VIEWS OF POLITICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL TRENDS RELATED TO THE LAND CONFLICT AND ITS STATUS

The land conflict has long been a type of actual conflict. There are land conflicts of various levels in Kazakhstan. There are different points of view related to the land conflict. There are many prerequisites for the emergence of these views. The study examined the views of representatives of various political and philosophical trends related to the status of the earth. Representatives of the liberal trend consider land as capital. The analysis of the works of representatives of the liberal movement considering land as capital is carried out. Representatives of the socialist trend consider land as state property. Lenin's works deal with issues related to the resolution of the land conflict. Representatives of postcolonialism explain the emergence of the earthly conflict by the influence of colonial empires. In connection with the land conflict, the positions of the Alash intelligentsia are considered. Meanwhile, the analysis of differences in the views of socialists and the Alash intelligentsia in resolving the land conflict was carried out. In traditional Kazakh society, land is considered as a value. This is not consistent with the concepts of capital or property. The earth is considered as a sacred concept. A comparative analysis of such different points of view is carried out. The historical prerequisites for the emergence of a land conflict at the present time are considered.

Heretical Geometry

This paper presents Christian Wolff’s claim that philosophy, undertaken on the basis of a proper method, cannot contradict revealed religion. The paper first provides a context of Wolff’s banishment from Halle for holding views in conflict with religious doctrines. Next, it proceeds, on the basis of Wolff’s Discursus præliminaris de philosophia in genere prefixed to his 1728 Latin Logic, to explain the principles of Wolff’s method, and to show how his conception of method enables him to disallow the possibility of a genuine conflict between philosophical and religious dogmas. For Wolff, doctrinal conflicts between philosophy and revealed religion can only occur as a result of terminological disagreements, disagreements between dogmas and hypotheses, or disagreements between dogmas and theological misinterpretations. The actual conflict of dogmas, understood as religious or philosophical truths, Wolff holds to be impossible.

Countries prepare for ‘active defence’ of space

Subject Space as a domain of warfare. Significance The US government has created a Space Force as a new branch of its military. Similar changes are under way in France and Japan. Russia’s test of an anti-satellite missile on April 15 and the ‘shadowing’ of a US satellite by a Russian spacecraft in January highlight the growing military importance of space. Impacts Development of offensive capabilities for space warfare will probably be slow and those who do so will downplay it. Covert Russian and Chinese anti-satellite missiles tests will help make the case for arming the US Space Force as a deterrent. Only a near miss or actual conflict in space is likely to trigger action to reach arms control agreements.

“Normal citizens” versus “Rowdies”: police categorisations of protesters in Germany

The paper investigates police perceptions of protesters. Based on group discussions with riot police and interviews with high ranking officers, six domains are analysed as dimensions of a risk constellation contributing to the emergence of an enemy image of the protester. The findings suggest that labels describing the “police counterpart” often express distance and opposition (1) and depoliticise demonstrations (2). Furthermore, formal (3) and informal (4) categorisations of protesters as well as the perception of indications of threat in policing practice (5) are examined. Bipolar patterns of classification of protesters were found to be influential. Classifications are partly based in the law and partly in particularistic and normative subcultural attributions of legitimacy which police transfer into their organisational interpretive schemata distinguishing between legality/illegality. For explanatory means the study utilises perspectives of organisational sociology as well as the cultural distance between the police and the protesters (6). This is further elaborated using the social figure of the “normal citizen”, in which specific police conceptions of normality are condensed and which serves as a threshold for the perception of deviant protesters. Besides the implications for theory of democracy of the analysed clichés and enemy images the findings conclusively suggest that the distanced to hostile relationship between the police and some protesters does not merely represent a pedagogical or “practical” problem of the police, but is the expression of a certain conflict structure. In this structure organisational and individual factors on the side of the police as well as their actual conflict experience at demonstrations converge.

