Comparative analysis of methods for solving the inverse problem of recovering the parameters of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide excited by lightning

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Krivonos ◽  
A. V. Shvets
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problem ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
The Earth

Inversion of induced polarization data

Geophysics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1327-1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas W. Oldenburg ◽  
Yaoguo Li
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problem ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Effective Conductivity ◽  
Optimization Theory ◽  
Induced Polarization ◽  
Dc Resistivity ◽  
Earth Structure ◽  
Nonlinear Inverse Problem ◽  
Polarization Data ◽  
The Earth

We develop three methods to invert induced polarization (IP) data. The foundation for our algorithms is an assumption that the ultimate effect of chargeability is to alter the effective conductivity when current is applied. This assumption, which was first put forth by Siegel and has been routinely adopted in the literature, permits the IP responses to be numerically modeled by carrying out two forward modelings using a DC resistivity algorithm. The intimate connection between DC and IP data means that inversion of IP data is a two‐step process. First, the DC potentials are inverted to recover a background conductivity. The distribution of chargeability can then be found by using any one of the three following techniques: (1) linearizing the IP data equation and solving a linear inverse problem, (2) manipulating the conductivities obtained after performing two DC resistivity inversions, and (3) solving a nonlinear inverse problem. Our procedure for performing the inversion is to divide the earth into rectangular prisms and to assume that the conductivity σ and chargeability η are constant in each cell. To emulate complicated earth structure we allow many cells, usually far more than there are data. The inverse problem, which has many solutions, is then solved as a problem in optimization theory. A model objective function is designed, and a “model” (either the distribution of σ or η)is sought that minimizes the objective function subject to adequately fitting the data. Generalized subspace methodologies are used to solve both inverse problems, and positivity constraints are included. The IP inversion procedures we design are generic and can be applied to 1-D, 2-D, or 3-D earth models and with any configuration of current and potential electrodes. We illustrate our methods by inverting synthetic DC/IP data taken over a 2-D earth structure and by inverting dipole‐dipole data taken in Quebec.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Qarun Story in Quran and Bible

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Davood Memari ◽  
Mojgan Aghayi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
The Earth

As a symbol of wealth, Qarun life is amalgamated with arrogance and rebellion in three Surahs of Quran: Al-Qasas (Stories), Al-Ankabut (Spider) and Ghafir (Forgiver). In Al-Ankabut and Ghafir just one Ayah (line) is dedicated to Qarun story, but Al-Qasas portrays his pride and intoxication of unlimited wealth which was followed by him forgetting God and kindness with others, and lastly his death in seven ayahs. Based on Quran, Qarun is from Moses (peace be upon him) tribe but he oppressed his own people. He was very wealthy and believed his wealth was just the result of his competency and merit. His people benevolently advised him, and also God reminds him and all those who are like Qarun that there were some even more powerful and avarice people than Qarun him but all died. Yet he again refused to donate his wealth and began to show off, and the worldly minded wished they had been in his place. Then God’s torment was descended and he commanded the earth to devour Qarun and his house. Bible, like Quran, describes his fate in “Ishah 16, Journey of Numbers” under the Hebrew name of “Qarun bin Izhar bin Kohath bin Levi”: “Qarun is Moses cousin, but as he was jealous of Moses and Aaron, he rebelled against Moses with collaboration of Dathan, Abiram, and Oan and 250 of leaders of Bani Israel. After that earth opened its mouth and devoured Qarun, Dathan and Abiram. Afterward a fire came from Lord and burnt the remaining of his companions. Here in this study we are going to compare these texts as nowadays it is necessary to discuss these natters enabling us to unite followers of holy religions and preventing discord.

scholarly journals Hiliatic theories in the context of Protestant eschatology (exegetical-comparative analysis

2006 ◽  
pp. 70-85
Author(s):  
Vitaliy I. Docush
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Kingdom Of God ◽  
The State ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Global Character ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
The World ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics

At the intersection of the second and third millennia in connection with the natural (destruction of the state of the earth, water and atmosphere) and social (alcoholism, drug addiction, immoralism, extremism, wars, etc.) cataclysms that are taking on a global character, the eschatological prophecies about the end of the world have intensified the coming of the millennial Kingdom of God. In contrast to the existing problems, the Kingdom of God is offered as an ideal system of government with such qualitative characteristics as equality, justice, material and spiritual completeness.

scholarly journals VIEWS OF POLITICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL TRENDS RELATED TO THE LAND CONFLICT AND ITS STATUS

Adam alemi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
R. Akhmaganbetov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
Land Conflict ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Status ◽  
Actual Conflict ◽  
Points Of View

The land conflict has long been a type of actual conflict. There are land conflicts of various levels in Kazakhstan. There are different points of view related to the land conflict. There are many prerequisites for the emergence of these views. The study examined the views of representatives of various political and philosophical trends related to the status of the earth. Representatives of the liberal trend consider land as capital. The analysis of the works of representatives of the liberal movement considering land as capital is carried out. Representatives of the socialist trend consider land as state property. Lenin's works deal with issues related to the resolution of the land conflict. Representatives of postcolonialism explain the emergence of the earthly conflict by the influence of colonial empires. In connection with the land conflict, the positions of the Alash intelligentsia are considered. Meanwhile, the analysis of differences in the views of socialists and the Alash intelligentsia in resolving the land conflict was carried out. In traditional Kazakh society, land is considered as a value. This is not consistent with the concepts of capital or property. The earth is considered as a sacred concept. A comparative analysis of such different points of view is carried out. The historical prerequisites for the emergence of a land conflict at the present time are considered.

