Surabaya is investigated.

A Survey on Hierarchical Cluster Based Secure Routing Protocols and Key Management Schemes in Wireless Sensor Networks

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Yugashree Bhadane ◽  
Pooja Kadam
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Key Management ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Secure Routing ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Cluster Based Routing

Now days, wireless technology is one of the center of attention for users and researchers. Wireless network is a network having large number of sensor nodes and hence called as “Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)”. WSN monitors and senses the environment of targeted area. The sensor nodes in WSN transmit data to the base station depending on the application. These sensor nodes communicate with each other and routing is selected on the basis of routing protocols which are application specific. Based on network structure, routing protocols in WSN can be divided into two categories: flat routing, hierarchical or cluster based routing, location based routing. Out of these, hierarchical or cluster based routing is becoming an active branch of routing technology in WSN. To allow base station to receive unaltered or original data, routing protocol should be energy-efficient and secure. To fulfill this, Hierarchical or Cluster base routing protocol for WSN is the most energy-efficient among other routing protocols. Hence, in this paper, we present a survey on different hierarchical clustered routing techniques for WSN. We also present the key management schemes to provide security in WSN. Further we study and compare secure hierarchical routing protocols based on various criteria.

An Energy Efficient Spectrum Aware Routing for Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dileep Reddy Bolla ◽  
Jijesh J J ◽  
Mahaveer Penna ◽  
Shiva Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Cognitive Radio Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Spectrum Management ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Radio Networks ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
The Impact

Back Ground/ Aims:: Now-a-days in the Wireless Communications some of the spectrum bands are underutilized or unutilized; the spectrum can be utilized properly by using the Cognitive Radio Techniques using the Spectrum Sensing mechanisms. Objectives:: The prime objective of the research work carried out is to achieve the energy efficiency and to use the spectrum effectively by using the spectrum management concept and achieve better throughput, end to end delay etc., Methods:: The detection of the spectrum hole plays a vital role in the routing of Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs). While detecting the spectrum holes and the routing, sensing is impacted by the hidden node issues and exposed node issues. The impact of sensing is improved by incorporating the Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) techniques. Along with these issues the spectrum resources changes time to time in the routing. Results:: All the issues are addressed with An Energy Efficient Spectrum aware Routing (EESR) protocol which improves the timeslot and the routing schemes. The overall network life time is improved with the aid of residual energy concepts and the overall network performance is improved. Conclusion:: The proposed protocol (EESR) is an integrated system with spectrum management and the routing is successfully established to communication in the network and further traffic load is observed to be balanced in the protocol based on the residual energy in a node and further it improves the Network Lifetime of the Overall Network and the Individual CR user, along with this the performance of the proposed protocol outperforms the conventional state of art routing protocols.

A Split Network based Routing Approach in Wireless Sensor Network to Enhance Network Stability

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hardeep S. Saini ◽  
Dinesh Arora
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Network Stability ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Ch Selection

Background & Objective: The operating efficiency of a sensor network totally relies upon the energy that is consumed by the nodes to perform various tasks like data transmission etc. Thus, it becomes mandatory to consume the energy in an intelligent way so that the network can run for a long period. This paper proposed an energy efficient Cluster Head (CH) selection mechanism by considering the distance to Base Station (BS), distance to node and energy as major factors. The concept of volunteer node is also introduced with an objective to reduce the energy consumption of the CH to transmit data from source to BS. The role of the volunteer node is to transmit the data successfully from source to destination or BS. Conclusion: The results are observed with respect to the Alive nodes, dead nodes and energy consumption of the network. The outcome of the proposed work proves that it outperforms the traditional mechanisms.

Enhanced Adaptive Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (EADEEC) for Wireless Sensor Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-172
Author(s):  
Ravi Kumar Poluru ◽  
M. Praveen Kumar Reddy ◽  
Syed Muzamil Basha ◽  
Rizwan Patan ◽  
Suresh Kallam
Keyword(s):  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Stability Period ◽  
Energy Efficient Clustering

Background:Recently Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a composed of a full number of arbitrarily dispensed energy-constrained sensor nodes. The sensor nodes help in sensing the data and then it will transmit it to sink. The Base station will produce a significant amount of energy while accessing the sensing data and transmitting data. High energy is required to move towards base station when sensing and transmitting data. WSN possesses significant challenges like saving energy and extending network lifetime. In WSN the most research goals in routing protocols such as robustness, energy efficiency, high reliability, network lifetime, fault tolerance, deployment of nodes and latency. Most of the routing protocols are based upon clustering has been proposed using heterogeneity. For optimizing energy consumption in WSN, a vital technique referred to as clustering.Methods:To improve the lifetime of network and stability we have proposed an Enhanced Adaptive Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (EADEEC).Results:In simulation results describes the protocol performs better regarding network lifetime and packet delivery capacity compared to EEDEC and DEEC algorithm. Stability period and network lifetime are improved in EADEEC compare to DEEC and EDEEC.Conclusion:The EADEEC is overall Lifetime of a cluster is improved to perform the network operation: Data transfer, Node Lifetime and stability period of the cluster. EADEEC protocol evidently tells that it improved the throughput, extended the lifetime of network, longevity, and stability compared with DEEC and EDEEC.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Packet Forwarding Scheme Based on Fuzzy Decision-Making in Underwater Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4368
Author(s):  
Jitander Kumar Pabani ◽  
Miguel-Ángel Luque-Nieto ◽  
Waheeduddin Hyder ◽  
Pablo Otero
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Fuzzy Decision Making ◽  
Underwater Sensor Networks ◽  
Packet Forwarding ◽  
Node Number ◽  
The Impact