Conflict Resolution on Discrimination: The Dichotomy of a Potential and Actual Action in Lithuania

The institutional protection of equal rights and opportunities is one of the most important features of the contemporary democratic society. In this context, there is someparadox in Lithuania. The modern mechanism for the protection of equal rights and opportunities is being developed, however, the population does not fully utilize its competences in the case of actual discrimination. The article enquires into the choice of potential and actual actions for a conflict resolution based on discrimination in the context of existing institutional possibilities in Lithuania. The concept of the conflict resolution pyramid is used. Both pyramids of potential and actual conflict resolution represent the trend towards a quantitative decline in the choices to be made for the conflict resolution. Some foreseen gaps between the potential and actual action in the case of discrimination are unexpectedly salient. Almost all Lithuanians express the determination to defend the violated rights that is not a case of represented actual actions by the victims of discrimination. Moreover, it can be assumed that at least half of all Lithuanian respondents are not eager for the conflict resolution even on the basic level of a close social environment. Also, the research data suggest that the public discourse on equal opportunities and discrimination is at the stage of formation.

Gulf split heralds new uses for cyber capabilities

Significance The Qatar crisis in June 2017 was similarly sparked by a piece of ‘fake news’ planted on Doha’s national news agency showing the Qatari emir as expressing support for Iran and the Muslim Brotherhood movement. The incidents are part of a rising trend of offensive cyber actions and government-backed social media contestation in the region. They may also be the first examples of a combined cyber and physical strategy achieving core foreign policy goals just short of actual conflict. Impacts The GCC’s high online presence and draconian regulatory framework will make social media a key arena for covert state action. Interpretation of past events will fragment, meaning divisions such as the GCC split harden over time and become difficult to reverse. As GCC states’ attitudes to Iran diverge further, their Western allies will find regional diplomacy more labour-intensive.

Conclusion

Montaigne offers what is perhaps the first historical instance of the now-ubiquitous phrase “public reason.” Whereas contemporary use of this phrase refers to activities of moral reason-giving, Montaigne uses it to refer to the health of public institutions, conventions, and activities that allow parties in potential and actual conflict to negotiate civil peace and other public goods, whether through moral reasoning, strategic bargaining, or other forms of interaction. This chapter engages with two recent instances of Montaignian public reason in action: the local negotiation of “civil alliance” between Jews and Arabs in the lands of the Palestinian Mandate in 1947–1948 and the negotiation of conflict resolution during an armed standoff between the Canadian army and Mohawk warriors outside Montréal, Quebec in the summer of 1990.

Book V International Disputes and Courts, 24 Prevention and Management of Conflict and Settlement of Disputes

This chapter discusses international conflict resolution. Conflict-related issues occupy a spectrum, ranging from its absence (peace); through emerging conflict, actual conflict or war, and ending hostilities; to the challenge of building stable, peaceful societies and States. Inter-State war has diminished since 1945, partly because of the system of international peace preservation put in place, primarily through the United Nations, and perhaps because such conflict is less likely with more democratically elected governments of States participating in the international trade and financial system. But conflict within States remains potent, with armed non-state actors being a frequent characteristic. Thus this chapter presents an overview of conflict prevention and management, covering topics such as negotiations, peacebuilding, mediation, and so on.

The Bracelet in the Attic by A. Potio

Potio, Amara. The Bracelet in the Attic. Cambridge: Educators Publishing Service, 2008. Print. The book is not very humorous but more serious at most times. I don't find that bad. I like authors that do this kind of thing. The author makes you kind of feel like your tagging along with the characters in this story which is very interesting. This book is more of a mystery solving kind of book - which are always interesting books to read sometimes.I find it interesting how you learn a thing or two about history. In this book you learn about the civil war, Battle of Gettysburg. More British soldiers died from getting sick than the actual conflict happening during that time. It is a very short mystery book but there are certain points in the book that make you question how the author thought of something like this. I would recommend this book to any 8th grader. 4/5 star rating.Recommended: 4 out of 4 starsReviewer: Aiden

Management of the dying patient

Withdrawal or withholding of life-supporting therapies in anticipation of death has become common in intensive care units around the world. Knowledge and skill related to limitation of life support, including processes of communication, decision-making, and implementation, are essential for the delivery of high-quality intensive care. This chapter synthesizes existing relevant evidence and provides recommendations based on the best available data. Approaches to anticipated or actual conflict over the use of life support are reviewed. Discussion then focuses on key aspects of practice—preparing the patient and family, optimizing the setting, discontinuing various therapies, and controlling symptoms. The need for mutual support and collaboration by the interdisciplinary team is emphasized.