Seismic Rays

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Adam
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problem ◽  
Seismic Tomography ◽  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Seismic Station ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Arrival Times ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
Ray Path ◽  
Uniform Composition

This chapter focuses on the underlying mathematics of seismic rays. Seismic waves caused by earthquakes and explosions are used in seismic tomography to create computer-generated, three-dimensional images of Earth's interior. If the Earth had a uniform composition and density, seismic rays would travel in straight lines. However, it is broadly layered, causing seismic rays to be refracted and reflected across boundaries. In order to calculate the speed along the wave's ray path, the time it takes for a seismic wave to arrive at a seismic station from an earthquake needs to be determined. Arrival times of different seismic waves allow scientists to define slower or faster regions deep in the Earth. The chapter first presents the relevant equations for seismic rays before discussing how rays are propagated in a spherical Earth. The Wiechert-Herglotz inverse problem is considered, along with the properties of X in a horizontally stratified Earth.

Grotius and Kant on Original Community of Goods and Property

Grotiana ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-128
Author(s):  
Sylvie Loriaux
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Critical Potential ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Hugo Grotius

This paper is interested in the critical potential of the idea of original common possession of the Earth. On the basis of a comparative analysis of Hugo Grotius and Immanuel Kant, it shows how different the meaning of this idea can be within a theory of property or territory. The first part is devoted to Grotius’s account of why and how the institution of property was progressively introduced. It highlights the importance this account attaches to the intention of the first distributors for a good understanding of property laws, and in particular, for an understanding of their non-application in situations of extreme necessity. The second part takes the opposite path and shows that although Kant rejects the very existence of a right of necessity, the idea that one might be liberated from a law is not completely absent from, and even plays a crucial role in, his account of property. Clarification of this role ultimately leads us back to the idea of original possession in common of the Earth.

scholarly journals De riesgos y metáforas. En torno a «Los sótanos del universo»

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Meléndez Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problem ◽  
The Earth

Resumen: Dos ecos galileanos percibidos en Los sótanos del universo: (1) La epistemología del riesgo que preconiza Juan Arana se prefigura en el cálculo de errores que inaugura (al menos conceptualmente) Galileo, y que se opone al paradigma del rigor escolástico que sigue arraigado en la filosofía de Descartes y sus sucesores. (2) La metáfora del conocimiento como resultado del “problema inverso” que resuelven los geólogos, infiriendo la estructura de la Tierra de los ecos de los terremotos, sugiere un paralelismo con el “subsuelo matemático” en el que residen las teorías para Galileo, y nos hace especular sobre la naturaleza matemática de la realidad última.Palabras clave: Epistemología, Galileo, Escolástica, Descartes, Ciencia, Cálculo de errores, Matemáticas.Abstract: Two Galilean echoes perceived in Los Sótanos del Universo: (1) The epistemology of risk precognised by Juan Arana is prefigured in the calculus of errors that Galileo inaugurate (conceptually at least) and that is opposed to the paradigm of scholastic rigour which is found in Descartes and in his successors’ philosophy. (2) The metaphor of knowledge as result of the “inverse problem”, which geologists solve deducing the estructure of the Earth from the echoes produced by earthquakes, suggests a similarity with the “underground of mathematics” where the theories are according to Galileo and that make us questioning about the mathematical nature of the final reality.Keywords: Epistemology, Galileo, Scholasticism, Descartes, Science, Calculus of Errors, Mathematics.Recibido: 18 de diciembre de 2012. Aprobado: 12 de diciembre de 2013.

scholarly journals Lightness Factors and Exertion Factors Related to its Own Mass of Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP) Applied in Composite Aeronautical Structures (Part 1)

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
Mirosław Rodzewicz ◽  
Jerzy Lewitowicz
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problem ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Strength Analysis ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Composite Shells ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Advanced Composites ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Plastics

Abstract The paper concerns an application of lightness factors in comparative analysis of strength properties of basic materials being applied in aeronautical structures – in a historical perspective. The use of lightness factors enables effective estimation how lighter will be the structural elements (of the same strength or stiffness) made from different kind of materials : traditional as well as advanced composites. It is quite easy to find the solution to the inverse problem, i.e. to estimate how differ will be stiffness or strength for the same mass of the structural elements. Very particular application of the lightness factors are noted in engineers calculations of composite gliders wing spars, where they appears as the materials constants and as structure loading factors as well. The paper presents some examples of application of the lightness factors in strength analysis of the composite shells applied in the shear webs of the wing spars, and refers to the design recommendations issued by German aviation authority (LBA).

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) foci in the Saratov region

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
A. V Ryabova ◽  
M. A Tarasov ◽  
K. S Zakharov ◽  
N. V Popov
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Saratov Region ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Spatio Temporal

The aim of the research was the assessment of the level ofa potential epidemic danger of the anthropourgic foci of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the cities of Saratov and Atkarsk ofthe Saratov region. There was performed a comparative retrospective analysis of data of epizootological monitoring of focal territories for the period from 1999 to 2014. For the detection of the spatial structure of HFRS foci there were used methods of remote sensing of the Earth. As a result, there have been revealed spatio-temporal features of an activity of HFRS foci in suburbs, some hallmarks of landscape and biocenotic structure were established.

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