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are subjected to a multitude of real-life challenges. Maintaining adequate power consumption is one of the critical ones, for obvious reasons. This includes proper energy consumption due to nodes close to and far from the sink node (gateway), which affect the overall energy efficiency of the system. These wireless sensors gather and route the data to the onshore base station through the gateway at the sea surface. However, finding an optimum and efficient path from the source node to the gateway is a challenging task. The common reasons for the loss of energy in existing routing protocols for underwater are (1) a node shut down due to battery drainage, (2) packet loss or packet collision which causes re-transmission and hence affects the performance of the system, and (3) inappropriate selection of sensor node for forwarding data. To address these issues, an energy efficient packet forwarding scheme using fuzzy logic is proposed in this work. The proposed protocol uses three metrics: number of hops to reach the gateway node, number of neighbors (in the transmission range of a node) and the distance (or its equivalent received signal strength indicator, RSSI) in a 3D UWSN architecture. In addition, the performance of the system is also tested with adaptive and non-adaptive transmission ranges and scalable number of nodes to see the impact on energy consumption and number of hops. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol performs better than other existing techniques or in terms of parameters used in this scheme.

Automated structural assessment of existing reinforced concrete underpasses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny Jilissen ◽  
Rob Vergoossen ◽  
Yuguang Yang ◽  
Eva Lantsoght
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Load Distribution ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Fem Model ◽  
Structural Assessment ◽  
Model Code ◽  
Model Code 2010

<p>Due to the large number of underpasses in the Netherlands that have to be assessed, a project at the Delft University of Technology in cooperation with Royal HaskoningDHV was started. Research was conducted into the automation of the structural assessment of existing reinforced concrete underpasses in the Netherlands. The developed Automated Structural Assessment Tool (ASA Tool) consists of an analytical model and a 2.5D FEM model. The analytical model uses traffic load distribution following the Guyon-Massonnet-Bares method for bending and a method based on <i>fib </i>Model Code 2010 for shear. The script-based 2.5D FEM model uses 2D shell elements and performs a linear elastic analysis. The input and output can be linked to a database for assessment of large batches. Sensitivity analyses showed that in-plane load distribution following <i>fib </i>Model Code 2010 combined with vertical load distribution according to EN 1991-2:2003 results in underestimated shear forces.</p>

An Efficient IR-HARQ Power Allocation for Relay-Aided Cellular Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1850195
Author(s):  
P. Mangayarkarasi ◽  
J. Raja
Keyword(s):  
Power Allocation ◽  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Channel Capacity ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Relay Station ◽  
Decode And Forward ◽  
Relay Placement ◽  
Cell Coverage ◽  
The Impact

Energy-efficient and reliable data transmission is a challenging task in wireless relay networks (WRNs). Energy efficiency in cellular networks has received significant attention because of the present need for reduced energy consumption, thereby maintaining the profitability of networks, which in turn makes these networks “greener”. The urban cell topography needs more energy to cover the total area of the cell. The base station does not cover the entire area in a given topography and adding more number of base stations is a cost prohibitive one. Energy-efficient relay placement model which calculates the maximum cell coverage is proposed in this work that covers all sectors and also an energy-efficient incremental redundancy-hybrid automatic repeat request (IR-HARQ) power allocation scheme to improve the reliability of the network by improving the overall network throughput is proposed. An IR-HARQ power allocation method maximizes the average incremental mutual information at each round, and its throughput quickly converges to the ergodic channel capacity as the number of retransmissions increases. Simulation results show that the proposed IR-HARQ power allocation achieves full channel capacity with average transmission delay and maintains good throughput under less power consumption. Also the impact of relaying performance on node distances between relay station and base station as well as between user and relay station and relay height for line of sight conditions are analyzed using full decode and forward (FDF) and partial decode and forward (PDF) relaying schemes. Compared to FDF scheme, PDF scheme provides better performance and allows more freedom in the relay placement for an increase in cell coverage.

scholarly journals Grid based Energy-Efficient Cross-Layer Optimization Model in WSN Using Dual Mobile Sinks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vimala D ◽  
Manikandan K
Keyword(s):  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Optimization Model ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Optimal Path ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Cross Layer ◽  
Cross Layer Optimization ◽  
Grid Based

Abstract In recent days, wireless sensor network (WSN) gained more attention among researchers as well as industries. It is composed with massive number of sensors which are independently organized cooperate with one another for collecting, processing and transmitting data to the base station (BS) or sink. Since sensors undergo random deployment in harsh environment, it is difficult or not even possible to replace the batteries. So, energy efficient clustering and routing techniques are preferable to reduce the dissipation of energy and improve the network lifetime. This paper introduces a new Grid based Energy-Efficient Cross-Layer Optimization Model in WSN Using Dual Mobile Sink (GEECLO). The proposed method involves three main processes namely grid partitioning, clustering and routing. Initially, the entire network is partitioned into different zones and then sub zones. Then, type II FL process gets executed to select the CHs and construct the clusters. Finally, dolphin swarm optimization algorithm (DSOA) based routing process takes place to select the optimal path for inter-cluster communication. A detailed simulation analysis takes place to ensure the betterment of the GEECLO algorithm. The obtained experimentation outcome depicted that the GEECLO model offers maximum energy efficiency and network lifetime.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document